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© Utnnb bvblé­bp­/FAG/Lé­bv Ej­ncj­y

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gbhjd­fy­y­st­ght­lcnfd­bnt­kbd­kfcnbpfå­bhfñ­nct­å­t­d­sgkfns,

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gt­x­t­y­bzy­fct­kt­y­bzjcy­jd­y­svbnjd­fhfvbbeckeufvb.

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vjéy­jå­jkmit­ujcelfhcnd­t­y­y­söby­d­t­cnbwbjy­y­söghjt­r­njd­.

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d­å­jkt­t­hfpd­bnsöujcelfhcnd­fö,ult­r­jhhegwbzghjwd­t­nft­n

d­vt­y­mit­qcnt­gt­y­b.Djvy­juböcnhfy­föckex­ft­ncznfr­,x­nj

ghjt­r­ns,ghbceélft­vst­gjå­kfne,y­br­julfy­t­pfd­t­hifñ­n-

cz,nfr­r­fr­d­slt­kzt­vst­cht­lcnd­fghjcnjhfpd­jhjd­sd­fñ­ncz.

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jgfcy­jcnbpljhjd­eñ­å­ñ­lét­ny­eñ­gjkbnbr­e.

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Dr­jhhevgbhjd­fy­y­söcbcnt­vföjnlt­kmy­st­kbwfbabh-

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x­by­jd­y­br­fvbbn.g.),fy­t­lt­znt­kmy­jcnmñ­,cgjcjå­cnd­eñ­o­t­q

hjcne.Rhjvt­njuj,r­jhhegwbznjhvjpbnby­y­jd­fwbb,gj-

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Edt­kb­x­b­df­t­n pf­nh­f­ns yf­ dt­lt­yb­t­ å­b­pyt­cf­

Dht­vzblt­y­mub,hfcöjlet­vst­y­fgjlr­egujcelfh-

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nht­å­jd­fy­bq,ed­t­kbx­bd­ft­npfnhfnsy­fd­t­lt­y­bt­å­bpy­t­cf.

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gent­vgjd­sit­y­bzwt­y­bkbcy­bét­y­bzr­fx­t­cnd­fghjler­wbb,

kbå­jght­uhfélfñ­nabhvfvd­söjly­fhsy­jr­.Rhjvt­njuj,

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y­jhvfkmy­jqhfå­jnt­bå­kjr­bhezy­jd­st­d­jpvjéy­jcnb.

Cyb­éf­t­n eh­jdt­ym h­jcnf­

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gjcr­jkmr­ey­t­cnbd­scjr­bt­hfcöjlsy­fr­jhhegwbñ­(d­ht­vz

blt­y­mub)vfksvabhvfvnhely­t­t­,x­t­vå­jkt­t­r­hegy­sv.

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r­jhhegwbb,bjy­b,r­fr­ghfd­bkj,hfå­jnfñ­nd­eckjd­bzö

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eckjd­bzör­jhhegwbbvfksvght­lghbznbzvnhely­t­t­d­séb-

d­fnm,bänjjnhbwfnt­kmy­jcr­fpsd­ft­nczy­fnt­vgföär­jy­jvb-

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kt­vhjcnfckeéfnbvt­y­y­jvfkst­abhvs.

Cyb­éf­t­n eh­jdt­ym pf­yz­njcnb­ d x­f­cnyjv ct­rnjh­t­

Dsnfkr­bd­fzå­bpy­t­cd­y­t­jabwbfkmy­sqct­r­njh,cjplf-

d­fzght­uhflsd­söjley­fhsy­jr­bed­t­kbx­bd­fzpfnhfnsy­f

d­t­lt­y­bt­å­bpy­t­cf,r­jhhegwbz,gjceo­t­cnd­e,evt­y­mift­npf-

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abhvcnfy­jd­znczvt­y­t­t­d­t­hjzny­svb.

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cnd­ezjcy­jd­y­svpfby­nt­ht­cjd­fy­y­svkbwfv.Rfx­t­cnd­j

ujcelfhcnd­t­y­y­söhfå­jx­bövt­cncnhflft­nghbr­jhhevgbhj-

d­fy­y­söcbcnt­vföt­o­t­bgjnjve,x­njghfd­bnt­kmcnd­t­y­y­st­

x­by­jd­y­br­bnhfnznht­cehcsy­fd­svjufnt­kmcnd­jd­pznjr­,f

y­t­y­fjr­fpfy­bt­eckeu.Yfghbvt­h,d­jvy­juböckex­fzöd­

kbwt­y­pbjy­y­söjhufy­föujcelfhcnd­t­y­y­st­x­by­jd­y­br­bghjcnj

njhvjpznghjwt­ccd­slfx­bkbwt­y­pbq,t­ckby­t­gjkex­fñ­nlj-

gjky­bnt­kmy­söd­sgkfnbkbgjlfhr­jd­.

Eceueå­kz­t­n å­t­lyjcnm b­ yt­h­f­dt­ycndj

Rjhhegwbzcy­béft­ncgjcjå­y­jcnmvfkjbveo­t­ujy­fct­-

kt­y­bzpfhfå­fnsd­fnmljöjls,gjcr­jkmr­ed­jpvjéy­jcnt­qd­

x­fcny­jvct­r­njht­cnfy­jd­bnczvt­y­mit­.Rhjvt­njuj,juhf-

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y­bx­bd­fzhfcöjlsy­feckeub,jr­fpsd­ft­vst­ujcelfhcnd­t­y­-

y­svct­r­njhjv,r­jhhegwbzecbkbd­ft­ny­t­hfd­t­y­cnd­j–jy­f

juhfy­bx­bd­ft­nljcnegr­nfr­bvy­t­jå­öjlbvsvht­cehcfv,r­fr­

plhfd­jjöhfy­t­y­bt­bjå­hfpjd­fy­bt­.

Gjlh­sdf­t­n dkf­cnm pf­rjyf­

Rjhhegwbzcjplft­nfnvjcat­he,d­r­jnjhjqujcelfhcn-

d­t­y­y­st­x­by­jd­y­br­by­t­ghbd­kt­r­fñ­nczr­jnd­t­ncnd­t­y­y­jcnbpf

cd­jblt­qcnd­bz.Rhjvt­njuj,d­r­jhhevgbhjd­fy­y­söcbcnt­-

vföpfr­jy­sby­jhvfnbd­y­st­fr­ns,lt­qcnd­eñ­o­bt­y­få­evfut­,

d­ht­fkmy­jqébpy­bbcgjky­zñ­nczy­t­gjckt­ljd­fnt­kmy­jb

y­t­jå­üt­r­nbd­y­j.Gjänjved­fét­y­y­t­pfr­jy­,fnj,cr­t­vd­s

py­fr­jvsbcr­jkmr­jujnjd­spfgkfnbnm.

Njh­vjpb­n lt­vjrh­f­nb­x­t­crb­t­, h­syjx­yst­ h­t­ajh­vs

Xnjå­sljå­bnmczecgt­öfd­gjcnhjt­y­bbhsy­jx­y­jqär­j-

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cjplfd­fnmbhfpd­bd­fnmby­cnbnens,jå­t­cgt­x­bd­fñ­o­bt­bcgjk-

y­t­y­bt­pfr­jy­jd­bufhfy­nbheñ­o­bt­ghjphfx­y­sqbd­ct­jå­üt­v-

kñ­o­bqgjkbnbx­t­cr­bqghjwt­cc.Dr­jhhevgbhjd­fy­y­sö

cbcnt­vföcnfy­jd­kt­y­bt­nfr­böäaat­r­nbd­y­söbuhfvjny­j

gjcnhjt­y­y­söby­cnbnenjd­ght­lcnfd­kzt­ncjå­jqnhely­eñ­

pflfx­e.Rjhhevgbhjd­fy­y­st­x­by­jd­y­br­b,jnd­t­x­fñ­o­bt­pf

ht­ajhvs,t­ld­fkbå­elenghby­bvfnmvt­hs,r­jnjhst­y­t­gjc-

ht­lcnd­t­y­y­jjuhfy­bx­fnbvd­jpvjéy­jcnmkbx­y­jqy­fébd­spf

cx­t­nd­pznjr­bjnr­fnjd­.Rjhhegwbznfr­ét­gjlhsd­ft­nkt­ub-

nbvy­jcnmujcelfhcnd­t­y­y­söljkéy­jcnt­qby­fy­jcbnelfhgj

lt­vjr­hfnbx­t­cr­jveghjwt­cce,jnå­bd­fzekñ­lt­qét­kfy­bt­

ex­fcnd­jd­fnmd­y­t­v.

Ecb­kb­df­t­n gjkb­nb­x­t­creñ yt­cnf­å­b­kmyjcnm

Ibhjr­jhfcghjcnhfy­t­y­y­fzr­jhhegwbzcgjcjå­cnd­et­n

gjkbnbx­t­cr­jqy­t­cnfå­bkmy­jcnb,gjcr­jkmr­euhfélfy­t­y­f-

cnhjt­y­scd­t­hufnmher­jd­jlbnt­kt­q,gjuhzpiböd­r­jhhegwbb

by­t­cgjcjå­y­söäaat­r­nbd­y­jd­shféfnmby­nt­ht­csy­fhjlf.

Cgjcjå­cndet­n dscjrjq gh­t­cnegyjcnb­

Rjhhegwbzajhvbhet­ncbcnt­vecght­y­t­å­ht­ébnt­km-

y­svjny­jit­y­bt­vr­d­kfcnbpfr­jy­fbcjplft­njå­o­t­cnd­j,d­

r­jnjhjvñ­hblbx­t­cr­bt­,celt­å­y­st­bghfd­jjöhfy­bnt­kmy­st­

jhufy­shfå­jnfñ­ny­t­äaat­r­nbd­y­j.Dr­jhhevgbhjd­fy­y­sö

cbcnt­vfövjit­y­y­br­fvkt­ur­jjnr­egfnmczjny­fr­fpfy­bz.

Rjhhegwbzy­t­njkmr­jd­t­lt­nr­ljkéy­jcny­svbr­jhgjhfnbd­-

y­svght­cnegkt­y­bzv,y­jbjå­eckjd­kbd­ft­najhvbhjd­fy­bt­

jhufy­bpjd­fy­y­jqght­cnegy­jcnb.∆

Dsl­th­érf bp g­eåkbrfwbb: Economic Reform Issue Paper No. 0409, September 22, 2004. Copyright © 2004 Center for International Private Enterprise.

Vytybz, d­scrfpsd­ftvst d­ änjq cnfnm­t, yt jåzpfntkm­yj jnh­féf-

ñn njxre ph­tybz bkb g­jkbnbre g­h­fd­bntkm­cnd­f CIf.

Ukjå­f­kmysq ajh­ev ª

2–5fght­kz2007ujlfd­ÑFHcjcnjbnczUkjå­fkmy­sqajhevªgjå­jhmå­t­cr­jhhegwbt­qbjå­t­cgt­x­t­-y­bñ­y­t­gjlr­egy­jcnb.Rfr­jéblft­ncz,d­y­t­vghbvenex­fcnbt­ghbvt­hy­j1500vby­bcnhjd­,her­jd­jlbnt­kt­qvt­éley­fhjly­söbht­ubjy­fkmy­söghfd­bnt­kmcnd­t­y­y­söjhufy­bpfwbq,d­scjr­jgjcnfd­kt­y­y­söljkéy­jcny­sökbw,pfy­bvfñ­o­böczå­jhmå­jqcr­jhhegwbt­q,ex­t­y­sö,är­cgt­hnjd­bght­lcnfd­bnt­kt­quhfélfy­cr­jujjå­o­t­-cnd­fcjd­ct­ujvbhf.Jcy­jd­y­jt­d­y­bvfy­bt­y­fajhevt­å­elt­nelt­kznmczd­y­t­lht­y­bñ­bghfr­nbx­t­cr­jveghb-vt­y­t­y­bñ­hfpkbx­y­sövt­éley­fhjly­söbht­ubjy­fkmy­söcnfy­lfhnjd­å­jhmå­scr­jhhegwbt­qy­fujcelfhcn-d­t­y­y­jv,ht­ubjy­fkmy­jvbvt­éley­fhjly­jvehjd­y­t­.Gt­hd­sqUkjå­fkmy­sqajhevgjå­jhmå­t­cr­jhhegwbt­qbjå­t­cgt­x­t­y­bñ­y­t­gjlr­egy­jcnbå­skghjd­t­lt­y­ghfd­bnt­kmcnd­jvCIFd­Dfiby­unjy­t­(jr­heuRjkevå­bz)d­1999ujle.Cnt­ögjhgjckt­leñ­o­bt­ajhevsghjd­jlbkbcmghfd­bnt­kmcnd­fvbYblt­hkfy­ljd­,Ñéy­jqRjht­bbÅhfpbkbb.Pfr­kñ­x­bnt­kmy­eñ­lt­r­kfhfwbñ­Èªajhevf,cjcnjzd­it­ujczd­2005ujled­cnjkbwt­Åhfpbkbb,vjéy­jy­fqnbgjflht­ce:http://usinfo.state.gov/ei/Archive/2005/Jun/11-988891.html).

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ntkzv b g­jkbnbxtcrbv g­fh­nbzv, g­h­bxtv jåofz cevvf

änbö d­sg­kfn g­h­td­sifkf 300 vky. l­jkk. Ctujl­yz d­ct

fvth­brfycrbt rjvg­fybb, rjnjh­st öjnzn d­tcnb åbpytc d­

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tq d­j d­ytiytärjyjvbxtcrjq l­tzntkm­yjcnb.

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fvth­brfycrbt rjvg­fybb jceotcnd­kzñn cd­jñ rjvvth­xtc-

reñ l­tzntkm­yjcnm­. Yf ytrjnjh­st rjvg­fybb, rjnjh­st

g­kfnbkb d­pznrb byjcnh­fyysv xbyjd­ybrfv, åskb pfd­tl­t-

ys uh­fél­fycrbt bkb l­fét eujkjd­yst l­tkf, d­ h­tpekm­nfnt

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d­jpvjéyjcnb exfcnd­jd­fnm­ d­ ntyl­th­fö g­j a­tl­th­fkm­ysv

pfreg­rfv, f bö cjnh­el­ybrb b l­jkéyjcnyst kbwf jng­h­f-

d­bkbcm­ d­ nñh­m­ve. Xnjås bpåtéfnm­ g­jl­jåysö g­jcktl­-

cnd­bq, vyjubt rjvg­fybb h­fph­fåjnfkb b g­h­byzkb yf

d­jjh­eétybt rjvg­ktrcyst g­h­juh­fvvs, g­h­bpd­fyyst jåtcg­t-

xbd­fnm­ cjåkñl­tybt pfrjyjl­fntkm­cnd­f b nfrbv jåh­fpjv

g­h­tl­jnd­h­fofnm­ b d­szd­kznm­ kñåst ytyfl­ktéfobt d­s-

g­kfns, g­h­jbpd­jl­bvst bö cjnh­el­ybrfvb b futynfvb.

Abkbg­ Ñh­ja­crbq – fl­d­jrfn ñh­bl­bxtcrjq a­bh­vs

≤Räl­ejkäl­th­ e­brth­iäv äyl­ Nfa­n Äk-Äk-Gb≥ (Dfibyu-

njy, jrh­eu Rjkevåbz), rjnjh­fz pfybvftncz l­tkfvb j

vjityybxtcnd­t d­ åbpytct b ckjéysvb nzéåfvb. Hfytt

jy h­fåjnfk d­ Jnl­tkt g­j åjh­m­åt c vjityybxtcnd­jv

Vbybcnth­cnd­f ñcnbwbb CIf b h­erjd­jl­bk h­fccktl­jd­f-

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Della Porta, Donatella, and Alberto Vannucci. Corrupt Exchanges: Actors, Resources, and Mechanisms of Political Corruption. New York, NY: Aldi­ne de Gruyt­er, 1999.

Heidenheimer, Arnold J., and Michael Johnston, eds. Political Corruption: Concepts & Contexts. New Brunswi­ck, NJ: Transact­i­on Publi­shers, 2001.

Johnson, Roberta Anne. The Struggle against Corruption: A Comparative Study. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmi­llan, 2004.

Johnston, Michael. Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy. Cambri­dge, UK; New York, NY: Cambri­dge Uni­versi­t­y Press, 2005.

Kang, David C. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambri­dge, UK; New York, NY: Cambri­dge Uni­versi­t­y Press, 2002.

Karlins, Rasma. The System Made Me Do It: Corruption in Post-Communist Societies. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005.

Kidd, John, and Frank-Jürgen Richter, eds. Fighting Corruption in Asia: Causes, Effects, and Remedies. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2003.

Klitgaard, Robert E. Controlling Corruption. Berkeley, CA: Uni­versi­t­y of Cali­forni­a Press, 1988.

Kpundeh, Sahr John. Politics and Corruption in Africa: A Case Study of Sierra Leone. Lanham, MD: Uni­versi­t­y Press of Ameri­ca, 1994.

Krastev, Ivan. Shifting Obsessions: Three Essays on the Politics of Anticorruption. Budapest­, Hungary: Cent­ral European Uni­versi­t­y Press, 2004.

Levi, Michael, and David Nelkin. The Corruption of Politics and the Politics of Corruption. Oxford, UK; Cambri­dge, MA: Blackwell Publi­shers, 1996.

Mbaku, John Mukum. Bureaucratic and Political Corruption in Africa: The Public Choice Perspective. Malabar, FL: Kri­eger Pub. Co., 2000.

Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. “Corrupt­i­on: Di­agnosi­s and Treat­ment­.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 17, no. 3, July 2006, pp. 86-100.

Naresh, Ragan. “Publi­c Corrupt­i­on.” American Criminal Law Review, vol. 43, no. 2, Spri­ng 2006, pp.825-868.

Pereira, Luiz Carlos Bresser, and Peter Spink, eds. Reforming the State: Managerial Public Administration in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Ri­enner Publi­shers, 1999.

Rose-Ackerman, Susan. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. New York, NY: Cambri­dge Uni­versi­t­y Press, 1999.

Sampford, Charles, et.al., eds. Measuring Corruption. Aldershot­, England; Burli­ngt­on, VT: Ashgat­e, 2006.

Shah, Anwar. “Combat­i­ng Corrupt­i­on: Look Before You Leap.” Finance and Development, December 2004, pp. 40-43.

Stapenhurst, Rick, and Sahr John Kpundeh, eds. Curbing Corruption: Toward a Model for Building National Integrity. Washi­ngt­on, DC: World Bank, 1999. Thompson, John B. Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000.

Tulchin, Joseph S., and Ralph H. Espach, eds. Combating Corruption in Latin America. Balt­i­more, MD: Johns Hopki­ns Uni­versi­t­y Press, 2000.

åb­åkb­juh­fa­b­zljgjkyb­ntkmyfz kb­nth­fneh­f gj ntvt rjh­h­egwb­b­ b­ åjh­mås­ c­ ytq

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Cghfd­jx­y­br­gjå­jhmå­t­cr­jhhegwbt­q(1999ujl) http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnace070.pdf

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Anderson, James and Cheryl Gray. Anti-Corruption in Transition 3: Who Is Succeeding... and Why? World Bank Publi­cat­i­ons, 2006.http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20989777~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:258599,00.html

Gurgur, Tugrul, and Anwar ShahLocalization and Corruption: Panacea or Pandora’s box?World Bank Publi­cat­i­ons, 2005http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/206958/Localizationandcorruption.pdf

≤Lt­y­mubd­gjkbnbr­t­:bcckt­ljd­fy­bt­ghfr­nbr­aby­fy­-cbhjd­fy­bzgfhnbqd­22cnhfy­fö≥http://www.accessdemocracy.org/showdoc.asp?lang=1&id={324ACB49-B2B9-4CF2-971B-BD449BEF9377

Åbå­kbjnt­r­feghfd­kt­y­bzDct­vbhy­jujå­fy­r­f http://info.worldbank.org/etools/library/governance.asp?topicID=646&n=1&del=&cdrom=Dr­kñ­x­ft­nd­ct­å­zgjky­st­nt­r­cns45geå­kbr­fwbqDct­vbhy­jujå­fy­r­fgjnt­vt­å­jhmå­scr­jhhegwbt­q.

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