Rizal Chapter2

8/20/2019 Rizal Chapter2

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RIZALHis Legacy to Philippine

Society


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The Philippines during the 19th century,

under Spanish Rule

Political Institutions

The Spanish colonical government in the Philippines

was centralized in from. The Philippines was governed

through the ministries of the Colonies established in

madrid in 186. The bod! governed the affairs of the

colonies of Spain" including the Philippines" through

centralized machiner! e#ercising e#ecutive" legative"

$udicial" and religious powers. The national governmentin the Philippines was headed b! a mestizo" while the

local government was headed b! an indio.


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The $udicial s!stem during the time of %izal was

costl!" partial" and slow. Poor &ilipinos had no access

to the courts because the! could not afford the heav!

litigation e#penses. %izal's famil! also became a

victim of in$ustices in the Philippines. (is mother was

un$ustl! arrested and $ailed without due process. The

)*+,-%/ priests were e#ecuted" thus becoming

noble victims of the Spaniards' in$ustices.


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The main local government units were the provinces

0alcaldias" headed b! the alcalde ma!or or provincial

governor" who e#ercised e#ecutive and $udicial

functions. The alcalde ma!or was considered themost corrupt government official then in the

Philippines2 he was the administrator" $udge" and

militar! commandant" with the privilege of engaging in

and monopilizing trade" called indulto de commercio


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Sources of Abuses in the Adinistrati!e

Syste "Roero, 19#$%

)overnment officials who lac3ed appropriate

4ualifications and who had no dedication to dut! and

no moral strength to resist corruption for material

advancement were appointed. +oreover" there wasan overlapping of positions" which resulted in

confusion and friction.

The principal officials obtained their respective

positions via ro!al appointment b! the governor5general himself" or the positions were sold to the

highest bidder.


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The most corrupt government official was the

alcalde ma!or" often collecting e#cessive tributes"

much more than those re4uired b! law.

/s the position of gobernadorcillo was hononar!"

man! of such officials collected ta#es from the

natives and did not use these for the improvement

of their localit! but instead poc3eted them.


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The Philippine Social Structure

The p!ramidal social structure of the 1 th centur! favored the

Spaniards. The highest social class consisted of the

peninsulares 0Spaniards born in Spain" followed b! the

insulares 0Spaniards born in the Philippines" the Spanish and

Chinese mestizos, and the principalia, the latter class

composed of the gobernadorcillos, cabezas de barangay,

merchants " and wealth! native families.

%acial discrimination was prevalent then in the Philippines" as

shown b! the fact that the Spanish5born peninsularies were

given the highest offices and positions in the government while

the creoles en$o!ed second priorit! and the lowl! natives or

indios were discriminated against.


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The &ducational Syste

7 The schools in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial

period were not coeducational2 the girls were seperated

from the bo!s. The first college for bo!s was college of

manila" founded b! the $esuits in 18. It was renamedCollege of San Ignacio and later 0in 1691 became a

universit!. It was closed in the 18th centur! when the

:esuits were e#pelled from the Philippines.

7 The first College for girls" established in 18" was

colegio de Santa Potenciana. In 1866" it was merged with

another school" forming what is now Sta. Isabel College.


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&conoic Institution

7 The current economic structure of the Philippines" which

is basicall! feudalistic" stemmed from the encomienda

s!stem that the Spaniards introduced in the colon!. Such

s!stem was one of the instruments that were used b! thegovernment officials to pacif! and e#ploit the natives

during the Spanish colonial period. It paved the wa! for

various oppressive practices" such as the tributo" forced

labor" bandala" and militar! conscription. /ll these

e#actions assumed greater urgenc! and were therefore

enforced with greater severit! when Spain was at war.


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The Tributo

7 The collection of the tributo 0tribute began during

the time of ;egazpi and was imposed throughout

until 188


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Polo

7 In addition to the tribute" the male natives between

the ages of 16 to 6=" e#cept for the chieftains and

their eldest sons" were re4uired to serve for


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The 'andala

7 /nother e#plotative device was instituted b!

)overnor Sebastian hurtado de Corcuera in the

first half of the 1>th centur!. This was the bandala. It

consisted of the assignment of annual 4uotas to

each province for the compulsor! sale of produce

to the government. The provincial 4uotas were

subdivided among the towns.


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Than( you))

Rizal Chapter2

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