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Page 1: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

Can you identify this physical feature?

Page 2: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

What about this?

Page 3: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

If your idea of a river is like this…

Then what is this?

Vita StatisticsSingapore RiverLength: 11km

Vita StatisticsRiver MekongLength: 4200km

Page 4: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

Can you  imagine  catching this in 

Singapore  River?

This was caught by a fisherman in Mekong River 

Page 5: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

It runs through 

China, Burma, 

Thailand, Laos, 

Cambodia & 

finally Vietnam. 

Page 6: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)
Page 7: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

Lancang

River (China)

Page 8: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)
Page 9: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

Hydrologic 

Cycle

Key terms:

Transpiration    Evaporation

Condensation   Precipitation     

Infiltration       Surface Runoff

River 

System

Drainage Basin

Watershed

Parts of a River

‐River Source

‐Tributaries

‐River Mouth

‐Distributaries

Courses of a River

‐Upper

‐Middle

‐Lower

River 

Energy

Speed of Flow

‐ Gradient 

Roughness of 

river bed and 

bank

‐ Depth of river

Wetted 

perimeter

Volume of Flow

‐Duration of 

Rainfall

‐Amount of 

Rainfall

Size of drainage 

basin

‐Type of soil

‐ vegetation cover

River 

Processes

Erosion Transportation Deposition

Hydraulic 

action

Attrition

Abrasion

Solution

Traction

Saltation

Suspension

Solution

Loses energy deposit 

load (heavier first, then lighter load)

Channelisation

Re‐alignment

Re‐sectioning

Bank Protection

E.g. Dyes

Vegetation Planting

Upper 

Waterfall, Gorge 

Valley

Middle

Meanders

Lower

Meanders, 

Floodplains, Deltas

Rivers

1.

Uses

2.

E.gs

3.

Ltms

Ways to 

manage 

rivers

Formation of 

River features

Page 10: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.River System

Page 11: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.1 Parts of a RiverUpper Course Middle Course Lower Course

Keywords:River Source River Mouth Tributaries Distributaries Watershed Drainage Basin

Page 12: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.1 Shape of River ChannelUpper Course Middle Course Lower Course

Steep GradientNarrow channel Shallow

Gradient less steepWider channel

Very gentle gradientWidest channel

Page 13: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.1 River landforms foundUpper Course Middle Course Lower Course

WaterfallGorgesValleys

Meanders MeandersFloodplainsDeltas

Page 14: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.2 River Processes• Erosion

1.

Hydraulic action

2.

Abrasion/ Corrasion

3.

Attrition

4.

Solution

• Transportation1.

Traction

2.

Saltation

3.

Suspension

4.

Solution

• Deposition

Page 15: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

• Erosion (Vertical Erosion)

1.2 River Processes

Page 16: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

• Erosion

(Lateral Erosion)

1.2 River Processes

Lateral erosion

Page 17: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.2 River Processes

• Erosion

Lateral erosion

Page 18: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.2 River Processes (Erosion)• Erosion (Hydraulic Action)

Force of fast‐moving water surges into cracks & joints & breaks  and 

loosens 

pieces 

of 

rocks 

and 

soil 

along 

river 

bed 

and 

banks.

Page 19: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.2 River Processes (Erosion)• Erosion (Corrasion/ Abrasion)

Rock fragments dragged along river bed or against river banks  grind 

against 

channel 

walls. 

As 

result, 

the 

river 

channel 

widens and deepens.

Page 20: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.2 River Processes (Erosion)

• Erosion (Attrition)

Rock 

fragments 

and 

other 

materials 

carried 

by 

water 

collide  with 

one 

another 

and 

break 

down 

into 

smaller 

pieces 

over 

time. Rough edges of large rocks get smoothened out.

Page 21: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.2 River Processes (Erosion)• Erosion (Solution)

Rainwater 

dissolve 

carbon 

dioxide 

in 

the 

atmosphere 

forming  carbonic 

acid. 

As 

rainwater 

falls 

into 

rivers, 

the 

carbonic 

acid 

dissolves 

minerals 

in 

rocks 

on 

river 

beds 

and 

banks 

to  form a solution. E.g. Limestone areas

Page 22: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.4 River Processes  (Transportation)

• Transportation (Traction)

Larger‐sized 

materials 

such 

as 

boulders, 

pebbles 

gravel  roll 

and 

slide 

along 

the 

river 

bed 

as 

they 

are 

too 

heavy 

to be lifted by river water.

Page 23: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.4 River Processes (Transportation)• Transportation (Saltation)

Smaller 

materials 

such 

as 

coarse 

sand 

particles, 

get 

lifted  up and dropped onto the river bed over and over again  as they are too heavy to be suspended all the time.

Page 24: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

• Transportation (Suspension)

Finer particles such as silt, clay & sand are carried along the  river without touching the river bed by the turbulent flow  of 

water. 

These 

form 

the 

greatest 

proportion 

of 

the 

river’s load & gives the river a murky appearance.

1.4 River Processes (Transportation)

Page 25: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

• Transportation (Solution)

Minerals found in the rocks are dissolved by river  water and carried downstream. 

1.4 River Processes (Transportation)

Page 26: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

• Deposition– When a river does not have enough energy to either 

erode or transport its load  put down/ deposit its load.

– Factors causing Deposition:1.

Period with low precipitation  Reduced River Volume

2.

A river enters a lake or sea  Reduced River Speed

3.

A river flows along shallower side of river channel increased friction  reduced River Speed

4.

Sudden increase in load

due to landslide, etc.

5.

River channel is obstructed by aquatic plants or 

protruding bed rocks Reduced River Speed

1.4 River Processes (Deposition)

Page 27: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Energy

River Energy

Volume (m3)

As a river’s speed increases, its energy increases.As a river’s volume increases, its energy increases too.

Page 28: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Energy

Factors affecting River Speed

1.

Gradient of channel

2.

Roughness of channel

3.

Wetted perimeter

Factors affecting River Volume

1.

Size of drainage basin

2.

Presence of vegetation

3.

Permeability of rocks

4.

Climate

Page 29: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Processes Factors affecting River Speed

1.

Gradient of Channel

• Steep

river gradient  Greater gravitational pull Increased speed

• Gentle

river gradient  Lesser gravitational pull Decreased speed

Steep Gradient

Gentle Gradient

Page 30: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

2. Roughness of Channel

• Rough river channel  more obstacles  Morefriction  Decreased speed

• Gentle

river channel  less obstacles  Less friction Increased speed

1.5 River Processes Factors affecting River Speed

Rough Channel Gentle Channel

Rocks, boulders, vegetation

Page 31: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

3. Wetted Perimeter: Part of river channel that  is in contact with river water

• Large

wetted perimeter  More channel area in contact with water  More friction  Decreased speed

• Small

wetted perimeter  Less channel area in contact with water  Less friction  Increased speed

1.5 River Processes Factors affecting River Speed

Small wetted perimeter Large wetted perimeter

Page 32: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Processes  Factors affecting River Volume

1.

Size of drainage basin

• Large

drainage area  More surface area to collect rainwater  Increased volume

• Small drainage area  Less surface area to collect rainwater  Decreased volume

Large Small

Page 33: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Processes  Factors affecting River Volume

2. Presence of Vegetation

• Dense vegetation increases interception of rain  less surface runoff & more infiltration  Smaller volume

• Sparse vegetation decreases interception of rain more surface runoff  Larger volume

Dense vegetation Sparse vegetation

Page 34: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Processes  Factors affecting River Volume

3. Permeability of rocks

• Area of permeable

rocks  higher infiltration  less surface runoff  Lower volume

• Area of less

permeable rocks  lower infiltration more surface runoff  Higher volume

Permeable rocks Less permeable rocks

Page 35: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

1.5 River Processes  Factors affecting River Volume

4. Climate– Area with distinct wet and dry seasons

• River volume fluctuates

– Dry areas• Low river volume throughout the year

– Hot and wet equatorial areas• High river volume throughout the year

Page 36: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

Stages of  stream  development: a youthful  stream, mature  stream, and old  age stream .

Page 37: Rivers 1 (updated 310310)

The Life of A River

Every river has its way,From Upper, Middle, and all the way,

To the Lower courses of its end,It Erodes, Transports, then Deposits,Forming beautiful river landforms,Waterfalls, Valleys and Gorges,

Meanders, Floodplains, along the way,Finally, ending its journey in a delta 

way.