RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
What is a Research? a. An innovative solution to a priority problem
- Focus on one priority problem…one strategic question
- If more questions --- should converge to the one strategic
question …. A pyramid of questions
b. A systematic process
1. Understanding previous research (review literature)
2. Developing a strategic research question and hypothesis
3. Empirically test the hypothesis
4. Publication of results
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
What is a Research? Balance in using time
a. Reading
b. Writing
c. Thinking
d. Acting
Balance in focus between
* Narrow focus
* Wide focus
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Important preliminary questions 1. What is a proposal?
2. What is the purpose of a proposal?
3. Why have I chosen my particular topic?
4. Is my topic feasible and focused?
5. Do I need any kind of ethical permission?
6. What facilities will I need?
7. What kind of help from other people will I need?
8. What sort of research and methodology is most appropriate for my topic?
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Why do research? 1) Validate intuition
2) Improve methods
3) Demands of the job
4) For publication
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Choose a subject Based on an idea
Based on your experience
Based on your reading
Originality
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Science and Research
NO SCIENCE WITHOUT RESEARCH
Research is the cornerstone of any science
It refers to the organized, structured, and purposeful
investigation
Aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising
human knowledge on different aspects of the natural
/social/human world by someone first hand
Structured attempt at gaining knowledge
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
What is Research?
“Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and
to think what nobody else has thought”
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi; Hungarian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1937
Going beyond personal experience, thoughts, feelings
and opinions
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Research
• There are many practical reasons why a researcher has
chosen to engage in research and, in many cases, they
may have already decided upon their methodology –
qualitative (such as case studies or focus groups),
quantitative (such as a mail or telephone survey), or a
combination of both.
• However, as a researcher reviews the philosophical
literature, they quickly appreciate that choosing a
research methodology, that is, the how of research,
involves something much deeper than practicalities
– it necessitates a philosophical solution to „Why
research?‟
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
• When undertaking research of this nature, it is important
to consider different research paradigms and matters
of ontology and epistemology.
• These parameters describe perceptions, beliefs,
assumptions and the nature of reality and truth
(knowledge of that reality), they can influence the way
in which the research is undertaken, from design through
to conclusions.
• It is therefore important to understand and discuss these
aspects, and to ensure that researcher biases are
understood, exposed, and minimized.
Why we need Research Philosophy?
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Ontology
Blaikie (1993) describes the root definition of ontology as
‘the science or study of being’ and develops this
description for the social sciences to encompass ‘claims
about what exists, what it looks like, what units make
it up and how these units interact with each other’.
In short, ontology describes our view (whether claims or
assumptions) on the nature of reality, and specifically, is
this an objective reality that really exists, or only a
subjective reality, created in our minds.
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Epistemiology
• Epistemology considers views about the most
appropriate ways of enquiring into the nature of the
world (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2008) and
‘what is knowledge and what are the sources and
limits of knowledge’.
• Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope
of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth,
belief, perception and theories of justification.
Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008 G&C Merriam Co, 1913
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
• Chia (2002) describes epistemology as ‘how and what it is
possible to know’ and the need to reflect on methods and
standards through which reliable and verifiable knowledge
is produced
• Hatch and Cunliffe (2006) summarize epistemology as
‘knowing how you can know’ and expand this by asking
how is knowledge generated, what criteria discriminate
good knowledge from bad knowledge, and how should
reality be represented or described.
Epistemiology
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
When you are doing research
• The choice of techniques also depends on your
willingness to accept the assumptions underlying each
set of tools.
• Researchers who use quantitative tools, techniques that
emphasize measuring and counting, are called
positivists.
• Those who prefer the qualitative tools of observation,
questioning, and description are called naturalists
(phenomenological)
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
When you are doing research
• Positivists and naturalists differ in their assumptions
about what is important to study, what can be known,
what research tools and designs are appropriate, and
what standards should be used to judge the quality of
the research.
• Taken together, these assumptions are termed research
paradigms or research philosophies.
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Cavaye, 1996; Darke et al., 1998; Hussey and Hussey, 1997; Leedy and Ormrod, 2001; Miles and Huberman, 1994; Powell, 1997
?many choices
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
To make us aware and practice of the way of science
in doing research
Be serious and committed when doing scientific
research
The underlying reasons / justification especially when
choosing and applying research method/s and not others
To enjoy the freedom in choosing & designing research
methods / to admit the limitation
To make a good social scientists – Attitude &
Commitment
Why Do We Need to Know About The
Philosophy of Research Methods?
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Question must be answer
• As suggested by Remenyi et al. (1998), there are
several major questions that require significant
consideration by researchers such as „How to
research?‟ and „What to research?‟
• But central to the researcher‟s answers is their
perspective on „Why research?‟
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Interpretivism Positivistic
Inductive Deductive
Holistic Particularistic
Subjective centered Objective centered
Process oriented Outcome oriented
Anthropological worldview Natural science worldview
Relative lack of control Attempted control of variables
Dynamic reality assumed Static reality assumed
Discovery orientated Verification orientated
Exploratory / Understanding Confirmatory/ Explanatory
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Positivism
Realism
Interpretivism
Experiment
Survey
Case study
Grounded theory
Etnography
Action research
Deductive
Inductive
Cross sectional
Longitudinal
Research philosophy
Research approach
Research strategy
Time horizon
Data collection methods
Sampling Secondary data
Observation Interviews
Questioners
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Partington. (Cranfield School of Management), (2008), Research Strategies Overview (unpublished Teaching Material), UK.
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Scientific Method
a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Critical Thinking
• The ability to draw accurate conclusions about issues when there are no clear-cut answers by analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating facts, informed opinions and observations
• the careful attainment and interpretation of information to reach a valid conclusion.
• Creative problem solving requires critical thinking to arrive at solutions to problems that are created independently rather than explicitly taught by others
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Systematical thinking
• a management discipline that concerns an understanding of a system by examining the linkages and interactions between the components that comprise the entirety of that defined system
• Evidence base-practice: Integrating the best-available, systematically-reviewed, scientific evidence with professional expertise and patient or client information to make decisions that
• optimally improve outcomes
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Cabang Keilmuan Gizi 1. Gizi Seluler (kimia analitik, kimia organik,
biokimia, biologi sel, imunologi, dll)
2. Organ khusus (anatomi, fisiologi, patologi, genetika, dll)
3. Pangan (tehnologi pangan, toksiologi, dll)
4. Masyarakat (epidemiologi, demografi, antropologi, dll)
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Cabang Keilmuan Gizi 1) Ilmu gizi yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan
perorangan Gizi klinik (clinical nutrition) Menitikberatkan pada kuratif daripada preventif dan
promotif 2) Ilmu gizi yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan
masyarakat Gizi masyarakat Menitikberatkan pada pencegahan (preventif) dan
peningkatan (promotif) Berkaitan dengan gangguan gizi pada kelompok
masyarakat
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Perkembangan Ilmu Gizi sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu biokimia, pangan, kesokteran, dan kesehatan
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
Perkembangan Ilmu Gizi – masalah kesehatan dan penyakit
Hipotesis Barker (the thrifty Phenotype model)
Nutrigenomik – Nutrigenetik
Gut Mikrobiota dan Gut Hormon - Penyakit
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017
FOKUS PENELITIAN DI JURUSAN GIZI FK UB
PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN METABOLIK SYNDROME
RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017