• Risk assessment scenario and approaches for nuclear power ..Project Structuring • Challenges and issues in control and monitoring existing proposed reactor designs for project structuring Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to 24th 2011 Singapore 1 • Consideration of high level uncertainties in the risk study of a nuclear power plant: Project Cost Risks • Small reactors and risk dispersion, Small Reactor Advantages Himadri Banerji, Former CEO, Reliance Energy – Chairman & Managing Director, EcoUrja, India
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Risk management in nuclear projects and strategy of small reactors [compatibility mode]
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• Risk assessment scenario and approaches for nuclear
power ..Project Structuring
• Challenges and issues in control and monitoring
existing proposed reactor designs for project structuring
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 1
• Consideration of high level uncertainties in the risk
study of a nuclear power plant: Project Cost Risks
• Small reactors and risk dispersion, Small Reactor
Advantages
Himadri Banerji, Former CEO, Reliance Energy –
Chairman & Managing Director, EcoUrja, India
Government - which is responsible for overall energy policy and, in some cases, financing
Market - formed by electricity customers wanting electricity at a competitive price
Utility (generator) - which is ultimately responsible for developing the complete project
Stakeholders in Nuclear Power Project
project
EPC contractors - engineering, procurement and construction companies which are responsible to the owner for delivery according to schedule and budget
Vendors - which are responsible for supplying equipment and technology to either the owner, the EPC contractor or as part of a joint venture or consortium, according to schedule and budget
Safety Authority - which is responsible for addressing all matters related to protecting public safety and the environment, from the design stage to plant operation and fuel management.Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd
Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to 24th 2011 Singapore 2
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 3
Table 2: Risk control and monitoring in nuclear power projects
Table 2 shows ways in which the risks of nuclear projects can be monitored and controlled, to match Table 1.Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 4
In today’s global energy environment, nuclear power plant project (NPPP)
managers need to consider many dimensions of risk in addition to nuclear
safety-related risk.
In order to stay competitive in modern energy markets, NPPP managers
must integrate management of project, safety-related, and economic risks
in an effective way. in an effective way.
Project structuring is to achieve the most efficient application of capital andresources.
Project risks must be assigned to the party most capable of handing their control..
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 5
This integrated risk management (RM) approach generates benefits that
include the following:
•Clearer criteria for decision making.
• Making effective use of investments already made in probabilistic safety
analysis (PSA) programs by applying these analyses to other areas and
contexts.
• Cost consciousness and innovation in achieving nuclear safety and
production goals.
• Communication improvement — more effective internal communication
among all levels of the NPP operating organization, and clearer communication
between the organization and its stakeholders.
• Focus on safety — ensuring an integrated focus on safety, production, and
economics during times of change in the energy environment
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 6
COST INDEX
SAFETY INDEXPresented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PSA)
Comprehensive, structured, and logical analysis method
aimed at
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Identifying and assessing risks in complex
technological systems
for the purpose of
Cost-effectively improving their safety and
performance.
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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Contd from previous slide
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
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�The cost of the land upon which the nuclear power plant (NPP) is built.
�Costs related to designing the NPP
�Cost related to the materials from which the NPP is built.
�Labour costs related to manufacture and construction.
There are eight primary sources of nuclear costs which
pose major project risks:
�The cost of obtaining regulatory approval AND PERMITS LIKE WATER ETC
�Investment related costs (interest, etc.)
�Transportation and Access related costs
�The cost of the electrical transmission system that connects the NPP to the
grid
�Lost Opportunities for Combining Cycles and Improving Efficiencies Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 15
Land related costs can be lowered if the investor already owns the land. In the
case of NPPs, land costs can be lowered if the NPP is built on a pre-existing NPP
site.
Other, for example transportation related investments may not be required, and
access to water is very likely to be available.
NPPs can also be located on the site of obsolete coal fired power plants slated
The cost of the land upon which the
nuclear power plant (NPP) is built
NPPs can also be located on the site of obsolete coal fired power plants slated
to be shut down for technological or environmental reasons.
The same advantages of the NPP location would apply to the coal powered site,
and additional facilities – for example the turbine hall, parking lots,
administrative buildings, workshops, transformer farms, etc. - can potentially be
recycled.
The layout and size of an existing coal fired power plant may not be
appropriate for adaptation for a large nuclear plant, but a cluster of small
reactor approach would allow for far greater flexibility in facility layout,
and would be far more easy to accommodate.Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 16
Small reactors, especially advanced technology small reactors, offer
advancements in siting flexibility.
For example, clusters of small reactors can be located in former salt mines.
Serial production lowers design costs.
Costs related to designing the NPP
Design costs are largely fixed.
Design costs can be divided among all of the units produced.
If one reactor of a particular design is produced, then the recovery of the
cost of that design would be through sale of that unit.
If hundreds of units are produced, the recovery of the design cost can be
divided between all of the units.
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 17
Clusters of Small Reactors
Costs related to designing the NPP
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 18
Finally, design simplification can lower nuclear costs.
The Generation IV Molten Salt Reactor design offers revolutionary design
simplification. In the Molten Salt Reactor the fuel is dissolved in the
coolant.
Thus much of the core structure is eliminated. Because the Molten Salt
Costs related to designing the NPP
Thus much of the core structure is eliminated. Because the Molten Salt
Reactor features a negative coefficient of reactivity, the reactor is highly
stable without operator control input.
Control rods can be partially or completely eliminated.
These simple features lower manufacturing costs. And lessen
manufacturing time.
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 19
The material input into a NPP per watt of output typically decreases as
total reactor output rises.
Traditionally this has lead to the economies of scales argument, which
maintains that the larger the reactor output, the lower the per watt cost.
There are, however, problems with this assessment.
Cost related to the materials from which the NPP is built
There are, however, problems with this assessment.
While it is true that larger size usually means lower material costs per unit
of electrical output, there are exceptions to this rule, especially with
respect to advanced nuclear technology.
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 20
For example:
The greater thermal efficiency of a reactor of similar core size might lower output
cost per unit of heat, compared to that of a similar sized, but less efficient design.
Reactor safety issues may effect materials input.
Cost related to the materials from which the NPP is built
Reactor safety issues may effect materials input.
Light Water Reactor cores and heat exchanges operate under very high pressure.
They require significant amounts of material to prevent steam explosions.
LWR outer containment structures are typically massive, and thus require large
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 21
A more compact reactor core may lower material requirements.
Thus if two reactors have the same output, the one with the smaller core
is likely to require fewer materials.
Underground reactor siting could potentially lower reactor structural
costs, by offering protection against terrorist attacks from aircraft and at
Cost related to the materials from which the NPP is built
costs, by offering protection against terrorist attacks from aircraft and at
surface levels with lower materials inputs.
.
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 22
Small generation components can lower material requirements.
Thus supercritical carbon dioxide turbines are much smaller than steam
turbines used in conventional reactors.
Small turbines require fewer materials, and can be housed in smaller
turbine halls, which in turn require less material and labour input to
build.
Cost related to the materials from which the NPP is built
Thus a small advanced technology reactor with a compact core and
high thermal efficiency, that operates at a one atmosphere pressure
level, and can be sited underground might require fewer materials
inputs per unit of electrical output than a much larger conventional
reactor
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 23
In addition manufacturing costs can be lowered by simplifying reactor
design. Passive safety features can in some instances lower nuclear
costs.
For example thermo-siphoning of reactor coolant, may save the cost of
manufacturing and installing coolant pumps.
Reactor Design Lowers Manufacturing Costs
Gravity feed emergency coolant systems save on manufacturing costs
in several ways,
They do not require backup generators or pumps, thus many of the
expenses of older emergency coolant systems can be saved.
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 24
The B&W mPower reactor, with its scalable, modular design, has the
capacity to provide 125 MWe to 750 MWe or more for a 4.5-year operating
cycle without refuelling, and is designed to produce clean, zero-emission
operations.
Babcock & Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc. will lead the development, licensing
and delivery of B&W mPower reactor projects.
Features of the B&W mPower reactor include:
mPower Reactors from B&W
Features of the B&W mPower reactor include:
�Integral nuclear system design
�Passive safety systems
�Underground containment
�4.5-year operating cycle between refueling
�Scalable, modular design is flexible for local needs
�Multi-unit (1 to 10+) plant
�Used fuel stored in spent fuel pool for life of the reactor (60 years)
�Country shop-manufactured
Presented by Dr. Himadri Banerji 2nd Annual Nuclear Power June 21st to
24th 2011 Singapore 25
Labour costs can be lowered by shifting work from the field to a
factory. The more labor which can be performed in a factory, the lower
the over all costs.
Modular production is consistent with factory manufacture. Factory
manufacture lowers labor costs in several ways.
First serial production leads to the division of labor, which in turn
Labour costs related to manufacture and construction.
First serial production leads to the division of labor, which in turn
typically increases labor productivity.
The division of labor decreases the skill set required from individual