Dear Colleagues, I would like to this topic with you. I have presented in one of the Khartoum conferences few years ago. I felt it might be of value to some of you mainly those taking their second part exams or those providing safe women health services business.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Cavan General Hospital, IRELANDCavan General Hospital, IRELAND
Risk Management – Risk Management – who does it?who does it?
Nuclear IndustryNuclear Industry Aircraft IndustryAircraft Industry Chemical IndustryChemical Industry Oil and Gas IndustryOil and Gas Industry Transport SectorTransport Sector Finance SectorFinance Sector
Why do these industries Why do these industries prioritise Risk Management?prioritise Risk Management?
…… because they are all high risk industries because they are all high risk industries and any breach of safety has far reaching and any breach of safety has far reaching consequences in terms of:consequences in terms of:
– Their employeesTheir employees– The general publicThe general public– The environmentThe environment– Their reputationTheir reputation– Their survival and profitsTheir survival and profits
…The culture, processes and structures that are …The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the effective management ofdirected towards the effective management ofpotential opportunities and adverse events potential opportunities and adverse events
Source: AS/NZS 4360 :1999 R M StandardSource: AS/NZS 4360 :1999 R M Standard
…The process wherebye an organisation anticipates the…The process wherebye an organisation anticipates thepotential for injuries or losses and acts to avoid those potential for injuries or losses and acts to avoid those
injuries before and/or to ameliorate them after they occur injuries before and/or to ameliorate them after they occur
Source: R M in Health Care – Dr. G. RobertsSource: R M in Health Care – Dr. G. Roberts
RiskRisk Management - ProcessManagement - Process
…The systemic appllication of management policies, …The systemic appllication of management policies, procedures and practices to the task of establishingprocedures and practices to the task of establishing the context, identifying, analysing, evaluating, treating, the context, identifying, analysing, evaluating, treating,monitoring and communicating risk monitoring and communicating risk
Source: AS/NZS 4360 : 1999 R M tandard Source: AS/NZS 4360 : 1999 R M tandard
Is there any evidence that we Is there any evidence that we should do it in Healthcare?should do it in Healthcare?
In the period from 1991 to In the period from 1991 to 1995 between 30 and 35 1995 between 30 and 35 children under 1 died after children under 1 died after open-heart heart surgery open-heart heart surgery in the Bristol Royal in the Bristol Royal InfirmaryInfirmary
ENGLANDENGLAND Dr Shipman Family GP had Dr Shipman Family GP had
become the focus of Europe's become the focus of Europe's biggest ever murder biggest ever murder investigation investigation
Convicted of 15 murders, Convicted of 15 murders, suspected of killing more than suspected of killing more than 297 patients over 24 years. 297 patients over 24 years.
Health Care is a risky business Health Care is a risky business – – for patientsfor patients
Harvard Medical Practice Study, 1991Harvard Medical Practice Study, 1991 3.70% of hospital admissions lead to “adverse events”3.70% of hospital admissions lead to “adverse events” 1.85% of hospital admissions lead to avoidable “adverse events”1.85% of hospital admissions lead to avoidable “adverse events” 0.50% of hospital admissions lead to “adverse events” resulting in 0.50% of hospital admissions lead to “adverse events” resulting in
deathdeath corresponds to 120,000 avoidable deaths p.a. in USAcorresponds to 120,000 avoidable deaths p.a. in USA (corresponds to approx. 170,000 avoidable deaths p.a. in Europe)(corresponds to approx. 170,000 avoidable deaths p.a. in Europe)
Quality in Australian Healthcare Study, 1995Quality in Australian Healthcare Study, 1995 ““adverse event” rates of 14-16%adverse event” rates of 14-16% 98,000 avoidable deaths p.a.98,000 avoidable deaths p.a.
University College London, 1999University College London, 1999 UK 8-10%UK 8-10% Medical error kills >40,000 p.a. in the UK and is the third most likely Medical error kills >40,000 p.a. in the UK and is the third most likely
cause of death after cancer and heart disease (Vincent et al)cause of death after cancer and heart disease (Vincent et al)
Vincent et al, 2001Vincent et al, 2001 Retrospective review of 1.014 records in Retrospective review of 1.014 records in
London. London. 10.8% had an adverse effect (half preventable)10.8% had an adverse effect (half preventable)
Building a Safer NHS, 2001Building a Safer NHS, 2001 Study of 6,500 cases of adverse eventsStudy of 6,500 cases of adverse events 87 deaths87 deaths 345 serious injuries.345 serious injuries. Included hospital acquired infectionsIncluded hospital acquired infections
Health Care is a Risky Business Health Care is a Risky Business – for Patients– for Patients
How often do errors in care How often do errors in care occur?occur?
United Kingdom: 10-11%United Kingdom: 10-11% New Zealand: 10%New Zealand: 10% Denmark: 11%Denmark: 11% Australia (latest): 11%Australia (latest): 11%
Around one in ten hospitalised patients suffer an adverse event
Prescribing ErrorsPrescribing Errors In 2000, an estimated 1,200 people in England & In 2000, an estimated 1,200 people in England &
Wales died as a direct result of medication Wales died as a direct result of medication prescribedprescribed
(Audit Commission 2001(Audit Commission 2001))
Out of 193 claims, 19.3% were caused by Out of 193 claims, 19.3% were caused by prescribing errors.prescribing errors.
36 INCORRECT MEDICATION36 INCORRECT MEDICATION 24 CAUSED BY WRONG DOSE24 CAUSED BY WRONG DOSE
(MPS 2000)(MPS 2000)
Why is Risk Management an issue in Healthcare?
US - Medication errors cost 5-10% of healthcare budgets to remedy NHS - Excess bed occupancy due to medical error costs £750m pa NHS - Hospital acquired infections costs £1b pa NHS - Excess nursing absenteeism costs £200 - £400m pa NHS - 500k accidents to visitors and staff in hospitals costs £154m pa US - For every $1 cost of iatrogenic disease in the acute sector $1 is
incurred in the community 1 acute patient in 1000 will die of a hospital acquired infection ie 15% -
30% of which are preventable 1 acute patient in 100 will die of a pulmonary embolus ie 50% - 100%
of which are preventable
Why is Risk Management an issue in Healthcare? cont…
Health Care is a Risky Business – for staff
UK Health and Safety Commission, 1999:– “Average days lost per worker per annum due to work related
Why is Risk Management an issue in Healthcare? cont…
Health Care is a Risky Business - for staff– Sickness absence in the UK NHS costs £700m p.a.
Sickness absence rates of 5% compare to a national average of 3.7% representing £200m p.a. excess sickness absence for healthcare workers. (Williams, Mitchie, Pattani, 1998)
And it’s costly……wherever you work…….– There are 9000 to 9500 work related compensation
claims in the Irish courts each year (Byrne, 2001)
Why is Risk Management an issue in Healthcare? cont…
Healthcare is a stressful business….
– 46% of nurses feel “unsafe” at work and 17% perceive excess stress and insufficient support
The keys to making Risk The keys to making Risk Management workManagement work
ContextContext
CultureCulture
Risk Management SystemsRisk Management Systems
Establish Context
Identify Risks
Analyse Risks
Treat Risks
MON I TOR
Evaluate Risks
The Context – The Risk Management Process
AS/NZS 4360:1999 Risk Management Standard
COMMUNI CATE
Stop itAccident
Incident
Inve
stig
atio
n
Task
Person
Situation ??????
Discipline them
Past Approach: Person centred investigations
Why a systems approach?Why a systems approach?
Person approachPerson approach Who can we blame?Who can we blame? Doesn’t get to the bottom Doesn’t get to the bottom
of the problemof the problem Discourages reportingDiscourages reporting
System ApproachSystem Approach What can we learn?What can we learn? Looks at individuals as just one Looks at individuals as just one
component of eventcomponent of event Analyses all factors & how they Analyses all factors & how they
interactinteract Individuals are fallableIndividuals are fallable Errors are inevitableErrors are inevitable Not who made the error but why Not who made the error but why
did the defense systems fail?did the defense systems fail?
Defence Barriers
J. Reason 1994
Case Analysis Using Reason’s
Statistical failuresin defences
Organisational Accident Causation Model
SituationTask
Errors
Violations
Corporate Culture
Management decisions and organisational processes
Local climate
Error-producing conditions
Violation-producingconditions
Defence Barriers
Latent failures in defences
J. Reason 1994
Case Analysis Using Reason’s
Organisational Accident Causation Model
Statistical failuresin defences
Focus on process not Focus on process not individualindividual
““People and perfect processes make a People and perfect processes make a quality health service. Poor quality quality health service. Poor quality results from a badly designed and results from a badly designed and operated process, not from lazy or operated process, not from lazy or incompetent health care workers”incompetent health care workers”
Source: John Øvretviet, 1992 Health Service QualitySource: John Øvretviet, 1992 Health Service Quality
And Risk And Risk ManagementManagement involves….. involves…..
(AS/NZS 4360 and HSA “Workplace Health (AS/NZS 4360 and HSA “Workplace Health & Safety Management” )& Safety Management” )
IMPLEMENT
MONITOR & REVIEW PLAN
POLICY
IMPLEMENT
MONITOR & REVIEW PLAN
POLICY
Objectives
“Criteria”
Safety Statement
RM Policy
And Risk And Risk ManagementManagement involves…..involves…..
(AS/NZS 4360, Chapter 2)(AS/NZS 4360, Chapter 2)
Objectives of Risk ManagementObjectives of Risk Management
Minimise risks to quality of service and patient outcomesMinimise risks to quality of service and patient outcomes Ensure provision of a safe and effective serviceEnsure provision of a safe and effective service Confirm that service outcomes reflect planned intentionsConfirm that service outcomes reflect planned intentions Ensure that services are provided in an equitable and Ensure that services are provided in an equitable and
responsive fashionresponsive fashion Manage risk in partnership with patients, staff, the Manage risk in partnership with patients, staff, the
community and other providerscommunity and other providers Provide a safe and secure environment for staff and patientsProvide a safe and secure environment for staff and patients Ensure effective and efficient use of resourcesEnsure effective and efficient use of resources Seek to learn from mistakes and not to blameSeek to learn from mistakes and not to blame
Some Important DefinitionsSome Important Definitions
Near MissesNear Misses Actual occurrences which Actual occurrences which might have resulted in harmmight have resulted in harm
IncidentsIncidents Actual occurrences of harmActual occurrences of harm
RiskRisk The likelihood that The likelihood that those harmful those harmful consequences occurconsequences occur
HazardHazard Situation that might Situation that might result in harmful result in harmful consequencesconsequences
Examples:Examples: An unsheathed needle lying on the floor is a An unsheathed needle lying on the floor is a hazardhazard
The The riskrisk is that someone receives a needle stick injury is that someone receives a needle stick injury
If the needle is picked up by a member of staff who If the needle is picked up by a member of staff who places it, without injury, in a sharps box it was a places it, without injury, in a sharps box it was a near near missmiss
If someone picks it up and injures themselves before If someone picks it up and injures themselves before putting it in a sharps box this is an putting it in a sharps box this is an incidentincident
Incidents almost always Incidents almost always involve a systematic failureinvolve a systematic failure
Usually several factors Usually several factors have combinedhave combined
It is rare that one It is rare that one person alone is person alone is responsibleresponsible
Blame is more a Blame is more a matter of opinion than matter of opinion than a matter of facta matter of fact
Identifying Hazards and Identifying Hazards and RisksRisks
“Comprehensive identification using a
well-structured systematic process is critical”
It is important to identify both things that have happened (retrospective identification) and those that might (prospective identification)
Types of IdentificationTypes of IdentificationExternal Scrutiny External Scrutiny and Inspectionand Inspection
In accordance with AS/NZS 4360:1999 Risk Management Standard
Rating the LikelihoodRating the Likelihood RareRare – may occur only in exceptional – may occur only in exceptional
circumstancescircumstances
UnlikelyUnlikely – could occur at some time – could occur at some time
PossiblePossible – might occur at some time – might occur at some time
LikelyLikely – will probably occur in most – will probably occur in most circumstancescircumstances
Almost CertainAlmost Certain – is expected to occur in – is expected to occur in most circumstancesmost circumstances
Risk Rating MatrixRisk Rating Matrix
CatastrophicSevereModerateMinorLow
54321Rare
108642Unlikely
1512963Possible
20161284Likely
252015105Almost Certain
Lik
elih
ood
Severity
Recording the Outcome of the Recording the Outcome of the AssessmentAssessment
(The Risk Register)(The Risk Register)
Having completed the assessment of risk, the outcome is entered onto a risk register.
The risk register then becomes a summary of all known hazards/risks and is used to decide priorities for actions to control hazards/risks and to monitor the progress of those actions.
A unified but diverse teamA unified but diverse team Both at corporate and local level support will be Both at corporate and local level support will be
provided by a team of Advisorsprovided by a team of Advisors Their job is to Their job is to adviseadvise on risk issues, not manage them on risk issues, not manage them
for youfor you Due to the range of skills needed, the individuals will Due to the range of skills needed, the individuals will
have different specialisms. In particular:have different specialisms. In particular: The Risk Advisor will take a lead on clinical risk The Risk Advisor will take a lead on clinical risk
issuesissues The Health & Safety Advisor will take a lead on The Health & Safety Advisor will take a lead on
safety and legislative compliance issuessafety and legislative compliance issues The skills may be diverse, but the objectives of each The skills may be diverse, but the objectives of each
team member are the same [see RM Objectives]team member are the same [see RM Objectives]
Making it HappenMaking it Happen
“The responsibility, authority and the
inter-relationship of personnel who perform and verify work affecting risk management shall be
defined and documented”
IMPLEMENT
MONITOR PLAN
POLICY
Local Risk Assessments
Feedback on risks
Prioritise resources/responses
Training
Actions
Responsibility
Results of risk assessments
Incident Reporting
Claims
Complaints
Audits/Inspections
Sickness Absence
A Plan not a Strategy?
Important Risk Management IssuesImportant Risk Management Issues