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Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv
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Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Dec 27, 2015

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Page 1: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

The Symphony of Life

Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

The Symphony of Life

Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center

and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center

and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Page 2: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

14.5.02

Page 3: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 4: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 5: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Your Chances of Dying From:Your Chances of Dying From:

Aids: 1/1,000,000

Murder: 1/10,000

Car accident: 1/5,000

Heart disease: 1/2*

Aids: 1/1,000,000

Murder: 1/10,000

Car accident: 1/5,000

Heart disease: 1/2*

* So look at the person next to you!* So look at the person next to you!

Page 6: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Endothelial Endothelial cellscells

Contractile VSMCsContractile VSMCs

Normal artery wallNormal artery wall

Page 7: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 8: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Lipid

Lipid Lipid accumulates accumulates in the intimal in the intimal space and is space and is

associated with associated with abnormal abnormal

endothelial cell endothelial cell function function

Early atherosclerosisEarly atherosclerosis

Page 9: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Lipid

Activated Activated endothelialendothelial

cells express cells express adhesionadhesion

molecules and molecules and recruit recruit

inflammatory inflammatory cells, cells,

predominantly predominantly monocytesmonocytes

Early atherosclerosisEarly atherosclerosis

Page 10: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Lipid

Early atherosclerosisEarly atherosclerosis Monocytes Monocytes migrate into the migrate into the

intima, intima, differentiate differentiate

into into macrophages macrophages

and ingest lipid and ingest lipid to form foam to form foam

cellscells

Page 11: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Lipid core

Adventitia

Thrombus

Thrombus forms and extends into the lumen and the plaque

Thrombus forms and extends into the lumen and the plaque

Unstable coronary artery disease

Page 12: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 13: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 14: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 15: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 16: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 17: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 18: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 19: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Nonmodifiable Factors

– Age

– Gender

– Family History

Nonmodifiable Factors

– Age

– Gender

– Family History

Modifiable Factors

– Cigarette smoking

– Obesity

– Hypertension

– Physical inactivity

– Diabetes

– Elevated LDL-C

– Low HDL

Modifiable Factors

– Cigarette smoking

– Obesity

– Hypertension

– Physical inactivity

– Diabetes

– Elevated LDL-C

– Low HDL

Established Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Established Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Page 20: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 21: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

LipoproteinsLipoproteins

Total Total CholesterolCholesterol

LDL-LDL-CholesterolCholesterol

TGTG

Total Total CholesterolCholesterol

LDL-LDL-CholesterolCholesterol

TGTG

HDL-HDL-CholesterolCholesterol

HDL-HDL-CholesterolCholesterol

Page 22: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

MRFIT. Lancet. 1986;2:933..MRFIT. Lancet. 1986;2:933..

Epidemiologic Data – MRFITRelationship between Serum Cholesterol and CHD Death

Epidemiologic Data – MRFITRelationship between Serum Cholesterol and CHD Death

220220180180140140 260260

88

66

44

22

00

Serum Cholesterol mg/dlSerum Cholesterol mg/dlSerum Cholesterol mg/dlSerum Cholesterol mg/dl

Age-Adjusted Age-Adjusted CHD Death CHD Death Rate/1000 Rate/1000

Men/6 YearsMen/6 Years

Age-Adjusted Age-Adjusted CHD Death CHD Death Rate/1000 Rate/1000

Men/6 YearsMen/6 Years

300300

1616

1414

1212

1010

1818

240240200200160160 280280

Page 23: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Age-adjusted CHD death rate per 1,000 Age-adjusted CHD death rate per 1,000 person-years in men with CHDperson-years in men with CHD

Age-adjusted CHD death rate per 1,000 Age-adjusted CHD death rate per 1,000 person-years in men with CHDperson-years in men with CHD

1.84

4.46

19.15

0

5

10

15

20

< 130 130 - 159 >159

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)

Pekkanen, et al, Pekkanen, et al, N Engl. J MedN Engl. J Med.. 322(24) 1700-07 1990.. 322(24) 1700-07 1990Pekkanen, et al, Pekkanen, et al, N Engl. J MedN Engl. J Med.. 322(24) 1700-07 1990.. 322(24) 1700-07 1990

Page 24: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Risk Factor Status LDL-C Goal

• No CHD and

< 2 CHD Risk Factors <160 mg/dL

• No CHD and 2 or

more CHD Risk Factors <130 mg/dL

• Established CHD* <100 mg/dL

Risk Factor Status LDL-C Goal

• No CHD and

< 2 CHD Risk Factors <160 mg/dL

• No CHD and 2 or

more CHD Risk Factors <130 mg/dL

• Established CHD* <100 mg/dL

NCEP ATP III Guidelines For LDL Cholesterol

NCEP ATP III Guidelines For LDL Cholesterol

JAMA 2001;285:2486-97JAMA 2001;285:2486-97

Or 10-year risk for hard CAD>20%, PVD, abdominal aortic aneurysm, symptomatic carotid stenosis, diabetes

*

Page 25: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Primary Prevention Evidence with

Statins

Primary Prevention Evidence with

Statins

Page 26: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

WOSCOPS Study DesignWOSCOPS Study Design

Males aged 45-64 years with total-C Males aged 45-64 years with total-C 252 mg/dl 252 mg/dland no prior MIand no prior MI

Diet therapy x 4 weeksDiet therapy x 4 weeks

LDL-C LDL-C 155 mg/dl on visits 2 and 3 155 mg/dl on visits 2 and 3and and 174 174 232 mg/dl on 1 of these visits 232 mg/dl on 1 of these visits

5 years5 years

PlaceboPlacebo(n = 3293)(n = 3293)

Pravastatin 40 mg QDPravastatin 40 mg QD(n = 3302)(n = 3302)

Shepherd et al. Shepherd et al. N Engl J Med.N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301-7. 1995;333:1301-7.

Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with HypercholesterolemiaPravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia

Page 27: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Early Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS

Myocardial Infarction*

Early Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS

Myocardial Infarction*

Shepherd et al. Shepherd et al. N Engl J Med. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301-7.1995;333:1301-7.

00

11

22

44

66PercentPercent

withwithEventEvent

88

1010

1212

22 3 3

YearsYears44 55 66

Pravastatin (n = 3302)Pravastatin (n = 3302)Placebo (n = 3293)Placebo (n = 3293)

31% risk 31% risk reduction reduction PP < 0.001 < 0.001

*Primary endpoint: Nonfatal MI and CHD death*Primary endpoint: Nonfatal MI and CHD death

Page 28: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS Total MortalityTotal Mortality

Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS Total MortalityTotal Mortality

Shepherd et al. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301-7.

00

11

11

22

33

PercentPercent

withwith

EventEvent

44

55

66

22 3 3

YearsYears44 55 66

22% risk22% riskreductionreductionP P = 0.051= 0.051

Pravastatin (n = 3302) Pravastatin (n = 3302) Placebo (n = 3293)Placebo (n = 3293)

Page 29: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS PTCA/CABG

Benefit with Pravastatin in WOSCOPS PTCA/CABG

Shepherd et al. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301-7.

0.00.0

00

Percent Percent withwith

EventEvent

11 22

YearsYears

33 44 55

0.50.5

1.01.0

1.51.5

2.02.0

2.52.5

3.03.037% risk 37% risk reductionreductionPP = 0.009 = 0.009

Placebo (n = 3293) Placebo (n = 3293)

Pravastatin (n = 3302)Pravastatin (n = 3302)

Page 30: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention

Study(AFCAPS/TexCAPS)

Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention

Study(AFCAPS/TexCAPS)

Gotto AM, AHA Orlando, 1997 MS

Page 31: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Study DesignStudy DesignStudy DesignStudy Design

6605 Males & females aged 45-73 years with 6605 Males & females aged 45-73 years with

no clinical evidence of atherosclerotic CVDno clinical evidence of atherosclerotic CVD

Diet + Placebo run-inDiet + Placebo run-in

Total C between 180 & 264 mg/dl; LDL between 130 & 190 mg/dlTotal C between 180 & 264 mg/dl; LDL between 130 & 190 mg/dl

HDL < 50 mg/dl; Total-C/HDL ratio < 5HDL < 50 mg/dl; Total-C/HDL ratio < 5

5 years5 years

PlaceboPlacebo Lovastatin 20-40 mg QD Lovastatin 20-40 mg QD (titrate to LDL < 110 mg/dl)(titrate to LDL < 110 mg/dl)

AFCAPSAFCAPSTexCAPSTexCAPS

Gotto A. AHA 1997.Gotto A. AHA 1997.

Page 32: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

AFCAPS/TexCAPS:Lipid Change from Baseline to Year 1

AFCAPS/TexCAPS:Lipid Change from Baseline to Year 1

0.9 1.5

-2.3

1.2

-18.4

-25

-15

6

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Placebo

Lovastatin

%%%%

TCTCTCTC LDL-CLDL-CLDL-CLDL-C TGTGTGTG

HDL-CHDL-CHDL-CHDL-C

Gotto AM, AHA Orlando, 1997 MS

Page 33: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

AFCAPS/TexCAPS: Primary Endpoint First Acute Major Coronary Event/Mortality

AFCAPS/TexCAPS: Primary Endpoint First Acute Major Coronary Event/Mortality

0.00.000 11 22 33

YearsYearsYearsYears

44 55 66

0.50.5

1.01.0

1.51.5

2.02.0Percent Percent

with with

EventEvent

2.52.5

3.03.0

3.53.5

36% risk36% risk 36% risk36% risk

reductionreduction reductionreduction p p < 0.001< 0.001p p < 0.001< 0.001

Lovastatin (n = 3304)Lovastatin (n = 3304)Placebo (n = 3301)Placebo (n = 3301)

Gotto AM, AHA Orlando, 1997Gotto AM, AHA Orlando, 1997 MS

Page 34: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Biggest-ever statin study will change practice worldwide...Biggest-ever statin study will change practice worldwide...

Dr. Rory CollinsDr. Rory Collins

The Heart Protection Study (HPS)The Heart Protection Study (HPS)

Lancet 2002;360:7-22Lancet 2002;360:7-22

Page 35: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

The Heart Protection Study (HPS)The Heart Protection Study (HPS)

20,000 volunteers, ages 40 to 80 yrs, T. Chol > 135 mg/dl, who were at high risk of CAD

Simva 40 mg QD vs placebo for 5.5 years with/without antioxidant vitamins E (600 mg), C (250 mg) and carotene (20 mg)

Baseline LDL: <116 (33%), 116-135 (25%),>135 (42%)

Lancet 2002;360:7-22Lancet 2002;360:7-22

Page 36: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

HPS - All Cause MortalityHPS - All Cause MortalityHPS - All Cause MortalityHPS - All Cause Mortality

12.9

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

Placebo (n=10,267)

Simvastatin (n=10,269)

%

P<0.001

Page 37: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

HPS - TolerabilityHPS - Tolerability

Statin Placebon=10269 n=10267

ALT>3xULN 0.8% 0.9%

CPK>10xULN 0.09% 0.05%

Lancet 2002;360:7-22

Page 38: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Secondary Prevention Evidence

with Statins

Secondary Prevention Evidence

with Statins

Page 39: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Early secondary prevention trials only focussed on long-term event reductions in stable patients

Early secondary prevention trials only focussed on long-term event reductions in stable patients

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Pro

po

rtio

n a

liv

e

Risk reduction, 30%Log-rank p=0.0003

Simvastatin

Placebo

4S

0

0

Fa

tal

CH

D/n

on

fata

lM

I (%

)

5

10

15

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Risk reduction, 24%p<0.001

Pravastatin

Placebo

LIPID

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

15

10

5

0

Fa

tal

CH

D/n

on

fata

lM

I (%

)

Risk reduction, 24%p=0.003

Pravastatin

Placebo

CARE

Years4S Study Group. Lancet 1994;344:1383–1389.Sacks FM et al. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001–1009.LIPID study group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349–1357.

Page 40: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

LIPID: Cardiovascular Event Reduction with Pravastatin

LIPID: Cardiovascular Event Reduction with Pravastatin

0

10

20

30

40

24%24%PP<0.001<0.001

19%19%PP<0.001<0.00122%22%

PP=0.001=0.001

RelativeRelativeRiskRisk

ReductionReduction(%) *(%) *

RelativeRelativeRiskRisk

ReductionReduction(%) *(%) *

N Engl J Med.N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–1357. 1998;339:1349–1357.

CHD Death CHD Death CHD Death CHD Death TotalTotalMortalityMortality

TotalTotalMortalityMortality StrokeStrokeStrokeStroke

* 24% of the placebo group were receiving * 24% of the placebo group were receiving lipid lowering therapy at the end of the trial.lipid lowering therapy at the end of the trial.

Page 41: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Effect of Lowering Total Cholesterol Concentration on CHD Events

Effect of Lowering Total Cholesterol Concentration on CHD Events

The influence of LDL reduction on CHD events in primary and secondary prevention trials with simvastatin, pravastatin and lovastatin

Primary prevention trialsPrimary prevention trials

Secondary prevention trialsSecondary prevention trials

50 70 110 130 150 170 19090 210

Per

cen

t w

ith

CH

D E

ven

tP

erce

nt

wit

h C

HD

Eve

nt

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

CARE-Rx

4S-Rx LIPID-PL

4S-PL

CARE-PL

LIPID-Rx

AFCAPS-Rx

WOSCOPS-Rx

WOSCOPS-PL

AFCAPS-PL

25

20

15

10

5

0

Page 42: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

CURVES

Mean Percent Change in LDL-C at Starting Doses

*P<0.002 vs atorvastatin.*P<0.002 vs atorvastatin.

10 mg-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Dose

% C

ha

ng

e

-38%

-24%*

-28%*-29%*

-17%*

20 mg

Atorvastatin LovastatinPravastatinSimvastatin Fluvastatin

Page 43: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

StatinsStatinsLDL-C reduction

Reduction in

chylomicron and

VLDL remnants,

IDL, LDL-C• Restore endothelial function

• Maintain SMC function

• Anti-inflammatory effects

• Decreased thrombosis

Lumen

Lipid core

Macrophages

Smooth muscle cells

Potential mechanisms of benefit of statins

Potential mechanisms of benefit of statins

Page 44: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Serum Cholesterol and FMDSerum Cholesterol and FMD

150 175 200

15

10

5

FM

D (

%)

FM

D (

%)

Serum Cholesterol Level (mg/dl)Serum Cholesterol Level (mg/dl)

Simvastatin10 mg/d

Simvastatin10 mg/d

Pravastatin 20 mg/dPravastatin 20 mg/d

Pravastatin 40 mg/d CAD PatientsPravastatin 40 mg/d CAD Patients

Vogel RA. Am J Med 1999;107:479-87Vogel RA. Am J Med 1999;107:479-87

Page 45: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Cholesterol Lowering With Statin Drugs: Risk of Stroke, and Total Mortality

Cholesterol Lowering With Statin Drugs: Risk of Stroke, and Total Mortality

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

29%29% 22%22% 28%28%

StrokeStroke Total MortalityTotal Mortality CVD DeathsCVD Deaths

%

Herbert PR, et al. JAMA 1997;278:313-321Herbert PR, et al. JAMA 1997;278:313-321

Page 46: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

Demonstrated Therapeutic BenefitsDemonstrated Therapeutic Benefits

Reduce major coronary eventsReduce major coronary events

Reduce CHD mortalityReduce CHD mortality

Reduce coronary procedures (PTCA/CABG)Reduce coronary procedures (PTCA/CABG)

Reduce strokeReduce stroke

Reduce total mortalityReduce total mortality

Demonstrated Therapeutic BenefitsDemonstrated Therapeutic Benefits

Reduce major coronary eventsReduce major coronary events

Reduce CHD mortalityReduce CHD mortality

Reduce coronary procedures (PTCA/CABG)Reduce coronary procedures (PTCA/CABG)

Reduce strokeReduce stroke

Reduce total mortalityReduce total mortality

JAMA 2001;285:2486-97JAMA 2001;285:2486-97

Page 47: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

56

91

14

16

21

23

40

24

0 20 40 60 80 100

Lessons from WOSCOPSLessons from WOSCOPSNumber of 55-64 yrs Treated to Prevent One EventNumber of 55-64 yrs Treated to Prevent One Event

Lessons from WOSCOPSLessons from WOSCOPSNumber of 55-64 yrs Treated to Prevent One EventNumber of 55-64 yrs Treated to Prevent One Event

Number Treated to Prevent One EventNumber Treated to Prevent One Event

Isolated Hypertension - MRCIsolated Hypertension - MRC

Isolated HypercholesterolemiaIsolated Hypercholesterolemia

Total WOSCOPS CohortTotal WOSCOPS Cohort

HypertensionHypertension

Family Family HistoryHistory

Smoking or HDL < 42 mg/dLSmoking or HDL < 42 mg/dL

Pre-existing vascular diseasePre-existing vascular disease

Minor ECG AbnormalityMinor ECG Abnormality

WOSCOPSWOSCOPS

Page 48: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 49: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

בדם ? תקינה סוכר רמת היא בדם ?מה תקינה סוכר רמת היא מהקטגוריהקטגוריה

תקיןתקין

מוגברת סוכר מוגברת רמת סוכר רמת

סוכרתסוכרת

בצוםבצום

mg/dlmg/dl - מ -פחות מ 110110 פחות

110 - 125 mg/dl110 - 125 mg/dl

mg/dmg/dll 125125מעל מעל

של לטווח מגיעה שאינה מוגברת סוכר רמת עם לנבדקים גם. עורקים בטרשת לחלות מוגבר סיכון סוכרת

. שנים מספר תוך ממש של בסוכרת גם לוקים מהם ניכר חלק

Page 50: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

לב למחלת משפחתי סיפור הוא לב מה למחלת משפחתי סיפור הוא מהכלילית ?כלילית ?

כלילית לב למחלת היא !מוקדמתהכוונה

שלקתה ראשונה מדרגה משפחה קרובתלגיל מתחת 65במחלה

שלקה ראשונה מדרגה משפחה קרובלגיל מתחת 55במחלה

Page 51: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 52: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

14.5.02

Page 53: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

6.2003

Page 54: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

LEMOYNE V. de MILO BOTICELLILEMOYNE V. de MILO BOTICELLI

Page 55: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Or...Or...

Page 56: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

The Prevalence of ObesityThe Prevalence of Obesity

0

10

20

30

40

50

Sweden

Obese (%)

Denmark

Iceland

UK

W. Ger

E. Ger

Belgium

France

Spain

Italy

Whites

Blacks

Whites

Aborig.

WomenMen

USA AustraliaEurope

Page 57: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Obesity is usually measured as body mass index (BMI)

Obesity is usually measured as body mass index (BMI)

Weight (kg)

Height (m2)

World Health Organization, 1998

Classification BMI (kg/m2) Risk of co-morbidities

Normal range 18.524.9 Average

Overweight 25Pre-obese 2529.9 IncreasedObese class I 30.034.9 ModerateObese class II 35.039.9 SevereObese class III 40.0Very severe

BMI =

Page 58: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Waist circumference is a surrogate marker of visceral fat

Waist circumference is a surrogate marker of visceral fat

1Lean C et al. Lancet 1998

WomenWomen

>88 cm = increased risk1

MenMen

>102 cm = increased risk1

Page 59: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

0.6

1.0

1.4

1.8

2.2

2.6

3.03.2

<18.5

18.5

-20.

4

20.5

-21.

9

22-2

3.4

23.5

-24.

9

25.0

-26.

4

26.5

-27.

9

28.0

-29.

9

30.0

-31.

9

32.0

-34.

9

Cardiovascular disease

Cancer

All other causes

Relative risk of death

BMI

35.0

High BMI Increases Risk of Mortality in Men

Calle EE et al. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097-195

Page 60: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Abdominal fat – an endocrine Abdominal fat – an endocrine tumortumor

ILIL CACA POPO

DIDI

TUTTITUTTI II CAPICAPI

ResistinRELM-ResistinRELM- PAI-1PAI-1

FFAFFA

IL-6IL-6

TNF-TNF-LeptinLeptin

AngiotensinAngiotensin

Adiponectin↓Visfatin↑

Adiponectin↓Visfatin↑

Inflammation &Hypercuagulability

Inflammation &Hypercuagulability

HypertensionHypertension

Insulin resistanceInsulin resistance

DyslipidemiaDyslipidemia

excess edipocyte behaviour

Page 61: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Obesity and the risk of heart failure Kenchaia et al. NEJM 2002;347:3015-13

Overweight >=25Obese >=30

משקל משקל עודף עודףמכפיל לב ספיקת לאי מכפיל הסיכון לב ספיקת לאי הסיכון

לאחר כבר עצמו לאחר את כבר עצמו שנים שנים 1010אתולאחר נשים ולאחר בקרב נשים שנים שנים 1515בקרב

גברים גברים בקרב בקרב

Page 62: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

BMI and Age-related BMI and Age-related MortalityBMI and Age-related BMI and Age-related Mortality

0.621 29 41

BMI (kg/m2)BMI (kg/m2) BMI (kg/m2)BMI (kg/m2)

Relative risk Relative risk

1.0

1.4

2.4

25 33 37 21 29 4125 33 37

0.8

1.2

1.8

1.6

2.0

2.2

0.6

1.0

1.4

2.4

0.8

1.2

1.8

1.6

2.0

2.2

Adapted Waaler et al. Acta Med Scand 1984

FemalesFemales MalesMales

50–54

55–59

60–64

Age

Page 63: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Consequences of ObesityConsequences of Obesity

Cardiovascular risk factorsRespiratory disease

Heart disease

Gall bladder disease

Hormonal abnormalities

Hyperuricaemiaand gout

Stroke

Diabetes

OsteoarthritisCancer

Page 64: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

ExerciseExercise

Page 65: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 66: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Stefanick et al. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL Cholesterol and high levels of LDL Cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339:12-20.

הכולסטרול פרופיל ושיפור גופנית הכולסטרול פעילות פרופיל ושיפור גופנית פעילות

להוריד הצליחה להוריד דיאטה הצליחה דיאטההכולסטרול רמת הכולסטרול את רמת את

((LDL-CLDL-C )באופן )באופןאלו בקרב רק אלו משמעותי בקרב רק משמעותי

גופנית פעילות גופנית שביצעו פעילות שביצעוקבוע קבוע באופן באופן

בגיל 400כ- ונשים גבריםהבלות

HDL-C LDL-C

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 67: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

: 66לאחר לאחר : שנים שנים סוכרת 60%60% סוכרת פחות פחות

! המתעמלים !בקבוצת המתעמלים בקבוצת

P < 0.001

סוכרת ומניעת גופנית סוכרת פעילות ומניעת גופנית פעילות

Tuomilehto et al. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:1343-50.

בני 500500מעל מעל בני נבדקים נבדקיםמשקל 40-6540-65 עודף משקל בעלי עודף בעלי

מוגזמת לעליה מוגזמת ונטייה לעליה ונטייהארוחה לאחר הסוכר ארוחה ברמת לאחר הסוכר ברמת

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 68: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Diabetes Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of Type-2 Diabates Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of Type-2 Diabates With Lifestyle Intervention. NEJM 2002;346:393-403With Lifestyle Intervention. NEJM 2002;346:393-403

סוכרת ומניעת גופנית סוכרת פעילות ומניעת גופנית פעילות פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

יעילה גופנית יעילה פעילות גופנית פעילותכנגד מתרופה כנגד יותר מתרופה יותר

סוכרת ! סוכרת !

Page 69: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Hakim et al. Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men.New England Journal of Medicine 1998;338:94-99.

גברים בקרב תמותה והורדת גופנית גברים פעילות בקרב תמותה והורדת גופנית פעילות

גברים גברים 700700כ-כ-שנים שנים 61-8161-81בגילאים בגילאים

ידועה לב מחלת ידועה ללא לב מחלת ללא

מעל מעל הליכה ” 33הליכה ביום מ ” ק ביום מ קפחות של הליכה פחות לעומת של הליכה 1.51.5 לעומת

הסיכון” את הקטינה מ הסיכון” ק את הקטינה מ ק %- ב -% למוות ב 1212במשך במשך 5050למוות

שניםשנים

43%

22%

הלב 63%63% שריר אוטם הלב פחות שריר אוטם פחותמוחי שבץ מוחי או שבץ או

סרטן !56%56% מחלות סרטן !פחות מחלות פחות

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 70: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

ומניעת גופנית ומניעת פעילות גופנית פעילותבנשים לב בנשים מחלת לב מחלת

הגופנית הפעילות הגופנית מידת הפעילות מידת

סי

חהי

וןיכ

סה

סי

חהי

וןיכ

סה

32%32%

31%31%

42%42%

Manson et al. Prospective study of walking Manson et al. Prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary artery disease in prevention of coronary artery disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine women. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341:650-8.1999;341:650-8.

במשך נמרצת במשך הליכה נמרצת 3-43-4הליכהאת הורידה בשבוע את שעות הורידה בשבוע שעות

לב ממחלת לחלות לב הסיכון ממחלת לחלות הסיכוןב ב כלילית פחות, 35%35%כלילית פחות, לא לא

. אחרת נמרצת .מהתעמלות אחרת נמרצת מהתעמלות

אחיות אחיות 72,48872,488שנים שנים 40-6540-65בגילאים בגילאים

ידועה לב מחלת ידועה ללא לב מחלת ללא

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 71: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Manson et al. Prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary Manson et al. Prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary artery disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341:650-8.artery disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341:650-8.

בקרב לב מחלת ומניעת גופנית בקרב פעילות לב מחלת ומניעת גופנית פעילות

נשיםנשיםבינונית בהליכה בינונית די בהליכה דיכדי ממוצע כדי בקצב ממוצע בקצבהסיכון את הסיכון להוריד את להורידלב ממחלת לב לחלות ממחלת לחלות

משמעותי משמעותי באופן באופן

< 3.2 km/h 3.2 - 4.7 km/h > 4.8 km/h

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 72: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Leitzmann et al. Recreational physical activity and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. New England Journal Leitzmann et al. Recreational physical activity and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341:777-84.of Medicine 1999;341:777-84.

בקרב מחלות ומניעת גופנית בקרב פעילות מחלות ומניעת גופנית פעילות

נשיםנשים

פחות עוברות גופנית מבחינה הפעילות פחות נשים עוברות גופנית מבחינה הפעילות נשיםמרה כיס מרה ניתוחי כיס ניתוחי

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 73: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Murray CJL and Lopez DA. "Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Murray CJL and Lopez DA. "Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study." Lancet 1997;349:1436-42Burden of Disease Study." Lancet 1997;349:1436-42

” י ע לבריאות שנגרם ” הנזק י ע לבריאות שנגרם הנזק , דומה גופנית פעילות , העדר דומה גופנית פעילות העדר ” י ע הנגרם לזה ” בחשיבותו י ע הנגרם לזה בחשיבותו

יתר כגון עיקריים סיכון יתר גורמי כגון עיקריים סיכון גורמישל גבוהה ורמה דם של לחץ גבוהה ורמה דם לחץ

בדם בדם כולסטרול כולסטרול

” י ע לבריאות שנגרם ” הנזק י ע לבריאות שנגרם הנזק , דומה גופנית פעילות , העדר דומה גופנית פעילות העדר ” י ע הנגרם לזה ” בחשיבותו י ע הנגרם לזה בחשיבותו

יתר כגון עיקריים סיכון יתר גורמי כגון עיקריים סיכון גורמישל גבוהה ורמה דם של לחץ גבוהה ורמה דם לחץ

בדם בדם כולסטרול כולסטרול

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 74: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

יתרונות - גופנית יתרונות - פעילות גופנית פעילות

@ @ , , סרטן מוחי שבץ לב במחלות לחלות הסיכון את , מורידה , סרטן מוחי שבץ לב במחלות לחלות הסיכון את מורידההמרה דרכי המרה ומחלות דרכי ומחלות

לחלות - @ @ הסיכון את מורידה המטבולי המצב את לחלות - משפרת הסיכון את מורידה המטבולי המצב את משפרתכולסטרול של יעילה הורדה ומאפשרת כולסטרול בסוכרת של יעילה הורדה ומאפשרת בסוכרת

דיאטה דיאטה באמצעות באמצעות

@ @ בעישון להפחתה בעישון מביאה להפחתה מביאה

@ @ - משפרת חברתי הנפשי המצב את ומשפרת מתח - מורידה משפרת חברתי הנפשי המצב את ומשפרת מתח מורידהוהגמישות הגופני הכושר והגמישות את הגופני הכושר את

@ @ , , סרטן מוחי שבץ לב במחלות לחלות הסיכון את , מורידה , סרטן מוחי שבץ לב במחלות לחלות הסיכון את מורידההמרה דרכי המרה ומחלות דרכי ומחלות

לחלות - @ @ הסיכון את מורידה המטבולי המצב את לחלות - משפרת הסיכון את מורידה המטבולי המצב את משפרתכולסטרול של יעילה הורדה ומאפשרת כולסטרול בסוכרת של יעילה הורדה ומאפשרת בסוכרת

דיאטה דיאטה באמצעות באמצעות

בעישון @ @ להפחתה בעישון מביאה להפחתה מביאה

@ @ - משפרת חברתי הנפשי המצב את ומשפרת מתח - מורידה משפרת חברתי הנפשי המצב את ומשפרת מתח מורידהוהגמישות הגופני הכושר והגמישות את הגופני הכושר את

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 75: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

STRESSSTRESS

Page 76: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,
Page 77: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Smoking and Heart DiseaseSmoking and Heart Disease

Page 78: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

HypertensionHypertension

Page 79: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

תקין ? דם לחץ תקין ?מהו דם לחץ מהוקטגוריהקטגוריה

רצוירצוי

תקיןתקין

גבוה גבוה תקין תקין

דם לחץ דם יתר לחץ יתר

11דרגה דרגה

22דרגה דרגה

33דרגה דרגה

דיאסטולי” ד דיאסטולי” ל ד ל

8080

8585

85-8985-89

90-9990-99

100-109100-109

>> 110 110

סיסטולי” ד סיסטולי” ל ד ל

120120

130130

130-139130-139

140-159140-159

160-179160-179

>> 180 180

פחות של לערכים להגיע הוא דם לחץ ביתר הטיפול יעד-140/90מ- , ” מ לפחות אף סוכרת של במקרה כ 130/80ממ

. כ” ממ

Page 80: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

<204 205-234 235-264 265-294 >2950

50100

150

200

250300

350

100 120 140 160 180 200

Hypertension and Dyslipidaemia Are Major Risk Factors for CHDHypertension and Dyslipidaemia Are Major Risk Factors for CHD

Kannel W. In: Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Treatment. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; 1977:888-909; Castelli WP. Am J Med. 1984;76:4-12.

CH

D in

cid

ence

/100

0

Pro

bab

ility

of

CV

D/1

000

AgeAge

40

50

60

70

Framingham study

SBP (mm Hg) in menSBP (mm Hg) in men TC (mg/dL) in menTC (mg/dL) in men

Page 81: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

Additive Effect of Cholesterol and Systolic BP on Risk of CHD DeathAdditive Effect of Cholesterol and Systolic BP on Risk of CHD Death

Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:56-64.

142+

125-131

<182182-202

203-220

221-244

Cholesterol quintile (mg/dL)

SBP quintile (mm Hg)

<118118-124

132-141

34

21

13

6

23

12

810

6

18

11

9

6

4

17

88

6

3

Dea

ths

/10,

000

pat

ien

t-ye

ars

245+

14

56

3

12

17

N=316,099

Page 82: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,

0

1

2

3

4

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Years

Cu

mu

lati

ve

in

cid

en

ce

(%

)

36% reduction

Primary End Point: Nonfatal MI and Fatal CHD

Primary End Point: Nonfatal MI and Fatal CHD

HR=0.64 (0.50-0.83)

Atorvastatin 10 mg Number of events 100

Placebo Number of events 154

P=0.0005

Sever PS, et al. Lancet. 2003;361:1149-1158.

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Healthy NutritionHealthy Nutrition

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Vitamins and food supplements

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הגוף“ בבריאות אמרו כלל הגוף“ ועוד בבריאות אמרו כלל ועודוכוחו עליו בא חולי אין ויגע מתעמל שאדם זמן וכוחו כל עליו בא חולי אין ויגע מתעמל שאדם זמן כל

, אכל, אפילו מתעמל ואינו לבטח שיושב מי וכל , מתחזק אכל, אפילו מתעמל ואינו לבטח שיושב מי וכל מתחזק , ימיו כל הרפואה פי על עצמו על ושמר טובים , מאכלות ימיו כל הרפואה פי על עצמו על ושמר טובים מאכלות

” תשש וכוחו מכאובים ”יהיו תשש וכוחו מכאובים יהיו

ם” ם”הרמב הרמבמדע מדע ספר ספר

” - ” ,’ י ט ד י הלכות ד ”פרק - ” ,’ י ט ד י הלכות ד פרק

פעילות גופנית

וגורמי סיכון

Page 87: Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease The Symphony of Life Yehuda Adler, M.D, MHA. Medical Diretor Shfela Region, Leumit Health Fund, Cardiac Rehabilitation,