1 Risk-based approaches to food safety in developing countries Delia Grace ILRI workshop on safety of animal source foods with an emphasis on the informal sectors, New Delhi, India, 8 February 2011
Risk-based approaches to food safety in developing countries
Dec 13, 2014
Presented by Delia Grace to the ILRI workshop on safety of animal source foods with an emphasis on the informal sectors, New Delhi, India, 8 February 2011
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1
Risk-based approaches to food safety in developing
countries
Delia Grace
ILRI workshop on safety of animal source foods with an emphasis on the informal sectors, New Delhi, India, 8 February 2011
2
Overview of presentation
Context: – food safety, – animal source foods, – informal markets
Risk-based approaches in Africa and Asia
3
Why food safety matters
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Ca
se
s p
er
ye
ar
4
Why animal source foods matter
Manure
Xenobiotics
Chemicals
Pathogens
Aesthetic
Milk, meat, eggs
Xenobiotics
Chemicals
Pathogens
Allergens
Zoonoses:
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic
Prion
Social conflict
Traffic accidents
Injuries
Environmental degradation
5
Why the informal sector matters
Small & medium
scale
Large scale
Self-employment
245,000 11,000
Long-time hired labour
454,000 93,000
Casual labour 36,000 2,000
Total (numbers)
735,000 105,000
% of total 87% 13%
Kenya 80%
Tanzania 98%
W. Africa 90%
India 83%
Assam 97%
Nicaragua 86%
6CONSUMERS (in litres milk equivalent) (???)
IMPORTS ???LOCAL PRODUCTION (347 Million litres X 17%
marketed= 59 Million litres )
SHOPS
TRADERS
PROCESSORS
FORMAL
3% 31% 66%
<1% 26% 46%27%
28% 72%
100%
13%12%75%
5%
45% 2% 48%
7
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Risk Communication
Risk analysisa tool for decision-making under uncertainty
8
Participatory Risk Assessment
Attitudes
9
10
How do risk-based approaches differ from
conventional public health?
Look at risks, not hazardsLook at paths, as well as productsSolution, not problem oriented
11
Understanding perceptions & incentives – adulterated milk in
Assam0.0
00.2
50.5
00.7
51.0
0S
en
sitiv
ity
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.001 - Specificity
Area under ROC curve = 0.5178
Perfect test
Consumer judgment
Completely useless test
12
0 5 10 15 20 25
Consumer
Intermediary
Farm
Bovine
Added water (%)
13
SNF
Addedwater
Coliformslog
Totalbacteria
log
4
6
8
10
4 6 8 10
0
50
0 50
0
5
10
0 5 10
0
5
10
0 5 10
Adulteration & health risk
14
Compliance with standards : Formal no better than informal
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Coliforms Totalbacteria
Fat Added water SNF
Sa
mp
les
Co
mp
lyin
g w
ith
Sta
nd
ard
s %
Pasteurised
Raw
15
How do risk-based approaches differ from conventional public
health?
Look at paths, as well as productsSolution oriented not problem
oriented
16
Risk mitigation
Average of 17.25 risk mitigation strategies used
Farmers who believed UA was legal used more strategies
17
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Waste Disposal Utensils Cleaningregime
Cold storage Personalhygiene
Ingredientstorage
Preparation Selling areahygiene
Hyg
iene
sco
re
Poor quality sweeetsGood or moderate quality sweets
Risk-based identification of interventions to improve bacteriological quality of sweets.
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