Risk-based approach to food safety research: application to pork value chains in Vietnam Introduction • Food-borne disease is a major public health issue in Vietnam and the contamination of popular foods can occur along the entire food value chain. • Risk-based approach contains tools for managing food safety (e.g. risk assessment) , however in Vietnam it is rarely used and the capacity for application is still limited. • We assessed the health risks related to pork consumption in the context of small scale pig value chains and pork traded in informal markets. Methods We applied the quantitative risk assessment with biological and chemical sampling and analyses, coupled with practice along the pig value chain and pork consumption assessment and modelling. Hung Nguyen-Viet – Scientist Food Safety and Ecohealth [email protected] ● ILRI Vietnam 17a Nguyen Khang, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam ● ilri.org This document is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution –Non commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License June 2012 June 2015 Hung Nguyen-Viet 1 , Sinh Dang-Xuan 2 , Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh 3 , Pham Duc Phuc 2 , Delia Grace 1 , Fred Unger 1 , Kohei Makita 4 1 International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam & Nairobi, Kenya; 2 Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; 3 Environmental Health Department, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam; 4 Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan Salmonella (n=1,275) ISO 6579:2002 Biological analysis (All sample types) Study locations and sampling Market Pig slaughter- houses Smallholder pig farms Hung Yen and Nghe An province Small scale pig value chain and related informal markets - Pen floor swab - Drinking water - Waste water - Mesenteric lymph node - Rectal feces - Carcass swabs - Slaughterhouse floor swabs - Cleaning / washing water - Cutting board swab - Cut pork Chemical analysis (Pork samples) Heavy metals (n=18, pooled) AAS E. coli (n=1,256) Plate count Growth promoter (n=18, pooled) ELISA and LC-MS/MS Antibiotic residue (n=18, pooled) ELISA and LC-MS/MS Acknowledgement The research is under PigRISK project (2012-2017) funded by Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and coordinated by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Lab analyses: microbial and chemical focus • High values for E. coli presence indicates general poor hygiene along the chain. • High levels of Salmonella in the final pork at market and presence of the banned chemicals (sulfonamid and chloramphenicol) can induce potential health risks for the consumers. • These data will serve as inputs for more in-depth health risk assessments related to pork consumption. Key findings Salmonella and E. coli contamination Chemical contamination from pooled pork samples 31.5 33.4 36.0 44.7 5.3 2.9 3.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Pig farms Slaughterhouses Pork shops Cut pork 3.4 Salmonella contamination prevalence E. coli contamination load (LogCFU/cm 2 or /g) Figure 1. Overall Salmonella contamination prevalence ( , left axis) and E. coli average loads ( , right axis) along different points of the chain at pig farms, slaughterhouses, pork shops, pork. Chemical No. positive or detected/n (%) Residue μ (min-max) (μg/kg) Lead 5/18 (28) 74.1 (70.14-78.7) Cadmium, Arsenic 0/18 (0) - β-agonist group 1/18 (5) 1.09 a Tetracycline group 0/18 (0) - Flourquinolones group 0/18 (0) - Sulfonamides group 9/18 (50) 155.5 (35.6-263.2) b Chloramphenicol 3/18 (16.7) 0.54 (0.34-0.76) Table 1. Prevalence and residue level of analysed chemical on pork a Salbutamol, b Sulfamethazine Conclusion and next steps Salmonella in pork from the markets was 11.4±23.9 MPN/g