Malacca (dubbed The Historic State or Negeri Bersejarah among locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca. Sultanate of Malacca Before the arrival of the first Sultan, Malacca was a fishing village inhabited by local Malays. Malacca was founded by Parameswara , also called Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara, the last Raja of Singapura (present day Singapore) following a Majapahit attack in 1377. He found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits . [3] According to a popular legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree near a river while hunting, when one of his dogs cornered a mouse deer . In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a propitious omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided on the spot to found an empire on that very spot. He named it 'Melaka' after the tree under which he had taken shelter. Another version of the story says that Parameswara chose the name 'Malacca' from the Tamil word 'mallakka' which means upside down or on ones back. Old illustrations of the scene where the mousedeer kicks the dog shows the dog falling on its back into the river, hence the inspiration. In collaboration with allies from the sea-people (orang laut), the wandering proto-Malay privateers of the Straits, he established MALACC
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Malacca (dubbed The Historic State or Negeri Bersejarah among locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of
the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca.
Sultanate of Malacca
Before the arrival of the first Sultan, Malacca was a fishing village inhabited by local Malays. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also called Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara, the last Raja of Singapura (present day Singapore) following a Majapahit attack in 1377. He found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits.[3]
According to a popular legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree near a river while hunting, when one of his dogs cornered a mouse deer. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a propitious omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided on the spot to found an empire on that very spot. He named it 'Melaka' after the tree under which he had taken shelter. Another version of the story says that Parameswara chose the name 'Malacca' from the Tamil word 'mallakka' which means upside down or on ones back. Old illustrations of the scene where the mousedeer kicks the dog shows the dog falling on its back into the river, hence the inspiration.
In collaboration with allies from the sea-people (orang laut), the wandering proto-Malay privateers of the Straits, he established Malacca as a major international port by compelling passing ships to call there, and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade.[3] Mass settlement of Chinese, mostly from the imperial and merchant fleet occurred during the reign of Parameswara in the vicinity of Bukit China ("Chinese Hill") , which was perceived as having excellent Feng Shui (geomancy). Sultan Iskandar Shah died in 1424.
The prosperity of Malacca attracted the attention of the Siamese. Attempts at invasion made in 1446 and 1456, however, were warded off by Tun Perak, the then Bendahara (a position similar to Prime Minister). The development of relations between Malacca and China was a strategic decision to ward off further Siamese attacks. pore) and was succeeded by his son, Sri Maharaja also called Sultan Muhammad Shah.
Because of its strategic location, Malacca was an important stopping point for Zheng He's fleet. To enhance relations, Hang Li Po, a princess of the Ming Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan Manshur Shah who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married the locals and settled mostly in Bukit China (Bukit Cina). (See Zheng He in Malacca). Scholars have disputed Hang Li Po's status, as the Ming Chronicles in China do not mention her as a princess in the Chinese court of the Ming Dynasty. At the time of the arrival of the Sultan's envoy, the reigning Ming Emperor was Jingtai Emperor. Since records of his reign were expunged following Tianshun'a ascension to the throne in 1457, it is likely that records of Hang Li Po's status might no longer exist. Other historical texts do mention that she was a princess in the court of the Yongle Emperor(1402–1424).
A cultural result of the vibrant trade was the expansion of the Peranakan people, who spread to other major settlements in the region.
During its prime, Malacca was a powerful Sultanate which extended its rule over the southern Malay Peninsula and much of Sumatra. Its rise helped to hold off the Thai's southwards encroachment and arguably hasten the decline of the rival Majapahit Empire of Java which was in decline as Malacca rose. Malacca was also pivotal in the spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago.
After Vietnam destroyed Champa in the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa, they proceeded to engage in hostilities with Malacca with the intent of conquest. The Chinese government sent a censor, Ch'en Chun, to Champa in 1474 to install the Champa King, but he discovered Vietnamese soldiers had taken over Champa and were blocking his entry. He proceeded to Malacca instead and its ruler sent back tribute to China.[4] Malacca again sent envoys to China in 1481 to inform the Chinese that, while returning to Malacca from China in 1469, the Vietnamese attacked them, castrating the young and enslaving them.
The Malaccans reported that Vietnam was not in control of Champa but sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back due to lack of permission from the Chinese to engage in war. The Chinese Emperor scolded them, ordering the Malaccans to strike back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked.[5]
European colonization
In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.[6] They conquered the city on August 24, 1511. It became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies. Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca, took refuge in the hinterland, and made intermittent raids both by land and sea, causing considerable hardship for the Portuguese.
In the meantime, the Portuguese built the fort named A’ Famosa to defend Malacca (its gate is all that remains of the ruins at present). "In order to appease the King of Ayudhya (Siam), the Portuguese sent up an ambassador, Duarte Fernandes, who was well received by Ramathibodi." in 1511. Finally in 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships, under the command of Pedro Mascarenhas, was sent to destroy Bintan, where Sultan Mahmud was based. Sultan Mahmud fled with his family across the Straits to Kampar in Sumatra, where he died five years later.
It soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not also mean they controlled Asian trade centred there. Their Malaccan rule was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties.[7] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organisation of the network. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth had now gone, as was a Malay state to police the Straits of Malacca that made it safe for commercial traffic. Trade was now scattered over a number of ports among bitter warfare in the Straits.[
The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier spent several months in Malacca in 1545, 1546 and 1549. In 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese in an effort to capture Malacca, with the help of the Sultan of Johore. The Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance to Batavia (Jakarta) on Java as their administrative centre. However they still built their landmark, better known as the Stadthuys or Red Building.
Malacca was ceded to the British in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 in exchange for Bencoolen on Sumatra. From 1826 to 1946 Malacca was governed, first by the British East India Company and then as a Crown Colony. It formed part of the Straits Settlements, together with Singapore and Penang. After the dissolution of this crown colony, Malacca and Penang became part of the Malayan Union, which later became Malaysia.
The state of Malacca covers an area of 1,664 km2 (642 sq mi).[1] The state is divided into 3 districts: Central Malacca (Melaka Tengah) (314 km²), Alor Gajah (660 km²), and Jasin (676 km²). Malacca sits upon the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula opposite Sumatra, with the state of Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the east. Malacca is also situated roughly two-thirds of the way down the west coast, 148 km south of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia and 245 km north of Singapore and commands a central position on the Straits of Malacca. The state capital, Malacca Town.
It is strategically located between the two national capitals of Malaysia and Singapore, and connected with excellent roads and highways. Malacca still harbours no train station, though the terminal at Tampin, Negeri Sembilan is easily accessible. However, a domestic airport terminal rests in Batu Berendam.The offshore Pulau Besar, Pulau Upeh and the exclave Tanjung Tuan are also parts of Malacca.
roof. Secondly, just look at the minaret which is structured like a pagoda. There's
even Chinese Character carved on the side roof of the mosque.
Statue of St. Francis Xavier
Parameswara was a prince from Palembang. In 1390, he married a daughter of the
GOVERNMENT OF
MALACCA
Emperor of Majapahit and be loyal to the father-in-law's support. Soon, Parameswara renege on their promises loyal to the Emperor of Majapahit, which continues to send the commander of the drive Annals of Sumatra.Parameswara fled to Tumasek, the old name for Singapore with his family and followers. At that time, Singapore in order by the Governor of the Patani Malays who are appointed by the King of Siam. The Governor has given proper treatment, but Parameswara Parameswara had massacred the governor a few days later and declared himself as the Singapore Government and the islands around it. Annals has ruled Singapore for five years by the reign of such a pirate chief.
In the mid-14th century, the Siamese is currently developing the territory in the northern Malay Peninsula to the state of Pahang, had failed to extend its authority in Singapore, although some attempts have been made to attack Singapore. This is because at that time Majapahit kingdom in the zenith of its power and its strength is feared by other Governments in the Malay Archipelago. Several states along the Straits of Malacca, including Tumasek or is currently Singapore, under the authority of Majapahit. A Javanese of Majapahit navy attacked Singapore during the reign of Parameswara. After beating Singapore, they have returned to Java. It is believed that the attack by Majapahit on the Canadian government is not seen as the fall of Singapore and the flight from Singapore but Parameswara Parameswara continued to rule his kingdom which has deteriorated.
When Parameswara failed to establish a government in two places in Muar, in biawak rotten and the City of Evil, he led his followers to a place called Sening Edge or now known as Sungei Ujung. Annals continue his journey to reach the estuary Bertam, where he founded the Malacca and became the first government circa 1394. However, at that time, Parameswara still Hindus. Therefore, the establishment of the Malay kingdom of Malacca is a continuation of the Malay government in Singapore has fallen.
After Malacca was established, Parameswara started developing the area and ordered residents to gardening with plants banana, sugarcane, yam and other crops as a food source. He himself was doing business in Singapore. In a short time, news of the city of Malacca has spread throughout Malaya, Sumatra, Java and India, which led many traders came to Melaka to trade. Two years after opening
Parameswara of Malacca, the population has grown about two thousand people.
Soon, news about the city of Melaka became a center of trade has come to China. Yung-Lo, the Chinese emperor who ruled from 1402 until 1424, had sent ambassadors named Ying Ching to Malacca in 1405. Arrival Ching Ying has opened the way in establishing friendly relations between Singapore and China. Chinese traders began calling at the port of Malacca, and they can be considered among the earliest traders to set up base in Singapore. When delegates from Singapore visits homage to the Emperor of China, he praised the Parameswara Parameswara and recognize as legitimate rulers in Malacca.
Emperor Yung Lo Parameswara then presented with an insignia, silk and yellow umbrella as a sign of royalty, as well as letter of appointment Parameswara as the ruler of Malacca. Next Malacca recognized as a government by the Emperor of China. The delegation was returning to Malacca with a fleet led by Admiral Cheng Ho, the Chinese, who first sailed and traveled to the south.
During the reign of Parameswara is, many Javanese, Indian, Chinese, Burmese and others came to settle in Singapore. In 1409, Parameswara converted to Islam and the name Iskandar Syah Parameswara. Two years later, in 1411, Parameswara Iskandar Syah with queens, princes and the royal entourage of 540 people have been left for China to follow Admiral Cheng Ho to visit homage to the Emperor Yung Lo.
In 1414, Parameswara died and the tomb believed to be located on a hill in Tanjung Tuan, also known as Cape Rachado. Parameswara, Malacca was a major trading post along the pemerintahanannya for twenty years. He has also developed strong relationships with the Emperor of China by sending six delegations / representations to China.
Incorporated into
Date
Malacca Sultanate
≈1400
Portuguese Empire
1511
Dutch Empire 1641
British Empire 1824
Straits Settlements
1826
Crown Colony 1867
Japanese occupation
15 January 1942
Malayan Union 1 April 1946
Federation of Malaya
31 January 1948
Independence31 August 1957
Malaysia16 September 1963
STAMBORD RAFFLES
LOPEZ DE SEQUEIRA
PORTUGUESE RULE
1511 : Alfonso d'Albuquerque arrived in Singapore on August 10 and made a
request to build a headquarters of the Portuguese, but the demands are rejected by
the sultan. After 10 days with the help of traitors from among the chiefs and people
in the palace of jealousy and envy over pemashuran Tun Fatimah and worry about
the seed line, the Portuguese managed to encircle and capture the city of Malacca
on August 24 and built A Famosa within six months. With penewasan Sultan
Mahmud Shah of Malacca, the Portuguese rule for 130 years.
1513 : Patih Unus from Java , a warrior who became the Sultan of Demak Java in
Indonesia invaded Malacca.
One thousand five hundred and eighteen - one thousand five hundred nineteen :
Sultan Mahmud Shah had deployed people to build high walls around Singapore
within three months.
1521 : Church of St. Paul built by the Portuguese Captain by the name of Duarte
Coelho and named "Our Lady of The Hill", but later changed by the Dutch to the
resting place of the aristocracy and was named "Church of St. Paul".
1523 : Mahmud failed again in the conquest of Malacca.
1525 : Admiral Hang Nadim has surrounded the City of A Famosa. The Portuguese
make a ration of Goa.
1526 : generation of large ships under Pedro Mascarenhaas sent by Portugal to
destroy the city covering Bentan Sultan Mahmud Shah. Sultan Mahmud was forced
to flee across the Straits to Kampar, Sumatra.
1528 : Sultan Mahmud Shah died in Kampar, Sumatra.
1537 : The Aceh attacked the Portuguese in Malacca on the first.
1545 : For the first time, Fr. Francis Xavier arrived in Malacca. On the whole, he
made five visits to Malacca as to make Singapore a center of operations in the East.
1548 : Elections St. Paul (St. Paul's College), the first school in Malacca, was built
by St. Francis Xavier to the Catholic Portuguese and local people who converted to
Islam.
1551 : The combination of Johor , Japara and Silver sector has
captured Malacca and besieged for three months.
1553 : Fr. Francis Xavier died on the island of Sancian near Canton , China , and
brought to the church St. Paul persemadiannya for nine months before his body was
1945 : The British regained control of Malacca after Japan surrendered to the British
in Singapore.
1948 : Communists attack and control of Malaya for 14 days. The British declared an
emergency and the situation ended in 1960.
1956 : Tunku Abdul Rahman , Prime Minister of Malaysia the first to announce the
date of independence (August 31, 1957) upon arrival from London. In the same
year, Singapore became part of the Federation of Malaya as an independent nation.
British-Dutch Alliance
On May 2nd, 1511, Alphonso d’Albuquerque sailed from Cochin, India, for Malacca with 19 ships, 8oo Portuguese and 6oo Malabaris. After sinking Muslim shipping en route and raiding Pasai and Pedir, he reached the harbour of Melaka on the evening of July 1, to the sound of trumpets, cannons and bedeckked with flags. Sultan Mahmud sent a messenger to enquire whether it was to be peace or war. d’Albuquerque, demanded the surrender of the captive Portuguese from de Sequeira’s fleet and compensation. The Sultan erected stockades decked with war flags and made a show of his fleet of river-boats.
, Alphonso d’Albuquerque bombarded the town, which terrified its inhabitants, being the first time it had ever been shelled by modern heavy artillery. With fires blazing in many parts of the town, he then set his cannon on the ships and burnt every one, except for those belonging to Chinese and Hindus. In desperation, the Sultan surrendered the Portuguese prisoners and agreed to some of his demands for compensation – even agreeing to a Portuguese fortress being built near Melaka. But after seeing the wealth of trade in the harbour and the splendour of the city, the Portuguese had by now no
intention of letting Melaka be ruled by anyone else other than themselves.d’Albuquerque tested the Malay stockades by ordering a small raid with armed boats and two barges with heavy bombards in order to discover the enemy’s numbers, where their artillery was stationed and how they planned their defence.
The defections already began. The Chinese merchants offered the services of their crews and their five junks. d’Albuquerque learned from them that the Sultan had more than 20,000 fighting men in the town – most of them Javanese, Persians and Turkish mercenaries. There were also twenty war-elephants and at least 3,000 artillery pieces – though almost all of them were small-calibre guns with little range and firepower.
Melaka was divided into two by the Melaka river. The northern part of the town housed the commercial quarters where the Javanese, Indian and Chinese merchants had their godowns and homes. To the south of the river was the Royal Quarter where the Sultan had his Palace, his Royal Household and the city’s main mosque. A single bridge near the mouth of the river linked the two parts of the city and both sides knew that the Malays losing that bridge would effectively split their forces in two. Whoever held the bridge would hold the city.
Devoted to the Apostle James, d’Albuquerque mounted his first major assault on that Saint’s day – July 18. He ordered half his forces to disembark south on the side of the mosque, while he led the other half ashore on the north or city side. As morning broke, the attack on the bridge began. As soon as the first fury of the Malay artillery was spent, the trumpets blew and with the war-cry “St. James!” the Portuguese fell upon the Malay stockades on the bridge. The Sultan’s forces charged at them with bows and arrows, blow-pipes and lances and shields. The battle ebbed and flowed over that bridge for most of the morning – the Malays withdrawing, pursued by the Portuguese, then the Portuguese retreating as their rear flank was attacked by waiting Malays in the sidestreets and alleys of the main road leading up to the mosque. At a crucial point, the Sultan and his son, Ahmad, mounted on war-elephants and led yet another drive which drove the Portuguese back to the bridge – but they were pushed back again by another charge from Portuguese pikemen.
Seven hundred Javanese then attacked the Portuguese rear from the northern part of the city but they were scattered before they could reach the stockades on the bridge. Some fleeing Javanese jumped into the sea only to be slaughtered by Portuguese in boats. Reinforcing their position in the stockades, the Portuguese threw back another assault by the Sultan war elephants, stabbing them with their lances so that they turned tail and charged through the Malay ranks. Ahmad had his own elephant killed under him
and was wounded in the hand. By 2 p.m. the Portuguese had advanced up to the mosque and large parts of the city were already set to fire.
But the Portuguese attack was spent. They had many killed and wounded, they were suffering greatly from the heat and they were exhaused building stockades and fighting off counter-attacks. At dusk d’Albuquerque withdrew in boats, under the fire from Malay guns, matchlocks, spears, arrows and blowpipes. He took away with him at least fifty large bombards captured from the Malay stockades, and seventy of his wounded of those struck by poisoned arrows, only one survived. The Malays now repaired the stockades on and around the bridge and redeployed most of their artillery there. The bridge was divided into sections with stout palisades and two more palisades were constructed on the river banks mounted with guns to command the approaches to the bridge from city and mosque. The leader of the Javanese mercenaries, Utimutira, had by now decided to throw in his lot with the attackers and sent presents to d’Albuquerque, promising him secret support.
Alfonsod’Albuquerque now heavily armed a very tall junk that would overlook the bridge and ran it aground on on a sand-bank, where, like a seige tower, it rained artillery fire, crossbow arrows, darts, fireballs and stones onto the the Malays on the bridge for nine days. The Malays sent down barges of firewood, pitch and oil on the falling tide to set the junk on fire, but these attempts failed to destroy it.
Two hours before dawn on Friday August 8th, the day of the martyr St. Lawrence, the Portuguese again set out for the city on the high spring tide. While the junk was being grappled and secured to the bridge, two Portuguese boats with heavy guns took up positions on both sides of the bay, to protect with their fire the flanks of the Portuguese attacks.Alfonsa d’Albuquerque with all his remaining force landed on the north or city side of the river in the Javanese quarter of Upeh. Having secured a bridgehead there, he ordered a force of his soldiers to seize the mosque while another was ordered to capture the Malay barricade that blocked the main street in the south. The Portuguese stormed the bridge, the Malays withdrawing to the stockades between it and the mosque. These stockades were soon engulfed by gunfire from the boats, and the defenders retreated to the mosque, where was the Sultan and 3000 shieldsmen were entrenched.
With too few forces to pursue the Sultan, Alfonsa d’Albuquerque was content to hold the bridge and not advanced beyond the mosque. He furiously fortified with bridge with barrels of sand and mounted cannon, with gunboats patrolling under the bridge and posted at both bridgeheads. Malay artillery then started firing on the bridge from the housetops of the northern part of the city. The Portuguese started to clear the streets there, with orders not to give mercy to anyone – man, woman or child – and thousands were butchered
All through the night the gun-boats and warships in the bay bombarded the city. But it was needless. Sultan mahmud had by
then gathered all the treasures in his Palace and fled with his family and followers. Melaka had fallen. The next morning, the Portuguese advanced towards the Sultan’s Palace, only to find it deserted and emptied of the loot they had been promised. Enraged, they put the palace to the torch and, for the next few days, looted the city. The mosque was demolished stone by stone – the material being used for the new Portuguese fortress that was to be built upon the site of where the Sultan’s Palace had originally been. The fortress – A Famosa – preserved Portuguese power in Melaka for the next 130 years.It had taken exactly 40 days for the Portuguese to put an end to the Melaka Empire.
Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1825) was the longest period of Malacca under foreign control. The Dutch ruled for almost 183 years with intermittent British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars ( 1795 - 1818 ). This era saw relative peace with little serious interruption from the Malay kingdoms due to the understanding earlier on forged between the Dutch and Sultanate of Johor in 1606. This time also marked the decline of the importance of Malacca. The Dutch preferred Batavia (present day Jakarta) as their economic and administrative center in the region and their hold in Malacca was to prevent the loss of the city to other European powers and subsequently the competition that would naturally come with it. Thus in the 17 th century, with Malacca ceased to be an important port, the Johor Sultanate became the dominant local power in the region, due to the opening of its ports and the alliance with the Dutch.
In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began the campaign to destroy Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress (the Fortaleza de Malaca, controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from Holland with eleven ships, led by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jongethat lead to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet ofDon Martin d'Alphonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa; suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor in an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Achehnese.
The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. This combined Dutch-Johor-Acheh efforts effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, removing their influence in the Malay archipelago. As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms.
British intrusion in the local affairs and exploitation of their national wealth and resources by British in Sindh and India resulted in armed freedom struggle in 1857. The people of Melaka also for same reason initiated their struggle for freedom. The people of Naning fought with British invaders in 1831 - 32. Though they did not succeed, their armed struggle does exemplify similarities between their struggle for the freedom and the struggle of the people of Indian Subcontinent for their freedom from their colonial invaders.
The evidence of opposition and resistance from Negeri Sembilan and Perak can be found in the books of the history. The killing of the British resident J.W.W. Birch at Pasir Salad on November 02, 1875 provides firm evidence of similarities between the freedom struggle of Malays and the freedom struggle of Sindh is against their common colonial ruler. This was the time when the Hurl freedom movement was strengthening its root in Sindh. Except Selangor, who opposed colonial power only covertly, the opposition from Pahang and other areas like Kelantan, Terengganu, and Sabah and Sarawak was quite open.
Although there are many similarities between the freedom struggles of Sindh, India and Malaya, there are some dissimilarities as well. The students of history know that when the Indian National Congress initiated freedom struggle on political front, it comprised both Hindus and Muslims of India. Only later, after World War II, the 'Divide and Rule' policy of the British colonials was successful in dividing India on religious lines. The Muslim League got, in a way, the status of the representative party of Muslims in Muslim majority areas of India, including Sindh, only after the elections of 1946 and that too with a very thin majority. In contrast to this, the Malaya freedom movement, as far as I know, started with Malay nationalism, which in turn began as Islamic reformism espoused by Kaun Muda group of Malay intellectuals who were influenced by the religious reformism in the Middle East which was being promoted by Jamaluddin al-Afghani (Iran), Muhammad Abduh (Egypt) and Abdul Wahab (Saudi Arabia). Islam was seen as complete way of life and not just religion of mere piety and devotion.
The British
Syekh Tahir Jalaluddin and other reformists, after return from Middle East spread their ideas and influenced Malay society. While reformist movement in Malaya was able to influence Malay society and founded the basis of Malay nationalism towards the beginning of 20th century, the religious movements, e.g. Khilafat Movement, which aimed at restoration of the Muslim Caliphate after the fall of Turkish Ottoman Empire, at the hands of the British, failed to generate any kind of nationalism among the Muslims of India. Later on, the All India Muslim League, in a way, did attain status of representative political party of Indian Muslims, it failed to generate sense of Muslim nationalism probably because Indian Muslims were not ethnically homogenous whereas Malay Muslims were linguistically and ethnically homogenous with same religion and culture over Malaya Peninsula.
The World War II and the Japanese invasion of Malay was the turning point in the history of this region. Although Japanese occupation was shot lived, it did prove that British colonialists are not invincible. The declaration of Malay Union on April 01, 1946 was enough a pretext for Malay population to rejuvenate their freedom struggle. Under the Malay Union administration, most of the powers of Malay rulers were cut and transferred to the Governor of Malaya Union. The powers of the local rulers were limited only to the extent of having some say over Islamic religious matters.
STEPHEN FOSTER
Forces of Sultan Ahmad and Mahmud defeated Portuguese soldiers when they first arrived at shores of Malacca on July 25, 1511 .
Although the rulers had given consent to Malaya Union, the people refused to accept this kind of administration, especially because the new constitution offered equal citizenship in both Malaya Union and Singapore, which was seen as threatening the position of Malays in Malaya. The increased resentment among Malay, almost all of which were Muslim, led to the formation of United Malay National Organization (UMNO), under the leadership of Dato` Onn Jaafar on May 11, 1946. Malay Muslims were able to recognize the importance of their demography and their leaders tried to do their best to safeguard their interests.
The Malay Muslims perceived realization and maintenance of their 'Bumiputra' status as their freedom, which they could only achieve if the colonial rulers leave their land.Dato` Onn bin Jaafar (1895-1962) was a staunch Malay nationalist who emerged as 'savior of Malay race' and defender of Malay rulers. He opposed Malaya Union because in the Union, the citizenship rights were thrown open to all races of the people who were born in Malaya, irrespective of whether they were born before, during or after Malay Union. He believed that the appointment of the Government of Malay Union would cause extinction of Malay rulers. To oppose Malaya Union he called Malay National Congress. The UMNO was founded in its third meeting.
The British government was forced to give up the idea of Malaya Union who agreed to change it to the Federation of Malaya on January 21, 1948. Later on August 23, 1951, he left UMNO when his suggestion that UMNO's membership be opened to non-Malays as well. He, in the later stage of his political life had realized to carry along the other races with him. He seems to had evolved from staunch Malay nationalist to a kind of nationalist who, in the later stage of his political career, wanted to carry with him the other races and religion (Buddhist Chinese and Indian Hindus) in UMNO.
It is clear that the peace and progress in the multi-racial, multi-ethnic societies is directly proportional to the level of flexibility and respect offered by the constituent groups and individuals to one another within the parameters of decency and civility. In 1951 Municipal elections, UMNO formed alliance with Malaya Chinese Association (MCA). This UMNO-MCA Alliance was able to defeat Dato onn Jafaar’s Independence Malay Party (IMP). The victory of Alliance made Tunku Abdul Rehman realize the importance of taking other communities together. He thus offered Tun Tan Cheng Lock of MCA to extend the alliance to national level.
The Federation of Malay was found on February 01, 1948 consisting nine states viz. Selangor, Perak, Kedah, Perlis, Negri Sembilan, Johore, Pahang, Terengganu and Kealantan and two Strait Settlements of Melaka and Pinang. The Malaya Union set up in 1946 was finally annulled on January 21, 1948.
The administration of the Federation of Malaya was made up of British High Commission and assisted by Federal Executive Council. The Rulers Council was formed as an advisory council to the High Commissioner. The post of the British Resident in each state was abolished and replaced by Chief Minister.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, AC, CH (February 8, 1903 – December 6, 1990) was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained as the Prime Minister afterSabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the federation in 1963 to form Malaysia. He is widely known simply as "Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia) and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia),
After his return to Malaya in 1949, Abdul Rahman was first posted at the Legal Officer's
office in Alor Star. He later asked to be transferred to Kuala Lumpur, where he became
a Deputy Public Prosecutor. He was later appointed as president of the Sessions Court.
During this period, nationalism was running high among the Malays, with Datuk Onn
Jaafar leading the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in the struggle against
Britain's Malayan Union(see History of Malaysia). Abdul Rahman joined UMNO and
became active in Malayan nationalist politics. He was popular and later became head of
the Kedah branch of UMNO.In August 1951 an internal crisis in UMNO forced
Datuk Onn Jaafar to resign as party president. Abdul Rahman was elected as the new
president, eventually holding the post for 20 years.
Road To Independence
In 1954, Abdul Rahman led a delegation to London to seek independence for Malaya,
but the trip proved to be unfruitful. The British were reluctant to grant independence,
using the excuse that there needed to be evidence that the different races in Malaya
were able to work together and cooperate before independence could be obtained.
Race relations was the cause of Onn Jaafar stepping down. He wanted UMNO to be
open to the Chinese and Indians but UMNO members were not ready to accept this. His
successor, Abdul Rahman saw a way around this by forming a political alliance with
the Malayan Chinese Association called the Alliance Party.
【Sultan Sri Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah】 or 【Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah】, and he
ruled Malacca from 1414 to 1424.
Negeri Melaka (Tulisan Jawi: مالك; juga dikenali sebagai Melaka Negeri Bersejarah atau Negeri Hang Tuah). Pada tahun 2008 Melaka diisytiharkan oleh UNESCO sebagai Bandar Warisan Dunia (World Heritage). Negeri Melaka juga diisytiharkan sebagai 'Melaka Maju' pada 20.10.2010 pada jam 20:10 di Stadium Hang Jebat yang disempurnakan oleh Perdana Menteri Malaysia langsung dari Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC), Kuala Lumpur. Melaka juga dinyatakan sebagai Negeri Bandar Teknologi Hijau.
Melaka adalah sebuah negeri yang terletak di barat Semenanjung Malaysia dan bersempadankan (lihat peta):
Negeri Sembilan di utara;
Johor di tenggara; dan
Selat Melaka di barat.
Kedudukan Melaka dalam persekutuan Malaysia yang terdiri daripada 14 negeri (termasuk Wilayah Persekutuan) adalah seperti berikut:
Keluasan: keempat terkecil di Malaysia (tangga ke-11), serta di Semenanjung Malaysia (tangga ke-9)
Penduduk: kedua terkecil di Malaysia (tangga ke-13), serta di Semenanjung (tangga ke-13)
Kepadatan penduduk: ke-4 terpadat di Malaysia serta di Semenanjung.
Ibu negerinya Bandaraya Melaka. Walaupun merupakan negeri pertama
mengasaskan Kesultanan Melayu, Melaka kini tidak mempunyai seorang Sultan,
sebaliknya negeri ini diketuai oleh seorang Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT) Yang di-Pertua
Negeri. Negeri Melaka terletak di pantai barat daya Semenanjung Malaysia, serta
bertentangan dengan Sumatera. Berkeluasan 1,650 kilometer persegi, ia
bersempadankan Negeri Sembilan di utara dan Johor di timur. Pulau Besar,
Melaka juga termasuk dalam sempadan negeri. Jumlah penduduk Melaka pada
Bangsa India , termasuk segolongan kecil bangsa Chitty
Lain-lain bangsa, termasuk bangsa Papia Kristang, iaitu bangsa Serani yang
berketurunan daripada bangsa Portugis dan yang bertutur dalam
bahasa Cristao (sejenis dialek Portugis yang lama).
Bandar-bandar utama di negeri Melaka ialah Bandaraya Melaka, Alor Gajah, Masjid
Tanah, Jasin, Merlimau, Tampin/Pulau Sebang, Ayer Keroh dan Asahan.
Bandaraya Bersejarah Melaka juga berkembar dengan lima buah bandar terkemuka yang lain iaitu - Lisbon, Portugal (16 Januari 1984), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (15 April 1989), Hoorn, Belanda (8 November 1989), Valparaiso, Republik Chile (24 June 1991) dan Nanjing, China (2001). Kesultanan Melaka
Rencana utama: Kesultanan Melaka
Sejarah kesultanan Melaka bermula dengan kedatangan Parameswara, seorang
raja Srivijaya dari Palembang, yang memerintah pada tahun 1400hingga 1424.
Nama Melaka diambil sempena nama pohon tempat Parameswara berteduh. Pada
ketika itu, satu perkara aneh berlaku di mana seekor kancil putih telah menendang
anjing-anjing raja. Melihatkan kejadian itu Parameswara merasa kagum dan
memerintahkan agar kawasan tersebut dibuka dan dinamakan sebagai Negeri
Melaka. Kesultanan ini memerintah Melaka selama 110 tahun sehingga ditewas
oleh pihakPortugis pada tahun 1511.
Empayar Melaka mencapai kemuncak kuasanya semasa pemerintahan Sultan
Mansur Shah, dan terdiri daripada Tanah Melayu, (kini,Semenanjung
Malaysia), Singapura, dan sebahagian besar Sumatera. Pesaing utama Melaka
ialah Siam di utara dan Majapahit di selatan (pulau Jawa). Semasa zaman
kegemilangan Kesultanan Melaka, lahirlah nama-nama besar seperti Tun
Perak, Hang Tuah lima bersaudara yang merupakan pahlawan besar ketika itu.
Sultan Mahmud Shah, sultan terakhir Kesultanan Melaka, merupakan mangsa
keadaan disebabkan Portugal pada awal abad ke-16 sedang meluaskan kuasanya
ke luar negara bagi merealisasikan impiannya iaitu 3K (Keagamaan, Kekuasaan,
Melaka dikuasai oleh pihak Portugis di bawah pimpinan Alfonso de
Albuquerque pada 24 Ogos 1511. Ia menjadi suatu pangkalan strategik bagi
pengembangan pihak Portugis di Hindia Timur dan diperintah oleh mereka selama
130 tahun.
Pada tahun 1641, pihak Belanda menguasai Melaka dengan menewasan pihak
Portugis melalui bantuan Sultan Johor. Walaubagaimanapun, pihak Belanda tidak
berminat menjadikan Melaka sebagai sebuah pusat perdagangan di
antara Timur dan Barat tetapi lebih mementingkan pembangunan Batavia (Jakarta)
di Indonesia sebagai pusat pentadbiran mereka. Mereka menyerahkan Melaka
kepada pihak British mengikut Perikatan British-Belanda pada tahun 1824.
Dari 1826 hingga 1867, Melaka diperintah oleh V.O.C. (British East India
Company), dan kemudiannya menjadi sebuah tanah jajahan British. Kemudian,
pada tahun 1946, ia menjadi salah satu Negeri Selat (Straits Settlement), bersama-
sama dengan Singapura dan Pulau Pinang.
Selepas pembubaran tanah jajahan, Melaka dan Pulau Pinang telah menjadi sebahagian daripada Malayan Union yang kemudiannya menjadi Malaysia pada tahun 1963.Melaka diisytiharkan sebagai "Bandaraya Bersejarah" pada 15 April 1989 oleh Perdana Menteri Malaysia ke-4, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad
Kerajaan negeri
Negeri Melaka ditadbir oleh Dewan Undangan Negeri dan Ahli Majlis Mesyuarat
Kerajaan Negeri Melaka (Exco) sendiri. Dewan Undangan Negeri merupakan kuasa
tertinggi dalam menetapkan polisi di dalam negeri. Exconya bertanggungjawab kepada
Dewan Undangan Negeri yang diwakili oleh pelbagai orang yang dilantik setiap lima
tahun. Ia diketuai oleh Yang di-Pertua Negeri yang dilantik oleh Yang di-Pertuan
yang menandakan permulaan musim Lent, iaith musim puasa bagi orang Katolik),
"branyu" (sejenis tarian tradisional) dan "santa cruz" (sejenis perayaan jalan tahunan)
Selain daripada pelancongan, Melaka juga menjadi pusat pengeluaran barangan
tempatan daripada makanan dan barangan konsumer kepada barangan komponen-
komponen senjata dan automotif berteknologi tinggi, elektronik serta komponen-
komponen komputer. Terdapatnya sekurang-kurang 23 kawasan perindustrian yang
merangkumi lebih kurang 500 kilang Amerika Syarikat, Jerman, Jepun, Taiwan dan
Singapura.
Perkhidmatan perubatan swasta di Melaka semakin dicari oleh pesakit-pesakit sejauh Indonesia dan Singapura. Hospital Straits, Hospital Putra(dulu dikenali sabagai Hospital Southern), Hospital Melaka dan Pusat Perubatan Pakar Pantai merupakan pusat perubatan swasta yang amat popular. Mereka menyediakan perkhidmatan perubatan yang setaraf dengan kebanyakan negara maju yang lain. Kerajaan Negeri Melaka ialah pemegang saham utama Hospital Putra. Tarikan bersejarah utama
Destinasi pelancongan terutama ialah:
Kota A Famosa: Dibina oleh pihak Portugis pada tahun 1511 sebagai kubu
pertahanan, ia telah mengalami kerosakkan struktur yang agak teruk semasa
pencerobohan Belanda. Pihak British telah bercadang untuk memusnahkannya
tetapi campurtangan Sir Stamford Raffles pada tahun 1808 telah menyelamatkan
apa yang tertinggal sebagai A' Famosa pada hari ini.
Kota St. John : Dibina semula oleh pihak Belanda semasa suku ketiga abad ke-18,
kubu ini mempunyai meriam yang mengadap ke tanah besar kerana pada masa itu,
serangan ke atas Melaka datang terutamanya dari tanah besar dan bukan dari arah
laut.
Gereja St. Peter : Dibina pada tahun 1710 semasa pemerintahan Belanda di Melaka,
ia merupakan gereja Katolik tertua di Malaysia. Dinding depan dan perhiasannya
adalah penggabungan seni rekabentuk timur dan barat. Locengnya di bawa khas
dari Goa pada tahun 1608.
Gereja St. Paul : Dibina pada tahun 1521 oleh Kapten Portugis yang bernama Duarte
Coelho, gereja ini yang dinamakan "Our Lady of The Hill" kemudiannya ditukar oleh
pihak Belanda kepada tempat persemadian bangsawan dan di namakan "Gereja St.
Paul". St. Francis Xavier telah dipelihara di dalam perkuburan terbuka gereja ini
pada tahun 1553 sebelum dibawa dengan kapal keGoa, India.