Rise of Nation-States & the Crusades OUTLINE Spread of Christianity Rise of Nation States France England Germany Crusades IDENTIFICATIONS Capetians William.

Rise of Nation-States & the Crusades

OUTLINE•Spread of Christianity•Rise of Nation States

•France•England•Germany

•Crusades

IDENTIFICATIONSCapetians

William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings (1066)

Otto ICrusades

©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.Europe, 600-1300, Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

France, 12th Century

©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.France, 1154-80

The Capetians (987-1328)

Hugh Capet (Ruled: 987-996)Hugh Capet (Ruled: 987-996)

In 987, permanent shift of the kingship In 987, permanent shift of the kingship from the Carolingians to the Capetiansfrom the Carolingians to the Capetians

Hugh was determined to make the Hugh was determined to make the crown hereditarycrown hereditary

Had eldest son ‘associated’ to him, i.e. Had eldest son ‘associated’ to him, i.e. recognized as heir by noblityrecognized as heir by noblity

Emergence of EnglandAchieves political unity much earlier Achieves political unity much earlier

than Francethan France

1066, crisis develops when Edward 1066, crisis develops when Edward the Confessor diesthe Confessor dies

Edward named Harold II Edward named Harold II (Godwinson) as his successor(Godwinson) as his successor

Rival is William, duke of Normandy Rival is William, duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror, William I)(William the Conqueror, William I)

Battle of Hastings (1066)Battle of Hastings (1066)

William I (1066-1087)

Centralized kingdomCentralized kingdom

Placed Norman order Placed Norman order upon Englandupon England

William was the first ruler William was the first ruler to show how feudal to show how feudal principles could be principles could be used as the foundation used as the foundation for a strong, centralized for a strong, centralized monarchy monarchy Picture Credit: National Portrait Gallery, London

William the Conqueror

Medieval Germany

In contrast to England & France, In contrast to England & France, local feudal lords retained local feudal lords retained significant power in Germany, significant power in Germany, which hindered attempts at which hindered attempts at achieving a unified nation-stateachieving a unified nation-state

Germany in the Middle Ages

Germany, 12th century

©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.Germany, 1176

Medieval Germany• In contrast to England & France, local

feudal lords retained significant power in Germany, which hindered attempts at achieving a unified nation-state

• Otto I (912-973) • Refounded the Holy Roman Empire• 962 – Crowned Emperor• Salian Dynasty (est. 1024)• Henry III (r. 1039-56) imperial control

over the Church is at its apex

Clunaic Reforms and Medieval Clunaic Reforms and Medieval SocietySociety

Church Reform in the 11Church Reform in the 11thth and 12 and 12thth centuriescenturies

Papacy of Innocent III Papacy of Innocent III Impact of Emphasis on Impact of Emphasis on

Spirituality: New OrdersSpirituality: New Orders High Medieval Society (ca.1000 – High Medieval Society (ca.1000 –

1300)1300)

Church Reform in the 11Church Reform in the 11thth & 12 & 12thth CenturiesCenturies

Practices open to disputePractices open to dispute– InvestitureInvestiture– ConcubinageConcubinage– SimonySimony

The Monastery at Cluny (@ 910)The Monastery at Cluny (@ 910) Papal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas IIPapal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas II Gregory VII (1073-1085), Henry IV Gregory VII (1073-1085), Henry IV

(1056-1106) and the Investiture (1056-1106) and the Investiture StruggleStruggle

Spread of Islam (7th & 8th c.)

©1997 Grolier Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.Middle East, Caliphate, AD 632-750

First Crusade (1095-1099)

Byzantine Empire under attack from Byzantine Empire under attack from Muslim TurksMuslim Turks

1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks capture 1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks capture JerusalemJerusalem

1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II 1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II for helpfor help

1095 – Urban II’ speech at Clermont1095 – Urban II’ speech at Clermont

1096 – Peasants’ Crusade1096 – Peasants’ Crusade

1096 – Official crusade launched1096 – Official crusade launched

1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem

First Crusade (1096-99)First Crusade (1096-99)

Second CrusadeSecond Crusade (1147– (1147–49)49)

1147 – Muslims defeat Europeans at 1147 – Muslims defeat Europeans at Edessa, which catalyzed the 2Edessa, which catalyzed the 2ndnd CrusadeCrusade

Preached by Bernard of ClarivauxPreached by Bernard of Clarivaux

Unmitigated disaster for the crusadersUnmitigated disaster for the crusaders

Crusades now included an expansionist Crusades now included an expansionist mission in addition to a pilgrimage mission in addition to a pilgrimage

Origin of Military Orders: Templars, Origin of Military Orders: Templars, Hospitalers, Teutonic KnightsHospitalers, Teutonic Knights

Third Crusade (1188-1192)

Muslim leader Saladin reconquers Muslim leader Saladin reconquers Egypt and most crusading statesEgypt and most crusading states

1187 – Conquers Jerusalem, which 1187 – Conquers Jerusalem, which precipitated the 3precipitated the 3rdrd Crusade Crusade

Byzantium makes a pact with Byzantium makes a pact with Saladin Saladin

Crusade disintegrated through lack Crusade disintegrated through lack of cooperationof cooperation

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

Pope Innocent III organized crusade Pope Innocent III organized crusade under papal auspicesunder papal auspices

Crusaders never reached the Holy LandCrusaders never reached the Holy Land

Diverted by VenetiansDiverted by Venetians

Byzantium victim of the 4Byzantium victim of the 4thth Crusade Crusade

Cause: dynastic intrigue & greedCause: dynastic intrigue & greed

1204, Crusaders sacked Constantinople1204, Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Crusades