Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Each party must as far as possible 1. Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity 2. Develop where necessary guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas
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Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Each party must as far as possible 1.Establish a system of protected.
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Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
Each party must as far as possible
1. Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity
2. Develop where necessary guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas
Protected areas and reserve design
Overview
Goals and limitations
Gaps in global protected areas
Systematic conservation planning
Surrogates for overall biodiversity
Reserve selection algorithms
Case study: The Cape Floristic Region
terrestrial protected areas
105,000 protected areas18.4 million km2 land
Location of protected areas
12.65% of Earth’s land surface
marine protected areasC
um
ula
tive a
rea
pro
tect
ed (
ha)
but only 1.2% of the whole ocean!!!
Types of Protected Areas
IUCN Category 1 Strict nature reserve or wilderness area2 National Park3 Natural Monument4 Habitat/Species Management Area5 Protected landscape/seascape6 Managed resource protected area
Types of Protected Areas
BC ExamplesStrict nature reserve Wilderness area 1a Triangle Island 1b Campbell River Estuary
Area (km2) covered by protected areas 1-6
Global Canada
630,000 km2
6.3% land
1+2 72%
3-5 10%
6+ 18%
Types of protected area
6. Managed resource protected area
Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
Goals of Protected areas
Protect particular species
Preserve biodiversity: focus on areas of high species richness/endemism
Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their services
Do protected areas work?Perc
en
t n
atu
ral veg
eta
tion
Amazon Atlantic coast forest
Congo forest West African forest
Joppa et al PNAS 2008
Do marine protected areas work?
Mosqueira Mosqueira et al. 2000et al. 2000Animal ConservationAnimal Conservation
(236)
Targetspecies
6543210-1
(110)
Non-targetspecies
Overall
(541)
Response ratio
More fishin reserve
More fishout of reserve
Overall effect of 12 reserves around the world
Limitations of protected areas
Land is often protected if it is “worthless”
BC1992 Stated Goal
- have 12% landbase “protected”2006 12.5% landbase is protected
Tasmania1939-1984 23 protected areas “unprotected”Why?forestry, mining, hydroelectric development
Yosemite National Park1904 Boundaries redrawnLand out - potential mining, logging, grazingLand in - low commercial value
What isn’t protected??
Global Gap Analysis ProjectDataWorld Database on Protected AreasDistributions of 11,633 spp vertebrates
xxx
X - least protected biomes
What isn’t protected??Global Gap Analysis Project
Number of gap speciesAll species All PAs PA>1000ha+IUCN 1-4Mammals 258 (5.5%) 644 (13.5%)Turtles 21 (7.7%) 48 (17.6%)Amphibians 913 (16.7%) 1718 (31.5%)