RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights€¦ · RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights Learner Guide StaySafe Training – RTO 45400 4 V1.2 18092019 1.1 Introduction This training course is

StaySafe Training Whyalla Website www.staysafetraining.com.au Phone 0414 758 401 Email [email protected] ABN 17 617 624 432 StaySafe Training Registered Training Organisation number: 45400 PO Box 134 Whyalla SA 5600 © Safe Work Resources / StaySafe Training

mailto:[email protected]

RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights Learner Guide

StaySafe Training – RTO 45400 2 V1.2 18092019

RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights

Learner Name:

Learner ID:

Learner Contact Number:

Learner Email Address:

Date Training Commenced:

This Book Contains:

Course Information.

Learner Practical Training Tasks. (How you will be assessed on the practical tasks on day of assessment)

Overview and Instructions.

We will cover the knowledge and practical training prior to undertaking

any summative knowledge and practical assessments. This is to ensure

that you understand clear understanding on the topic and completing

tasks and using equipment.

StaySafe Training www.staysafetraining.com.au Phone Admin: 0414 758 401

Email [email protected] ABN 17 617 624 432 StaySafe Training Registered Training Organisation number: 45400

PO Box 134 Whyalla SA 5600

© Safe Work Resources / StaySafe Training

mailto:[email protected]



Table of Contents

1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 What is Working at Heights? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Work Safely ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Health & Safety Rules .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Technical and Safety Information ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Get Your Work Details .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Work Instructions ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Work Method Statements ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8

1.3.2.1 How to Fill Out a Work Method Statement .............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Keeping Everyone Safe ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

1.4 Inspect the Worksite ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Checking the Weather.................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

1.5 Identify and Control Hazards........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.5.1 Identifying Hazards ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.5.2 Controlling Hazards ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

1.5.2.1 Hazard Controls for Work at Heights ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Signs and Safety Barriers ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16

1.6 Select and Check Safety Equipment ............................................................................................................................................................ 17 1.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

1.6.2 Fall Prevention Devices ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18 1.6.2.1 Temporary Work Platforms ................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Scaffolding ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Elevating Work Platforms (EWPs)................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Mast Climbers .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Crane-Lifted Personnel Boxes/Workboxes .................................................................................................................................................... 19 Forklifts and Forklift Work Platforms ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

1.6.2.2 Edge Protection Systems (Guard Rails) ................................................................................................................................................ 19 1.6.2.3 Fall Protection Covers and Safety Mesh ............................................................................................................................................... 20

1.6.3 Work Positioning Systems ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20 1.6.3.1 Industrial Rope Access Systems ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.3.2 Restraint Systems ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20

1.6.4 Fall-Arrest Systems ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.4.1 Catch Platforms and Safety Nets .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.6.4.2 Individual Fall-Arrest Systems............................................................................................................................................................... 21

Anchor Points ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Static Lines .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Fall-Arrest Harnesses ................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Lanyards ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Inertia Reels ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Swing Down and Swing Back – The Pendulum Effect ................................................................................................................................... 23

1.6.5 Ladders ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.5.1 Anchorage Lines or Rails ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23

1.7.1 Inspecting Fall-Arrest Harnesses.................................................................................................................................................................. 24 1.7.2 Inspecting Inertia Reels ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25

1.8 Move Tools and Equipment Safely .............................................................................................................................................................. 25

2.1 Check Existing Safety Systems and Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Fall-Arrest System Requirements ................................................................................................................................................................. 26

2.1.1.1 Limiting Free-Fall Distance in Fall-Arrest Systems ................................................................................................................................ 26 2.1.2 Using Scaffolds ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.1.3 Edge Protection ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.4 Foot Walks................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Safely Access the Work Area .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Using Portable Ladders for Access .............................................................................................................................................................. 27

Ladder Access or Egress .............................................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.2 Connecting to the Fall-Arrest System ........................................................................................................................................................... 27

2.3 Work Safely at Heights ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 2.3.1 Keeping Tools and Equipment Safely Stored ................................................................................................................................................ 28 2.3.2 Keeping Safety Equipment in Place ............................................................................................................................................................. 29 2.3.3 Handling Equipment and Materials Safely .................................................................................................................................................... 29

2.4 Check Safety Equipment and Hazard Controls ........................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Checking Safety Equipment ......................................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Checking and Adjusting Hazard Controls ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 Preventing Suspension Trauma ................................................................................................................................................................... 30

2.4.3.1 Applying First Aid for Suspension Trauma ............................................................................................................................................ 31 2.4.4 Reporting All Hazards, Incidents and Injuries ............................................................................................................................................... 31 2.5 Finish Work at Heights .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

2.6 Clear the Work Area and Store Tools and Equipment ................................................................................................................................ 33 2.6.1 Clearing the Work Area ................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 2.6.2 Checking and Storing Tools and Equipment ................................................................................................................................................. 33

2.6.2.1 Reporting All Faults .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33

Appendix - BEAUFORT SCALE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..34



1.1 Introduction

This training course is based on the unit RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights. Working at heights includes any job where there is a chance of you being injured by falling down from one level to another, like falling off a roof. Any person who is working at heights needs training, clear work instructions and must use fall prevention and safety equipment. Falls are a major cause of death and serious injury in Australian workplaces. Fall hazards are found in many workplaces where work is carried out at height, for example stacking shelves in warehouses and retail outlets, working on a roof, unloading a large truck or accessing silos. Falls can also occur at ground level into holes, for example trenches or service pits.

1.1.1 Overview

You will learn about:

Planning out the work.

Choosing and installing safety equipment.

Working at heights safely.

Cleaning up the work area after you have finished.

1.1.2 What is Working at Heights?

Working at heights includes:



The meaning of key terms

Fall – means a fall by a person from one level to another Risk of a Fall – means a circumstance that exposes a worker while at work, or other person while at or in the vicinity of a workplace, to a risk of a fall thus is reasonably likely to cause injury to the worker or other person. This includes circumstances in which the worker or other person is:

In or on a plant or structure that is at an elevated level In or on a plant that is being used to gain access to an elevated level In the vicinity of an opening through which a person could fall On or in the vicinity of a surface through which a person could fall On or near the vicinity of a slippery, sloping or unstable surface

Risk Control – means taking action to eliminate health and safety risk so far as is reasonably practicable, and if that is not possible, minimising the risk so far as is reasonably practicable. eliminate a hazard will also eliminate any risks associate with the hazard Competent person - means a person who has acquired through training, qualification or experience the knowledge and skills to carry out the task

1.2 Work Safely

You must follow all safety rules and instructions when performing any work at heights. If you are not sure about what you should do, ask your boss or supervisor. They will tell you what you need to do and how to do it in a safe way.

1.2.1 Health & Safety Rules

Every workplace has to follow laws and rules to keep everyone safe. There are 4 main types:

Acts These are laws that you have to follow.

Regulations These explain what the law means.

Codes of Practice

These are instructions on how to follow the law, based on industry standards.

‘Managing the Risk of Falls in Workplaces’ is the national code of practice for working at heights.

Australian Standards These tell you what the minimum requirement is for a job, product or hazard.

Code of Practice - www.safeworksa.com.au Work health and Safety Acts - https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au Regulations www.safeworksa.com.au Australian Standards - https://www.standards.org.au/

These requirements are the basis of all policies, procedures and safe work practices within a company and/or workplace.

http://www.safeworksa.com.au/

https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/

http://www.safeworksa.com.au/

https://www.standards.org.au/



1.2.2 Technical and Safety Information

Like laws and rules, technical and safety information is an important part of all procedures and practices for working safely. Before starting your work at heights you need to make sure you have all technical and safety information for the job. This will help you to do your work in the safest way.

Technical and safety information includes:

You should never work alone at heights. If you fall there would be no one to help you so it is very important that you have good communication with the other workers around you at all times.

Plan out your work and make sure you all understand what each person will be doing and where. To be as safe as possible you need to have clear and direct contact with other workers. Try to use clear, basic language so that nobody gets confused or misunderstands.

Make sure you can see and hear each other. If you can’t, you should use hand signals or some other way to communicate.

You could also think about using a two-way radio or mobile phone (if it is allowed on site). If you are using radios make sure they work properly before you start and check for any interference on the channel.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions to make sure everyone understands the situation.



1.3 Get Your Work Details

You need to be clear about what work you will be doing. Make sure you have everything about the job written down before you start. This includes what you will be doing, how you will be doing it and what equipment you will be using. Make sure you have all of the details about where you will be working. For example:

You also need to make sure you have all of the details about the kind of work you will be doing. Work at heights can include lots of different types of work including:

Construction. Repair work or maintenance. Cleaning. Painting. Installing or removing plant or equipment. Rescue operations.

1.3.1 Work Instructions

All work at heights needs to follow worksite, environmental protection and company safety procedures and work instructions.

PROCEDURES - help to make sure that all work is done in a safe way, without damaging equipment or putting people in unsafe situations.

WORK INSTRUCTIONS - will tell you the safest way to do the job, and the safety equipment that you will need to use.

RESCUE PLAN - A strategy or procedure, planned in advance, to safely retrieve a person who has fallen from an elevated work surface and is suspended in a full body harness. This includes self-rescue or mechanically aided rescue.



1.3.2 Work Method Statements

Many worksites require a Work Method Statement (WMS) before any work can start. A Work Method Statement is a list of steps that outlines how a job will be done. It also includes any hazards that occur at each step, and what you need to do about them. These statements can also be known as a Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS), Job Safety Analysis (JSA) or Safe Operating Procedure (SOP).

1.3.2.1 How to Fill Out a Work Method Statement

1. Break the job down into steps and think about what needs to happen in each one.

2. Think about and list any hazards that exist at each step.

3. Work out the best way to deal with the hazards to make the work as safe as

possible.

4. Work out who is responsible for each step in the job, who is responsible for dealing with hazards and who is supervising the whole job.

5. Make sure the Work Method Statement is explained to everyone and they

clearly understand what they need to do.

1.3.3 Keeping Everyone Safe

WHS law says that all companies and workers need to keep themselves and other people safe while they work. This is called a duty of care.

To keep yourself and other workers safe you need to:

Follow your instructions.

Follow all workplace rules.

Make sure all equipment is safe to use.

Carry out your work safely.

Report any problems.

If you think something is dangerous, tell your boss or supervisor as soon as possible. Your worksite will also have instructions for working safely including:

Emergency procedures, including using firefighting equipment, first aid and evacuation.

Rescue procedures, especially for workers who have fallen and are hanging in their harness.

Controlling hazards.

Handling hazardous materials and substances.

Safe operating procedures.

Personal protective clothing and equipment.

Safe use of tools and equipment.



1.3.4 What is involved in managing the risk of falls? In order to manage risk under the WHS Regulations, a duty holder must:

identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to the risk

eliminate the risk so far as is reasonably practicable

if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk – minimise the risk so far as is reasonably practicable by implementing control measures in accordance with the hierarchy of control

maintain the implemented control measure so that it remains effective

review, and if necessary revise, risk control measures so as to maintain, so far as is reasonably practicable, a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.

Guidance on how to manage the risks of falls in the workplace using the following systematic process:

Identify hazards—find out what could cause harm.

Assess risks, if necessary—understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it happening. This step may not be necessary if you are dealing with a known risk with known controls.

Eliminate risks so far as is reasonable practicable.

Control risks—if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, implement the most effective control measures that are reasonably practicable in the circumstances in accordance with the hierarchy of control measures, and ensure they remain effective over time.

Review control measures to ensure they are working as planned.

1.4 Inspect the Worksite

Hazards may be identified by looking at the workplace and how work is carried out. Before you start any work at heights you need to look around the site. Have a good look at the layout of the area and the condition of any buildings or structures that you will be working, walk around the workplace and talk to your workers to find out where work is carried out that could result in falls. A checklist may be useful in this process.

Key things to look for include:

edges—requiring protection for open edges of floors, working platforms, walkways, walls or roofs

holes, openings or excavations—requiring guarding

surfaces, including:

their stability, fragility or brittleness

their strength or capability to support loads

the potential to slip, for example where surfaces are wet, polished or glazed

the safe movement of workers where surfaces change, and

the slope of work surfaces.

levels—where levels change and workers may be exposed to a fall from one level to another

structures—the stability of temporary or permanent structures

the ground —the evenness and stability of the ground for safe support of a scaffold or work platform

Particular attention should also be given to work tasks that are carried out:

near an unprotected open edge, for example near incomplete stairwells or leading formwork edges

using equipment to work at the elevated level, for example when using elevating work platforms (EWPs) or portable ladders

on any structure or plant being constructed or installed, demolished or dismantled, inspected, tested, repaired or cleaned

on or alongside a fragile surface, for example cement sheeting roofs, rusty metal roofs, fibreglass sheeting roofs and skylights

on a potentially unstable surface, for example areas where there is potential for ground collapse

on a sloping or slippery surface where it is difficult for people to maintain their balance, such as on glazed tiles or wet surfaces, and near a hole, shaft or pit into which a worker could fall such as trenches, lift shafts, service pits or floor and column penetrations.

You may also need to talk to manufacturers, suppliers and health and safety specialists. In some situations, you may need to seek advice from technical specialists like structural engineers to check the stability or load-bearing capacity of structure

This is so you know the layout of the area, you can check the condition of any buildings or structures that you will be working on, you can check for potential hazards and choose the right equipment to use.

Once you have an idea of what the job and site look like you can start to think about any potential hazards and work out what equipment you’ll need to do the work.



1.4.1 Checking the Weather

The weather can change the way you do the work at heights.

Strong wind can knock you off balance or blow equipment and materials over the edge of the work area.

Rain can make the surface of the work area slippery.

Lightning can be extremely dangerous, especially when working up high.

If the weather is very bad, you might have to put the work off until the conditions clear up.

1.5 Identify and Control Hazards

Before you start work, you need to check for any hazards or dangers in the area. If you find a hazard or danger you need to do something to control it. This will help to make the workplace safer.

1.5.1 Identifying Hazards

The first step in the risk management process is to identify all fall hazards in the workplace. This involves finding things and situations which could potentially cause harm to people. Hazards generally arise from the following aspects of work and their interaction:

physical work environment

equipment, materials and substances used

work tasks and how they are performed, and

work design and management.

A hazard is the thing or situation that causes injury, harm or damage.

Some hazards you should check for in the work area:

Area Potential Hazards

Surfaces Are they unstable, slippery, untidy, sloping or not going to support your weight?

Structures Are they unstable or incomplete?

The Ground Is it uneven, soft or unstable? Will it support the weight of access equipment (scaffolds, EWPs etc.)?

The Work Area in General

Is it crowded, busy or messy? Is there plant, equipment, tools, rubbish, workers or other obstructions in the area? Are there hazardous materials in the area? Are there other hazards specific to the worksite? Are there hazards related to the work being done in the area? Is there a chance of tools, materials or equipment falling down onto other people? Is there enough lighting to cover the whole work area?

Access To and From the Work Area

Is there a safe way to get to and from the work area?

Unprotected Edges Are there unprotected edges on floors, working platforms, walkways, walls or roofs?

Environment Is bad weather predicted (e.g. storms and rain)? Are there very hot or cold temperatures? Are there UV hazards?

Manual Handling

Trying to carry heavy or bulky items while on a ladder. Having to bend or twist too much to get hold of materials or equipment. Holding yourself in an uncomfortable position, or in a way that will make it hard to keep your grip. Balancing while moving from one surface to a different one.



1.5.2 Assessing the risks A risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of it happening. A risk assessment can help you determine:

how severe a risk is

whether any existing control measures are effective

what action you should take to control the risk, and

how urgently the action needs to be taken.

Hazards have the potential to cause different types and severities of harm, ranging from minor discomfort to a serious injury or death.

Many hazards and their associated risks are well known and have well established and accepted effective control measures. In these situations, the second step in the process outlined in section 1.2 of this Code (to formally assess the risk) is not required. If after identifying a hazard you already know the risk and how to control it effectively, you may simply implement the controls.

In some circumstances, a risk assessment will assist to:

identify which workers are at risk of exposure

determine what sources and processes are causing the risk

identify if and what kind of control measures should be implemented, and

check the effectiveness of existing control measures.

When assessing the risks of each fall hazard the following should be considered:

What could happen if a fall did occur and how likely it is to happen.

The design and layout of elevated work areas including the distance of a potential fall.

The number and movement of people at the workplace.

The proximity of workers to unsafe areas where loads are placed on elevated working areas, for example loading docks, and where work is to be carried out above people and there is a risk of falling objects.

The adequacy of inspection and maintenance of plant and equipment, for example scaffolds.

The adequacy of lighting for clear vision.

Weather conditions including the presence of rain, wind, extreme heat or cold which can cause slippery or unstable conditions.

The suitability of footwear and clothing for the conditions.

The suitability and condition of ladders including where and how they are being used.

The adequacy of current knowledge and training to carry out work safely, for example young, new or inexperienced workers may be unfamiliar with the work.

The adequacy of procedures for potential emergency situations—including effective procedures for response and evacuation, the provision of medical treatment and assistance (for example ensuring appropriate first aid is provided immediately and ambulances are called for when necessary), and effective communication. .

The adequacy of current testing and training of the emergency procedures.

Consulting workers

Consultation involves sharing information, giving workers a reasonable opportunity to express views re making decisions on health and safety matters.

A PCBU must consult, so far as is reasonably practicable, with workers who carry out work for the business or undertaking and who are (or are likely to be) directly affected by a health and safety matter.

This duty to consult is based on the recognition that worker input and participation improves decision-making about health and safety matters and assists in reducing work-related injuries and disease.

The broad definition of a ‘worker’ under the WHS Act means a PCBU must consult, so far as is reasonably practicable, with employees, contractors and subcontractors and their employees, on-hire workers, outworkers, apprentices, trainees, work experience students, volunteers and other people who are working for the PCBU and who are, or are likely to be, directly affected by a health and safety matter.

Workers are entitled to take part in consultations and to be represented in consultations by a health and safety representative who has been elected to represent their work group. knowledge and ideas of workers, fall hazards are more likely to be identified and effective control measures implemented



1.5.3 Controlling Hazards

After you have found hazards or dangers you need to work out how bad they are:

Thinking about these things will help you to choose how to control the hazards. Hazards controls need to follow:

Legislation (laws).

Australian Standards.

Codes of Practice.

Manufacturers’ specifications.

Industry standards.

The best way to control hazards is to use the Hierarchy of Hazard Control. This is a list of 6 ways to control hazards, in order from best to worst. You start at the top of the list and see if you can take away (eliminate) the hazard or danger. If you can’t take it away you move down the list to see if you can swap it for something safer (substitution). Keep working through the list until you find something that controls that hazard or danger. This table shows you the 6 different types of controls in order from best to worst:

Hierarchy Level Action

1. Elimination Completely remove the hazard. This is the best kind of hazard control.

2. Substitution Swap a dangerous work method or situation for one that is less dangerous.

3. Isolation Isolate or restrict access to the hazard.

4. Engineering Controls Use equipment to lower the risk level.

5. Administrative Controls Site rules and policies attempt to control a hazard.

6. Personal Protective Equipment

The least effective control. Use PPE while you carry out your work.

Hazard control measures need to be put in place before you start your work, or as soon as you see a hazard while you are doing your work. Hazard controls can sometimes be listed in your work instructions or you can ask your boss or supervisor for help.



Work on the ground

Eliminating the need to work at height is the most effective way of protecting workers from the risk of falls.

Examples of tasks that may be carried out on the ground to eliminate the risk of falls are:

prefabricating roofs at ground level

prefabricating wall frames horizontally then standing them up

installing air-conditioning units at ground level

using mechanical tarp spreaders to cover loads on trucks from the ground

reducing shelving heights so workers can access items from ground level

using tools with extendable handles, for example paint rollers—however, the risk of musculoskeletal disorders will need to be considered when deciding whether to use such tools

lowering a concert hall chandelier to repair it, and

fitting outlets, inlets and controls of large tanks and silos near the ground—see Figure 2.

Figure 2 Silo with sight glass and ground delivery tube

Work on a solid construction Working on a solid construction provides an environment where the likelihood of a fall may be eliminated. ‘Solid construction’ means an area:

with a surface that is structurally capable of supporting workers, materials and any other loads applied to it

provided with barriers around its perimeter and around any openings from or through which a person could fall

with an even and readily negotiable surface and gradient, and

with a safe means of entry and exit.

Structural strength Different types of work involve different loads on the supporting surface. The surface and its supports must be able to safely carry the expected loads, including workers, materials, tools and equipment. When in doubt, have a structural engineer determine the safe load capacity before use.



Barriers Barriers to prevent a person falling over edges and into holes must be provided on relevant parts of a solid construction. These include:

the perimeters of buildings or other structures

floors, including mezzanine floors—see Figure 3

openings in floors, and

the open edge of a stair, landing, platform or shaft opening

The barrier must be designed and constructed to withstand the force of someone falling against it. Barriers should consist of guardrails, solid balustrades or other structural components, for example wire mesh supported by posts and provided with a reinforced top edge. The top of the guardrail or component should be between 900 mm and 1100 mm above the working surface. If a guardrail system is used, it should also have mid-rails and toe-boards or wire mesh infill panels.

If access is required to equipment, for example a hoist, it should be protected with gates or other means to prevent a person falling.

Figure 3 Mezzanine floor barrier



Protection around holes, penetrations and openings A fall prevention device (for example a secure fence, edge protection, work platform or cover) must be used to provide and maintain a safe system of work where persons are working near and around holes, penetrations and openings through which a person could fall, if it is reasonably practicable to do so.

Holes, penetrations and openings must be made safe immediately after being formed, for example with covers, barricading or by embedded mesh—see Figure 5. When mesh is used, an additional cover should be used to prevent things falling through the mesh.

If a cover is used as a control measure it must be made of a material strong enough to prevent people or objects falling through the hole, penetration or opening and should be securely fixed to prevent dislodgement or accidental removal. Covers over penetrations should be designed to safely withstand a point load of at least 2 kilonewtons—that is, 200 kilograms.

Plywood covers on their own are not preferred because:

the cover may be indistinguishable from other pieces of plywood

it may be difficult to determine if the plywood is properly secured, and

secured plywood covers can be unsecured to gain access and not be re-secured.

The cover should also include signage indicating its purpose as a cover, for example ‘DANGER HOLE BENEATH’—see Figure 6.

Figure 5 Mesh embedded in a concrete floor Figure 6 Cover danger sign

Surface and gradient

Surfaces of a solid construction must be non-slip, free from trip hazards and should generally not exceed 7 degrees 1 in 8 gradient. Cleated surfaces, which provide greater slip-resistance, should not be steeper than 20 degrees 1 in 3 gradient.

If grid mesh or checker plate flooring is used for walkways and working platforms you should, ensure:

flooring panels are securely fixed and assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications where possible, the flooring is fitted to the structure before being lifted into permanent position each panel is fixed securely before the next panel is placed in position during installation, this type of flooring is secured by tack welding, panel grips or other means to prevent

movement before being fixed permanently, and if panels of grid mesh or checker plate flooring are removed, edge protection is provided and the gaps left

due to removed panels are protected.



Entry and exit

The solid construction must have a safe means for people to enter and exit and to move around the work area, for example permanently installed platforms, ramps, stairways or fixed ladders. Further information on fixed walkways, stairways and ladders is in AS 1657–2013: Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders – Design, construction and installation. Other safety considerations for entrances and exits in a solid construction include:

exposure of access systems to the weather, for example rain can make surfaces slippery and strong winds can cause loss of hand grip

providing natural or artificial lighting to access ways, and

clearing obstructions so people are able to move easily to and from the workplace.

Portable stepladders and trestle ladders should not be used for entries or exits and single or extension ladders should only be used where the use of safer systems is not reasonably practicable.

1.5.2.1 Hazard Controls for Work at Heights

WHS regulations say that you need to use the following hazard controls whenever possible for working at heights:

Level Hazard Controls

Level 1 Completely avoid carrying out the work at height.

Level 2 Work only on solid structures that include safe entry and exit from the work area.

Level 3

Lower the risk of a worker falling by using one or more of the following things:

A fall prevention device like guardrails or edge protection.

A work positioning system like an elevating work platform if you can’t use edge protection.

A fall-arrest system if you can’t use either fall prevention or positioning systems.

Once a hazard control is in place you will need to check to make sure it is working well to control the hazard or danger.

Signs and Safety Barriers

Signs and safety barriers should be put up to warn people of falling objects or when elevated working platforms or ladders are being used.

Signs and barriers may include:

Danger or warning signs. Flashing lights. Barricades and fences.

Talk to your supervisor or safety officer if you are not sure if it is safe enough to carry out your work. If you think the hazard is still too dangerous you should not try to do the work.



1.6 Select and Check Safety Equipment

Safety systems and equipment are used to:

Protect workers. Access work areas safely. Stop workers from falling. Stop tools or materials from falling.

All safety systems must be installed and regularly checked by a competent person. For some equipment, this may be someone with a scaffolding or rigging licence. Safety systems and equipment for working at heights come under 5 main categories:

Category Example

1. Personal Protective Equipment Protective equipment worn on site.

2. Fall Prevention Devices

Temporary work platforms.

Guard rails (edge protection systems).

Safety mesh and covers.

3. Work Positioning Systems Industrial rope access systems.

Restraint systems.

4. Fall-Arrest Systems

Catch platforms.

Safety nets.

Fall-arrest harnesses.

Anchorage or static lines and rails.

5. Ladders Portable ladders.

Fixed ladders.

It is very important that you consult with the appropriate personnel when selecting and checking safety systems and their parts to make sure:

They are right for the task. They meet WHS requirements and worksite policy.

1.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is clothing and equipment designed to lower the chance of you being hurt on the job. Most worksites require workers to wear PPE before they enter the site. PPE includes:

Head protection – hard hats and helmets.

Foot protection – non-slip work boots.

Hand protection – gloves.

Eye protection – goggles, visors or glasses.

Ear protection – plugs or earmuffs.

Breathing protection – masks or respirators.

High-visibility clothing – clothing that makes you stand out and lets other

people know where you are.

Weather protection – clothing that protects you from the sun or from the cold.

Fall prevention – safety harnesses, lanyards and other equipment that stops you from falling from height.

PPE needs to be kept in good condition and replaced if it becomes damaged or defective. It is the last line of defence for protecting the individual from workplace hazards and risks but will only be effective if it is worn correctly, adjusted to fit the individual and properly maintained.



1.6.2 Fall Prevention Devices

If there is no other way to avoid working at heights, the safest equipment you can use is a fall prevention device. Fall prevention devices are designed to stop you from falling by not letting you get too close to an unprotected edge while you work. Fall prevention devices include:

1.6.2.1 Temporary Work Platforms

A temporary work platform is a stable platform that can be used to access the job or the work area while the work is being done and is removed when the work is finished. The floor of the platform should be non-slip, large enough for workers, tools and materials and strong enough to carry it all safely.

Temporary work platforms are:

Scaffolding.

Elevating work platforms (e.g. boom type, scissor lift or hydraulic lift).

Mast Climbers.

Workboxes (crane or forklift lifted).

Temporary work platforms can also provide a safe way of moving tools and equipment to the work area.

Scaffolding

A person with a scaffolding licence must build any scaffold where a person could fall more than 4 metres. The scaffold also needs to have guardrails and kickboards to stop people or tools and equipment from falling over the edge. If you are using a mobile scaffold make sure the wheels are locked whenever you are going to use it. Make sure the scaffold is on firm flat ground and will not sink under the weight of you, your tools and your materials. Do not ever let somebody move the scaffold while you are up on it.

Elevating Work Platforms (EWPs)

Elevating work platforms (EWPs) come in different types and sizes such as boom-type, scissor lifts and vertical mast. Whenever working in an EWP, you should wear a safety harness attached by a lanyard to an anchor point in the platform. Only an experienced, trained and qualified person should operate the EWP. If you are operating a boom-type EWP with a boom that is 11 metres or longer you need a High-Risk Work licence. A competent person should check the EWP before any work to make sure it is safe to

use.



Mast Climbers

Mast climbers are made up of work platforms that are raised and lowered along 1 or more masts using a hoist motor. They may need to be tied to a building to make sure they are stable while you use them. Check the manufacturer’s instructions for information. Mast climbers need to be set up by somebody with a basic level rigging licence, or intermediate level scaffolding licence. Other workers can help set up or remove the mast climber if a licenced person is supervising.

Crane-Lifted Personnel Boxes/Workboxes

Personnel boxes or workboxes are used to lift workers with a crane. Crane-lifted workboxes are useful for getting access to very high or isolated parts of a worksite where a scaffold would be difficult to put up. The workbox must be designed specially to lift people.

Forklifts and Forklift Work Platforms

Order picking forklift trucks are most commonly used for stock picking and may only be operated by somebody with a High Risk Order Picker licence. They are designed to be used on flat level surfaces and must not be used on rough terrain.

A safety harness with lanyard must be used by anyone working on an order picker to reduce the risk of a fall from height. Forklift work platforms are designed to lift people with a forklift. Never stand on a pallet or the forks. Before you get into the work platform make sure it is securely attached to the forklift. While you are up in the air

the forklift driver must stay at the forklift controls, keep the forklift parked and not tilt the mast of the forklift forwards or backwards. Do not use ladders to try and get more height while working in a work platform.

1.6.2.2 Edge Protection Systems (Guard Rails)

An edge protection system is a barrier set up around the edge of a structure, building or gap to stop people and objects from falling over the edge. It can include handrails or containment sheeting, safety shutters, guardrails, mid-rails and kickboards on a scaffold. Guard rails should be used:

At the edge of roofs.

On top of plant or structures.

At the edge of any surface without walls where a person could fall (like

mezzanine floors, walkways, stairs or ramps).

Around openings in floors (like incomplete elevator shafts).

At the edges of excavations, pits or shafts where a person could fall in.



1.6.2.3 Fall Protection Covers and Safety Mesh

Fall protection covers are installed over openings and holes (like skylights) to prevent falls. They are usually made of timber, metal or wire mesh. They should be fixed in place and strong enough to stop a person falling through. Signs should be set up near a fall protection cover to warn people that there is an opening or hole under it. Safety mesh is designed to prevent falls through a roof. It is not designed to stop people falling from the edge of a roof, or through holes in a roof. Don’t rely on safety mesh alone to prevent falls.

1.6.3 Work Positioning Systems

A work positioning system uses equipment that lets a worker carry out a task while wearing a harness to prevent a fall.

This can include:

Industrial rope access systems.

Restraint systems.

1.6.3.1 Industrial Rope Access Systems

Industrial rope access systems allow workers to be suspended from vertical ropes to access the work area which could be the side of a building or down in an area that can only be accessed through an opening up high (such as a tank or silo). If possible, other methods should be used to access the work area instead of rope systems, such as EWPs or scaffolds. Never work alone while using a rope access system.

1.6.3.2 Restraint Systems

Restraint systems control a worker’s movement by physically stopping them from getting to a point where they could fall off an unprotected edge. These systems should only be used where a barrier or guardrail cannot be used. Restraint systems are made up of a harness that is connected to an anchor point or static line using a lanyard. The anchor point should be designed for fall-arrest loading.

1.6.4 Fall-Arrest Systems

Fall-arrest systems are designed to stop a worker or materials that has fallen off an edge from hitting the level below. Fall-arrest systems include:

Catch platforms.

Safety nets.

Individual fall-arrest systems.



1.6.4.1 Catch Platforms and Safety Nets

Catch platforms and safety nets are short term structures that are installed below a work area to catch a worker if they fall or to catch falling objects. They should be strong enough to take the impact of people, equipment and materials. Industrial safety nets are sometimes used as fall protection for people working at heights where it is not realistic to have scaffolds or temporary guard railings.

1.6.4.2 Individual Fall-Arrest Systems

A fall-arrest system is designed to safely stop a worker falling too far and to minimise the force of the fall. Fall-arrest systems must only be used where other higher-level control measures are not able to be used instead. A fall-arrest system may include a number of parts:

Anchorages.

Static lines.

Inertia reel.

Lanyard of fixed length.

Retractable lifelines.

Rope grabs.

Wire grabs.

Rail system.

Shock absorbers, both personal and industrial.

Harness.

Snap hooks (double or triple action to prevent rollout).

Karabiners (double or triple action to prevent rollout).

Rescue equipment.

Always choose compatible parts (parts that fit and work together) whenever preparing for work at heights. If you are not sure if the parts of a fall-arrest system are compatible, you should check with the manufacturer.

Anchor Points

An anchor point (or anchorage) is a fixed point that a fall-arrest system or static line is connected to, that can hold the weight of a falling worker. Anchors are required, under AS/NZS 1891.4, to have a minimum breaking strength of 15kN (1500kg) for 1 person attached. An anchorage rated to greater than 21kN (2100kg) is suitable for use by no more than 2 people.

All anchorages should be tested and approved by a competent person before use.



Static Lines

Static lines are horizontal lines that a lanyard can be attached to and are designed to stop people falling off an edge.

Static lines are anchor points for a fall-arrest system that still allow a limited range of movement along the path of the line.

Static lines must be installed and checked regularly by a competent person and must only be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. Static line anchors must be rated appropriately for the situation and number of workers. Never add more people to a static line than the manufacturer recommends.

Wherever possible static lines should be installed above workers to reduce the free-fall distance of workers connected to it.

Fall-Arrest Harnesses

Usually when working at heights you should have a full body harness on. The harness must be fitted properly to make sure it will keep you safe if you fall.

The harness should be connected to an anchor or static line using the connection point on the front or the back of the harness, depending on the work you are doing.

Lanyards

Lanyards are used to connect the fall-arrest harness to the anchor point or static line.

There should not be too much slack in the lanyard between you and the anchor point or static line.

The lanyard should be the right length for the situation. This will depend on the work you are doing, and how far from an unprotected edge the anchor point or static line is. As a guide, it should be a length that doesn’t let you fall more than 2 metres before the fall arrest system takes effect.

You should not work above the anchor point. If you do, you have further to fall before the safety system kicks in and stops your fall. The further you fall, the more likely you are to be injured.

To reduce injuries caused by a fall, energy absorbers should be used as part of the lanyard. An energy absorber slows down your fall by taking the impact of your

weight and stretching as the lanyard is pulled by your body weight.

Inertia Reels

Inertia reels are used to give you a free range of movement or extra reach compared to a lanyard. In the event of a fall, an inertia reel will lock up the same way a seatbelt in a car does if you stop quickly.

Inertia reels should not be used in the following situations:

While working on a sloped surface (e.g. a steeply pitched roof) or any other surface where a fall may not be a quick vertical one.

Locked as a constant support for a worker during normal work. At the same time as a lanyard.



Swing Down and Swing Back – The Pendulum Effect

If a worker who is using an individual fall-arrest system falls from an edge, the system may act as a pendulum.

This means the worker could hit the ground (called ‘swing down’) or swing back into the building or structure (called ‘swing back’).

These situations may also be referred to as ‘the pendulum effect’.

Swing down can occur if the lanyard slides back along the perimeter edge of the roof as if the worker falls, until it is vertical.

When this happens, the worker might hit the ground (or lower level), or the lanyard may break from being dragged across the edge of the roof.

The code of practice ‘Managing the risk of falls at workplaces’ lists the following measures to address ‘swing down’:

1.6.5 Ladders

Ladders can be used to get to and from the work area but you should try not to do your work while on a ladder.

Many falls happen while people are working from ladders. There are much safer and more stable options like EWPs or scaffolds.

Portable ladders come in 2 grades – industrial and domestic. All work carried out at heights should use a ladder that is rated to 120kg and is manufactured for industrial use.

Never use a domestic grade ladder for industrial work because it is not required to be as strong as an industrial grade ladder.

When choosing a ladder make sure it is in good condition. Check for faults or damage before you use it.

Example of acceptable ladder use Examples of unsafe ladder use



1.6.5.1 Anchorage Lines or Rails Anchorage lines or rails can be temporary or permanent fall-arrest systems. They are designed to give continuous fall protection for workers using ladders or climbing towers on plant (e.g. tower cranes) as well as workers on buildings or structures. Safety considerations include that:

The locking device is attached to the front of the harness.

The lanyard (including all components/parts) is a maximum of 30cm long.

The point of connection onto the line or rail system is near the base of the

ladder where a worker can safely access it before climbing up.

The system must provide continuous connection all the way to the top (disconnecting point).

Free fall is limited to a maximum of 60cm.

Permanent systems must be made of wire or rail construction and installed

according to the manufacturer’s instructions. If a fall occurs, the system must be removed and checked by a competent person before it can be re-installed and used again.

1.7 Check Equipment before Use

Before you use any equipment, tools or plant you MUST work with your supervisor or team leader to check that the equipment is in safe working order. You can check the manual or instructions for how to inspect, use, clean, maintain and store the item. If you find anything wrong during your checks you need to:

1. Tag and isolate (remove from service) the damaged or defective item to stop

anybody else using it.

2. Write down the details of the problem in the logbook or on the inspection checklist. Give as much detail as possible.

3. Report the fault to your supervisor or another authorised person.

1.7.1 Inspecting Fall-Arrest Harnesses

Any harness equipment should be checked using an inspection checklist. It is very important that all harnesses are checked before use. Part of checking the harness is to put it on and check that it fits correctly and is comfortable.



1.7.2 Inspecting Inertia Reels

When inspecting inertia reels make sure you check the following:

Component Suggested Inspection

Rope

Make sure the rope can be fully extended and retracts (winds back) back properly.

Check the entire length of the rope for any damage (abrasion, fraying, stretching, evidence of contact with heat or chemicals).

Make sure you give the rope a firm pull while it is fully extended to test that it is securely attached to the drum of the inertial reel.

Anchorage Body

The main 2 parts to check on the anchorage body are the mounting ring and the casing.

Check that there is no visible damage to either of these components.

Also check that there are no loose or missing parts.

Locking Mechanism and Rope Guides

Check for any wear or damage.

Check that the locking mechanism is working correctly and holds securely.

Check that the rope rewinds completely without loss of tension.

Snap Hooks and Links Make sure the locking action is working on these parts and that there are no

signs of damage or wear.

1.8 Move Tools and Equipment Safely

Trying to carry heavy or bulky loads up to the work area can be very dangerous and you could lose your balance and fall or drop items down on people below. Wherever possible, use other methods such as conveyors, hoists, cranes or elevating work platforms to move tools and equipment up to and around the work area. Keep tools safely secured on a tool belt or in a toolbox inside a work platform. Talk to your supervisor and consult your work instructions for methods on getting tools and equipment to the work area.

2.1 Check Existing Safety Systems and Equipment

All safety systems and equipment must be installed and regularly checked by a competent person. This is to ensure the safety systems and equipment have been installed correctly and reduce the risk of falling. Some equipment will need to be installed and checked by a person with a scaffolding or rigging licence.



2.1.1 Fall-Arrest System Requirements

Before starting the work you need to check that the fall arrest system has been installed correctly and that you will be able to work safely while connected to it. All anchor points should be positioned so that a lanyard can be attached to it before the person using the system gets too close to an unprotected edge. Each fall-arrest system is designed for a specific number of people connected to the line at any one time, and also takes into account the use of regular or energy absorbing lanyards. Anchors and lines between supports should be set up on the inside face of columns where possible. Static lines between supports must be free of obstructions to allow uninterrupted movement for workers attached to the line. If a line passes around a column, corner, or other sharp edge it should be packed to stop any damage to the line.

2.1.1.1 Limiting Free-Fall Distance in Fall-Arrest Systems

Fall-arrest systems incorporating a lanyard should be installed so that the maximum distance a person would free-fall before the fall-arrest system takes effect is 2 metres. There should be enough distance between the work surface and any surface below to enable the system, including the action of any shock absorber, to fully deploy (be effective) before a worker hits the ground. To work out whether there is enough distance available, you should look at:

2.1.2 Using Scaffolds

Any scaffold over 4m high requires a licensed person to erect it. If you are using a mobile scaffold that has already been put up, make sure the wheels are locked before you climb onto it. You also need to make sure the ground is flat, stable and will support the weight of the scaffold, workers, tools and equipment. Always check with a licensed scaffolder before using a scaffold on soft, uneven ground.

2.1.3 Edge Protection

Make sure there is adequate edge protection such as handrails and kickboards.



2.1.4 Foot Walks

Foot walks are walkways that can be installed on a rooftop to provide a safe, non-slip surface for you to walk on.

2.2 Safely Access the Work Area

Once you have selected all of your equipment and organised the safety systems and access equipment, you should safely make your way to the work area. Make sure all access equipment is ready and in place. Check that access from the ground is safe before you try to get up to the work area. You also need to make sure you can connect to any safety systems without putting yourself in danger.

2.2.1 Using Portable Ladders for Access

Ladders should be set up so that they are on stable ground and fixed at the top and base. If you are using a step-ladder it should be fully opened with the legs locked into position. Ladders need to be set up so that there is at least 1 metre of ladder extending past the floor you are moving to. The angle of the ladder should be 1m out for every 4m up. Never use metal ladders near electrical hazards. Depending on the type of work you are doing, you might need to use a fall prevention system that is connected to a ladder.

Ladder Access or Egress

Where fixed or extension ladders are used for access (entering) or egress (exiting), you should check that:

2.2.2 Connecting to the Fall-Arrest System

Anchor points and static lines should be installed so that workers can connect to them before getting too close to an unprotected edge.

When working with the fall-arrest system, talk to your supervisor or team leader who will help you to check the system is correctly fitted and adjusted. They will help you to make sure all safety catches are properly connected to anchor points and that you don’t overload the anchor point or static line by connecting more people than it is designed to hold. Your fall-arrest harness should fit properly and not be too tight or too loose. Make sure the lanyard is long enough for you to access your work area, but not so long that it becomes useless if you fall. If you have to change the equipment you are using, make sure there is a safe position where you have access to both systems so you can secure yourself to the new system before freeing

yourself from the old one.



2.3 Work Safely at Heights

All work at heights needs to be done safely. Keep the area clean and tidy to stop people from tripping over things. Make sure walkways are clear so people have enough room to move around and work.

2.3.1 Keeping Tools and Equipment Safely Stored

Keep all tools and equipment in a toolbox, not lying on the ground. You could trip over them or accidently kick them over the edge. Hand tools should be secured on your tool belt or fitted with a lanyard so they can’t fall if you accidentally drop them. Kickboards should be installed where materials rest on any surface at height to stop somebody from accidentally kicking something over the edge.



2.3.2 Keeping Safety Equipment in Place

All safety equipment needs to stay in place while you work. If the situation needs a new or different system, keep the old one in place until the new one is ready to use. If you need to move from one safety system to another, make sure there is a safe position where you have access to both so you can secure yourself to the new system before freeing yourself from the old one.

2.3.3 Handling Equipment and Materials Safely

When you are moving or using materials and equipment, always use safe manual handling techniques.

Try not to bend or twist too much while moving tools, equipment or materials. You could injure yourself. If you try to move something that is heavy, bulky or an awkward shape you might lose your balance and fall. Always take care when moving on a ladder while you are holding tools, materials or equipment and make sure there is only 1 person on the ladder at a time. Always try to have at least 3 points of contact on a ladder at all times. This means 2 hands and 1 foot, or 2 feet and 1 hand.

The best option is to use equipment such as EWPs, cranes, hoists or conveyors to move tools or materials up to the work area. When you are moving tools and equipment around your work area you should:

Keep tools and equipment secured on your tool belt. Hoist materials and equipment up. Make sure that catch platforms and safety nets are in place before moving anything to the work area.

This helps to stop things from falling on people below you.

2.4 Check Safety Equipment and Hazard Controls

While doing your work at heights you should check all safety equipment and hazard controls regularly and often. It is important to make sure they are working properly and still keeping the work area as safe as possible.

Maintaining and reviewing control measures Control measures must be maintained so they remain fit for purpose, suitable for the nature and duration of the work and installed, set up and used correctly. To allow the chosen control measures to operate effectively, you should develop work procedures on how to correctly install, use and maintain the control measures. The procedures should include a planned program of inspections and maintenance for the control measures. The inspection regime should include details of:

the equipment to be inspected including its unique identification

the frequency and type of inspection, for example pre-use checks, detailed inspections

action to be taken on finding defective equipment

means of recording the inspections

training of users, and

the system of monitoring the inspection regime to verify inspections are carried out appropriately.

The manufacturer or supplier of the equipment should be consulted for product specific requirements. If signs of excessive wear or other defects are found during the inspection the defective equipment must be withdrawn from use.



2.4.1 Checking Safety Equipment

You need to check that all parts of the safety systems being used are still in place, working properly and have not been damaged during the work. If a worker has fallen while attached to a safety system all parts will need to be checked by a competent person to make sure they are still in good condition. Some parts of the system may need to be replaced before any more work can continue.

You need to check that fall protection equipment is safely adjusted to suit the work as each part of the job is finished.

You also need to make sure edge protection and safety nets stay in place until the work is done.

2.4.2 Checking and Adjusting Hazard Controls

You need to check any hazard controls that are in place to make sure they are effective and right for the task and work area.

As a work area changes over time because parts of the job are completed or weather conditions change, look at the hazard controls that are in place and work out if they are doing enough.

You might need to add more controls or change the ones that are there to keep yourself and others as safe as possible.

Re-assess the work area and check for any new hazards in the area. Control the hazards and if it is still too dangerous to carry out the work, stop until the situation can be made safe.

You must review and as necessary revise fall control measures in the following circumstances:

when the control measure does not control the risk so far as is reasonably practicable

before a change at the workplace that is likely to give rise to a new or different risk to health and safety that the control measure may not effectively control

a new relevant hazard or risk is identified

the results of consultation indicate that a review is necessary, or

a health and safety representative requests a review if that person reasonably believes that:

a circumstance in any of the above points affects or may affect the health and safety of a member of the work group represented by the health and safety representative

the control measure has not been adequately reviewed in response to the circumstance

2.4.3 Preventing Suspension Trauma

Suspension trauma can be caused when a person in a fall-arrest harness falls and is left hanging in the harness for too long.

Hanging in the harness puts pressure on the legs and affects the flow of your blood, making it build up in your legs. This means there is not enough blood moving back up around the top of the body. If a person is left hanging in a harness for too long they can die.

You can do the following things to help prevent suspension trauma in a person who is hanging in a fall-arrest harness:

Never work alone when using a fall-arrest harness.

Wherever possible, use a fall-arrest harness that allows your legs to be kept horizontal, or that has extra footholds so you can stand up in the harness.

Always keep the time a person is left hanging in the harness as short as possible – 5 minutes or less. If a person is hanging in a harness for longer than 5 minutes they could need first aid.

If you fall and are hanging in a harness you should:

Move your legs and stand up in any footholds to take the pressure off your legs.

Try to lie down by bringing your legs up and leaning back.



2.4.3.1 Applying First Aid for Suspension Trauma

If first aid needs to be given to a person suffering from suspension trauma, you should follow these steps:

Do not attempt to provide first aid if you are not trained to do so. Call for help and monitor the situation until help arrives. 2.4.4 Reporting All Hazards, Incidents and Injuries Depending on what happened, or how bad it was you might need to report to:

Your supervisor.

Emergency services, e.g. police, ambulance, fire brigade and emergency rescue.

WHS regulator, e.g. Safework SA, WorkCover.

Talk to your WHS officer or supervisor about the paperwork and procedures for reporting hazards, incidents and injuries, including suspension trauma.

2.4.3.2 Emergency Procedures for Falls

Whenever there are risks from working at height, emergency procedures must be established and first aid equipment provided. Typical injuries from falls can include unconsciousness, blocked airway, impalement, serious head or abdominal injuries and fractures. A person using a fall arrest system could also suffer suspension intolerance as a result of being suspended in a harness after a fall.

A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) who provides a fall arrest system as a measure to control risk must establish emergency and rescue procedures. The procedures must be tested so that they are effective. Workers must be provided with suitable and adequate information, instruction and training in relation to the emergency procedures. When developing emergency procedures the different types of emergency and rescue scenarios that might arise should be considered. Information from the risk assessment will help in this task.

The PCBU must ensure that workers have access to first aid equipment and facilities for the administration of first aid. You must also ensure that workers are trained to administer first aid or that workers have access to people who are trained in first aid.

The emergency procedures for falls should be incorporated into the emergency plan required for the workplace under the WHS Regulations. Table 1 lists a number of considerations when establishing emergency procedures for falls.



Table 1 Considerations when establishing emergency procedures for falls

Relevant consideration Questions

Location of the work area

Is the work at height being carried out in a remote or isolated place? How accessible is it in an emergency and how far away is it from medical facilities? Can the rescue of a person after an arrested fall be provided immediately, without relying on emergency services?

Communications How can workers working at height communicate in an emergency?

Rescue equipment

What kinds of emergencies may arise? The provision of suitable rescue equipment will depend on the nature of the work and the control measures used, for example an emergency rapid response kit with man-made fibre rope, according to AS/NZS 4142.3: 1993: Fibre ropes—Man-made fibre rope for static life rescue lines. Selected rescue equipment should be kept in close proximity to the work area so that it can be used immediately.

Capabilities of rescuers

Are rescuers properly trained, sufficiently fit to carry out their task and capable of using equipment provided for rescue, for example breathing apparatus, lifelines and firefighting equipment? Have emergency procedures been tested to demonstrate that they are effective?

First aid Is first aid available for injuries associated with falls? Are trained first aid officers available to make proper use of necessary first aid equipment?

Local emergency services— if they are to be relied on for rescue

How will the local emergency services, like ambulance, be notified of an incident? What is the likely response time?

2.4.3.2 Training for rescues

The training for rescuing workers who have fallen should address the following factors:

The rescue process should start immediately

Training frequency should take into account the worker’s competence and their ability to retain competence through regular exposure to the equipment and skills needed to perform a rescue

Workers should not put themselves at risk during a rescue.

2.5 Finish Work at Heights

Once you have finished the work at heights you need to check your work instructions to make sure everything has been done, and to see if there are any other tasks that need to be completed. When the work is finished you will need to consult with authorised personnel who will dismantle any safety systems that are no longer needed.



2.6 Clear the Work Area and Store Tools and Equipment When your work is finished (job completed or just finished for the day) you need to make sure the area is tidy before you leave.

2.6.1 Clearing the Work Area

Follow worksite procedures and wear the right PPE when recovering and removing tools, equipment and materials from your work area. Rubbish and other building debris can be a tripping hazard for workers and may have a negative impact on the environment. You need to make sure all rubbish is collected, sorted and removed or recycled correctly Check the site environmental requirements to make sure everything is done in a safe way.

2.6.2 Checking and Storing Tools and Equipment

Tools and equipment need to be cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in line with the manufacturer’s instructions and site or company procedures. All tools and equipment should be cleaned after use to remove all dirt, mud, moisture or other contaminants that can damage it. Check tools and equipment for damage or other faults. If anything is wrong you need to report it and carry out any repairs if you can. Some tools and equipment require regular maintenance. This can include oiling timber surfaces, greasing metal surfaces or lubricating moving parts. Most tools and equipment will have specific storage instructions to make sure they will not be damaged and they can be easily found next time somebody needs to use them.

2.6.2.1 Reporting All Faults

Any damaged or faulty tools and equipment must be tagged and removed from use (isolated) to stop anyone else using them. The problem should be written down in a logbook, checklist or other form. You also need to tell your supervisor or other authorised person about the problem.



Appendix A Terms used in working at heights

Term Description

Anchorage A secure point for attaching a lanyard, lifeline or other component of a travel restraint system technique or fall arrest system. Anchorages require specific load and impact capacities for their intended use.

Competent person

A person who has acquired through training, qualification or experience the knowledge and skills to carry out the task.

Double or triple action device

A self-closing hook or karabiner with a keeper latch which will automatically close and remain closed until manually opened. These units have a minimum of at least two distinct and deliberate consecutive actions to manually open them.

Duty holder Any person who owes a work health and safety duty under the WHS Act including a person conducting a business or undertaking, a designer, manufacturer, importer, supplier, installer of products or plant used at work (upstream duty holder), officer or a worker.

Energy absorber A device that reduces the deceleration force imposed when a fall is suddenly arrested, and correspondingly reduces the loadings on the anchorage and the person’s body. The energy absorber may either be a separate item or manufactured as part of the lanyard.

Fall A fall by a person from one level to another.

Fall arrest system

Plant or material designed to arrest a fall.

Free fall Any fall or part of a fall where the person falling is under the unrestrained influence of gravity over any fall distance, either vertically or on a slope on which it is not possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or hand line.

Hazard A situation or thing that has the potential to harm a person. Hazards at work may include: noisy machinery, a moving forklift, chemicals, electricity, working at heights, a repetitive job, bullying and violence at the workplace.

Health and safety committee

A consultative body established under the WHS Act. The committee's functions include facilitating cooperation between workers and the person conducting a business or undertaking to ensure workers’ health and safety at work, and assisting to develop work health and safety standards, rules and procedures for the workplace.

Health and safety representative

A worker who has been elected by their work group under the WHS Act to represent them on health and safety matters.

Inertia reel A type 2 or 3 fall arrest device, as classified in AS/NZS 1891.3, that arrests a fall by stopping the payout of the anchor line. Also known as a self-retracting lanyard or fall arrest block.



Karabiners Usually a ‘D’-shaped or oblong metal ring, with a spring-hinged opening on one side, used as a connector between components of a fall arrest system. They come in a variety of sizes, shapes and locking mechanisms to suit various applications. They should be self-closing and self- or manual-locking and capable of being opened only by at least two consecutive deliberate manual actions.

Lanyard An assembly consisting of a line and components which will enable connection between a harness and an anchorage point and will absorb energy in the event of a fall.

May ‘May’ indicates an optional course of action.

Must ‘Must’ indicates a legal requirement exists that must be complied with.

Officer An officer under the WHS Act includes:

− an officer under section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)

− an officer of the Crown within the meaning of section 247 of the WHS Act, and

− an officer of a public authority within the meaning of section 252 of the WHS Act.

A partner in a partnership or an elected member of a local authority is not an officer while acting in that capacity.

Person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU)

PCBU is an umbrella concept which intends to capture all types of working arrangements or relationships. A PCBU includes a:

− company

− unincorporated body or association, and

− sole trader or self-employed person.

Individuals who are in a partnership that is conducting a business will individually and collectively be a PCBU.

A volunteer association (defined under the WHS Act, see below) or elected members of a local authority will not be a PCBU.

Restraint line The line securing workers to a point of anchorage which is used to prevent a person from reaching a point from which he or she could fall.

Risk The possibility harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when exposed to a hazard.

Risk control Taking action to eliminate health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable, and if that is not possible, minimising the risks so far as is reasonably practicable. Eliminating a hazard will also eliminate any risks associated with that hazard.

Risk of a fall A circumstance that exposes a worker while at work, or other person while at or in the vicinity of a workplace, to a risk of a fall that is reasonably likely to cause injury to the worker or other person. This includes circumstances in which the worker or other person is:

− in or on plant or a structure that is at an elevated level

− in or on plant that is being used to gain access to an elevated level

− in the vicinity of an opening through which a person could fall

− in the vicinity of an edge over which a person could fall

− on or in the vicinity of a surface through which a person could fall

− on or near the vicinity of a slippery, sloping or unstable surface.



Scaffold A temporary structure specifically erected to support access or working platforms.

Scaffolding The individual components, for example tubes, couplers or frames and materials, that when assembled form a scaffold.

Scaffolding work

Erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure that is or has been erected to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more than 4 metres from the platform or the structure.

Should ‘Should’ indicates a recommended course of action.

Solid construction

An area that has:

− a surface that is structurally capable of supporting all people and things that may be located or placed on it

− barriers around its perimeter and any openings to prevent a fall

− an even and readily negotiable surface and gradient, and

− a safe means of entry and exit.

Static line A horizontal or substantially horizontal line to which a lanyard may be attached and which is designed to arrest a free fall.

Total fall distance

The total distance a person is likely to fall during both the free and restrained parts of a fall and includes the maximum dynamic extension of all supporting components.

Volunteer association

A group of volunteers working together for one or more community purposes where none of the volunteers, whether alone or jointly with any other volunteers, employs any person to carry out work for the volunteer association.

Work group A group of workers established to facilitate the representation of workers by one or more health and safety representatives. A work group may be all workers at a workplace but it may also be appropriate to split a workplace into multiple work groups where workers share similar work conditions or are exposed to similar risks and hazards. For example all workers on night shift.

Worker Any person who carries out work for a person conducting a business or undertaking, including work as an employee, contractor or subcontractor (or their employee), self-employed person, outworker, apprentice or trainee, work experience student, employee of a labour hire company placed with a 'host employer' or a volunteer.

Workplace Any place where work is carried out for a business or undertaking and includes any place where a worker goes, or is likely to be, while at work. This may include offices, factories, shops, construction sites, vehicles, ships, aircraft or other mobile structures on land or water.

Work positioning system

Any plant or structure, other than a temporary work platform, that enables a person to be positioned and safely supported at a location for the duration of the relevant work being carried out.



Figure 1 Perimeter scaffold with fully decked working platform, guardrails, mid-rails and toe-boards

Figure 2 Mobile scaffold with access ladder and trapdoor

Figure 3 Boom-type elevating work platform

Figure 4 Restraint technique options



Figure 5 Operator using a

descender in an industrial rope

access system

Figure 6 Total fall distance before this particular configuration would be effective in arresting a fall is 6.5 m



Figure 7 Swing down’: the length of the lanyard and positioning of the anchor allow contact with the ground

Figure 8 During ‘swing back’ the length of the lanyard and positioning of the anchor may allow the worker to hit the structure

Figure 9 An example of a double lanyard

Figure 10 Fixed ladder with ladder cage



Section B. Site Risk Assessment: Complete a site assessment of risk and hazards that may impact on work being performed (tick the hazards present)

Location: Falling from heights

Falling Objects Slips/trips/falls

Overhead/underground services

Power lines Confined space Lighting Traffic

Pressure/compressed air Storage use of chemicals

Noise/Vibration Public Other trades

Crush/entanglement Mobile Plant/Vehicles

Explosion Sharps Access

Dust/mist/fumes Fire/hot work Radiation Biological Manual Handling

Animal/Vermin Ventilation Other: List the type of hazard present

What is the

hazard?

Who might be harmed and how?

What are you already doing that controls this

hazard?

What further action is required to control

this hazard?

Action by Whom

Action by When

Done

List the hazard

Describe who might be harmed and how it is likely to occur.

Do you have any safety control in place that restricts the impact of this hazard on your work?

List any additional safety control(s) that are required for this hazard.

Allocate responsibility to an employee

Specify a date Specify a date



WORKING IN THE

WIND

BEAUFORT SCALE

Wind Speed/Anemometer reading

FORCE MPH DESCRIPTION EFFECT ON LAND

0 <1 knot <1 km/h

Calm Smoke rises vertically: wind vains still

1 1-3 knots 1-5 km/h

Light Air Smoke drift indicates wind direction: Wind vains still

2 3-7 knots 5-12 km/h

Light Breeze

Leaves rustle, wind felt of face Wind vains moved by wind

3 8-12 knots 13-19 km/h

Gentle Breeze

Leaves and twigs constantly moving, light flags extended SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

4 13-17 knots 21-29 km/h

Moderate Breeze

Dust and loose paper raised; Small braces move

Safety Glasses should be worn to protect form dust and foreign objects entering the eyes

5 18-24 knots 33-44 km/h

Fresh Breeze

Large branches move: Small trees with leaves begin to sway

Hard hats should be work and securely fastened Loose materials should be secured, and tools packed up safely when not in use Wind can lift scrap metal &

carry it as far out as the height from which it came

6 24-30 knots 44-55 km/h

Strong Breeze

Larger tree branches moving, phone lines whistle, empty plastic bins can blow over

Worker at elevations above 1m should exercise caution Use extreme, care when picking up large section of materials Wind guest can throw you

off balance

NO

WO

RK

ING

AT

HE

IGH

TS

7 31-38 knots 57-70 km/h

Near Gale

Whole trees moving: wind is difficult to walk against

Hosting equipment and mobile access equipment should not be used unless approved by safety manager. Follow manufactures guidelines on the max wind speed at which EWP can be safely operated

8 39-46 knots 72-85 km/h

Gale

Twigs break off trees: Wind is difficult to walk against, cars veer on road, constructions signs & barricades blow over

No working at heights including roofs and scaffolding Crane operations should cease, and cranes be secured and / or dismantled

Exercise caution when working near particular built walls building or structures. Check that structures are braced, and walls supported Secure roofing sheets, cones, bollards and any other equipment Canapés/tents should be dismantled

NO

WO

RK

ING

AT

HE

IGH

TS

9 47-54 knots 87-100 km/h

Strong Gale

Larger branches break off trees, minor damage to buildings, shingles & slates torn off roofs

10 55-63 knots

101-116 km/h Storm

Trees uprooted, considerable structural damage to buildings

11 64-72 knots

118-133 km/h Violent Storm Widespread damage

NO WORKING AT HEIGHT BEYOND THIS PONT

12 >73 knots >135 km/h

Hurricane

ALL WORK TO BE CEASED BEYOND THIS POINT

RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights€¦ · RIIWHS204D Work Safely at Heights Learner Guide StaySafe Training – RTO 45400 4 V1.2 18092019 1.1 Introduction This training course is

Documents