15.02.2013 1 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx February 2013 Rigid frame bridges Photo: Ludolf Krontal, Marx Krontal GmbH Slide 2 HISTORY OF FRAME BRIDGES Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx “Rigid frames are simplified arch bridges” Christian Menn “The art of building is an art; it is not and will never be a science” Eugene Freyssinet
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15.02.2013
1
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx February 2013
Rigid frame bridges
Photo: Ludolf Krontal, Marx Krontal GmbH
Slide 2
HISTORY OF FRAME BRIDGES
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
“Rigid frames are simplified arch bridges” Christian Menn
“The art of building is an art;
it is not and will never be a science” Eugene Freyssinet
15.02.2013
2
Slide 3
History and examples
Abutment and piers design
Perronet (1708-1794)
Transfer of horizontal forces
Möllers (1840-1935)
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
The force path shows a high introduction
of horizontal force
→ Frame mode of operation
Use of earth loaded friction plate to
transfer the horizontal force in the
Abutment
Slide 4
History and examples
Risorgiment bridge Rom (IT), Hennebique (1911)
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Photo:
Lalupa, http://deu.archinform.net
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Slide 5
History and examples
Salginatobel bridge (CH), Maillard (1930)
Arch section is adapted to the
repartition of bending moments
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Photo:
www.knipsen.ch
Slide 6
History and examples
Simme bridge Garstatt (CH), Maillard (1940)
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Photo:
www.bernd-nebel.de
15.02.2013
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Slide 7
History and examples
Marne bridges (FR), Freyssinet (1950)
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
Association Freyssinet
Slide 8
OPERATING MODES AND ADVANTAGES
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
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Slide 9
Two hinged frame bridge
Operating mode
Deck bridge
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
The superstructure is
embedded in the column
Activation of the horizontal thrust
→ the corners discharge the field
Slide 10
Operating mode
Horizontal thrust
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
The lower the frame, the higher the horizontal thrust
Remark: forces shown in the sketches are no vectors…
3
8(2 3)R
S
F lH
I hh
I l
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Slide 11
Operating mode
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
+ Smaller deformations
+ Redundant behavior
+ Supports vertical and
horizontal loads
- Reaction of constraints
Slide 12
Advantages
1. Frame corner attract the bending moment
→ greater slenderness
→ avoid piers
→ smaller construction costs
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
SSF Ingenieure AG
Tender design: 2 span girder
Erection of the middle pier
→ restriction of traffic
Executed design: frame bridge
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Slide 13
Advantages
2. No joint and no bearings
→ smaller maintenance costs
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
SSF Ingenieure AG
“The only good joint is no joint” Henry Derthick,
Tennessee Department of Transportation
Slide 14
Advantages
3. Reduction of buckling length
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Allows slender structure and more
design liberty
Photo:
Pfieffetalbrücke
By Wolfgang Pehlemann
Photo:
Unstrttalbrücke
By Marc Wenner
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Slide 15
STATICAL SYSTEMS
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Slide 16
Isostatic frames
System:
Example:
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
Association Eugène Freyssinet
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Slide 17
System:
Variations:
Two hinged rigid-frame bridges
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Slide 18
Two hinged rigid-frame bridges
Examples:
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Photo:
Bridge Fernando Espinosa by Jorge M. Treviño
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Slide 19
Two hinged rigid-frame bridges
Examples:
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
Structurae
Altonaer Straße Railroad Overpass
Slide 20
Two hinged rigid-frame bridges
Examples:
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
photos.planete-tp-plus.com
Bridge over the Marne in Luzancy, Freyssinet, 1946
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Slide 21
Restrained rigid-frame bridges
System:
Variations:
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Photo:
Passage a faune
By Jacques Mossot, Structurae
Slide 22
Hinges
Hinges are rarely constructed as articulated bearings
Most of the cases, the hinge is reached through the slender
design of the piers
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
TU Dresden
Photo:
Viaduc de Martigues
by Nicolas Janberg, Structurae
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Slide 23
USUAL MATERIALS AND DIMENSIONS
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Slide 24
Cross sections
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Cross section Material
Deck slab
Reinforced concrete
-
Prestressed concrete
T-beam
Box girder
Double webbed
T-beam
Multiple webbed
T-beam
Multiple webbed
T-beam
Composite structure
Source:
Rahmentragwerke im Brückenbau; Braun et al., Beton- und Stahlbetonbau Vol. 101, No. 3
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Slide 25
Materials and usual slenderness
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
ROAD BRIDGES Material Span Slope
“Corner”
Slope
“Field”
Parallel
girder
Reinforced concrete < 20m 12-18 20-25 18-21
Prestressed concrete > 20 m 15-19 24-30 20-25
Composite structure > 30 m 15-19 24-30 21-25
RAILWAY BRIDGES Material Span Slope
“Corner”
Slope
“Field”
Parallel
girder
Reinforced concrete < 20m 10-15 20-25 16-18
Prestressed concrete not usual (necessity of full prestressed section)
Composite structure > 20 m 15-18 25-30 18-21
Source: Rahmentragwerke im Brückenbau; Braun et al., Beton- und Stahlbetonbau Vol. 101, No. 3
Slide 26
SOIL-BRIDGE INTERACTION
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Picture:
Lemnitzer et a.; Lateral Performance of Full-Scale Bridge Abutment Wall with Granular Backfill
Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Vol. 135, No. 4
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Slide 27
Problem statement
Abutment is part of the structure
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Interaction
structure - backfill
Interaction
foundation - soil
Slide 28
Foundation - Deep foundation
2 concepts:
High vertical resistance and low bending stiffness
→ simple corner construction
High vertical resistance and high bending stiffness
→ slender structure
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffen Marx
Source:
Design Guide INTAB
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Slide 29
Foundation - flat footing
By good soil conditions
Design criteria:
1. Hold admissible soil pressure under foundation
2. Hold friction resistance (with additional safety)