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Ldxj}j2 Oca hd}a :
M}axg ijua sqlld }gsu}quuq}drgjia eal ka}oduj eal ldxj}j gi Gudlgd
a sqlld }ghj}kd eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j)
#=5 D~}gla =>4>'
ojiuduug2 sdlaiujocahd}aNugsodlg)gu
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=
M}axg ijua sqlld }gsu}quuq}drgjia eal ka}oduj eal ldxj}j gi Gudlgd
a sqlld }ghj}kd eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j)
Ed egxa}sg diig ã gi oj}sj qi ~}jfauuj eg }gsu}quuq}drgjia faia}dla eal ka}oduj
eal ldxj}j ~}asaiuduj qhhgogdlkaiua ojka ~jlgugod eg sxglq~~j aojijkgoj eal ^dasa)
Tqasuj eaxa ~dssd}a duu}dxa}sj ld o}adrgjia eg iqjxg ka}odug ~a} la gk~}asa oji ld
ojk~augugxguî eag ~}jejuug) Ojk~augugxguî oca sgfighgod xaiegud eag ~}jejuug d ~}arrg
giha}gj}g eg tqallg eg dlu}a gk~}asa)
Ial ogolj ~}jequugxj l‗qigod xd}gdiua sq oqg giogea}a ~a} }geq}}a gl ~}arrj eg qi
~}jejuuj ã gl ojsuj ealld kdijej~a}d) Ld ojk~augugxguî ~dssd, ~a}udiuj, duu}dxa}sj ld
}geqrgjia eal ojsuj ealld kdijej~a}d a, ogjã, ld }geqrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g) Iji
d odsj qid ealla dooqsa oca ed egxa}sj uak~j xgaia }gxjlud dg ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig ã tqalld
oca ojsudij u}j~~j ~a} la gk~}asa)
Gl ~}jfauuj oca sud ~dssdiej gi Gudlgd ~}axaea l‗algkgidrgjia eg uquua tqalla odqsa
a, ogjã, g eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g, oca iji ~a}kauujij hdoglkaiua dlla gk~}asa eg }geq}}a gl
ojsuj eal ldxj}j) L‗jmgauugxj ã l‗dmjlgrgjia ujudla ealla fd}dirga }au}gmqugxa a ealld
sudmglguî eal ~jsuj eg ldxj}j)
Ogý sud dxxaiaiej kaegdiua ld ~}axgsgjia a l‗d~~lgodrgjia eall‗gsuguquj ealld
hlassgmglguî, oca gi ~}dugod sgfighgod ~gaid egso}argjidlguî eal eduj}a eg ldxj}j
iall‗gisudq}drgjia, iall‗asaoqrgjia a iallj sxglq~~j eal }d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j,
sjuuj~jiaiej g ldxj}duj}g d tqdlsgdsg }goduuj) Gi sjsudird, lafdlgrrdrgjia eal ldxj}j
ia}j)
" " "
L‗gisudq}drgjia eal }d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j, hgij d tqdloca diij hd, ejxaxd dxxaig}a
~a} laffa asolqsgxdkaiua u}dkgua l‗Qhhgogj eg Ojlljodkaiuj gi kjej oca gl ~de}jia iji
soaflgassa d sqj ~gdogkaiuj g eg~aieaiug) _oalud oca dx}amma ojk~j}uduj ld
}goduudmglguî sql ~jsuj eg ldxj}j a l‗asolqsgjia gi diugog~j eag ldxj}duj}g ojijsogqug ojka
sgiedodlgrrdug j ~a}ocç sak~lgoakaiua gi ~}aoaeaiug }d~~j}ug dxaxdij ~}j~jsuj
“xa}uaird‛ ojiu}j gl eduj}a, qid odqsd edxdiug dl Fgqegoa eal Ldxj}j)
Gl ~de}jia ejxaxd dssqka}a g ldxj}duj}g dxxgdug edl ojlljodkaiuj gi mdsa de qid
f}deqduj}gd u}ds~d}aiua ~a} sjeegshd}a ld sqd asgfaird eg kdijej~a}d
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?
gieg~aieaiuakaiua edlld ~a}sjidlguî eal ldxj}duj}a #sassj, }drrd, }algfgjia,
d~~d}uaiaird ~jlgugod sgiedodla, aoo)')
Oji gl ~doocauuj U}aq eal 4776 ~}gkd a oji ld laffa Mgdfg eal =>>? ~jg, gl
ojlljodkaiuj ã suduj dmjlguj ae gl ~de}jia ~qý dssqka}a d sqd egso}argjia)" " "
Ld }au}gmqrgjia kgigkd ojiu}duuqdla, hgij}d giegxgeqdud gi tqalld ~}axgsud edg
sgifjlg ojiu}duug ojllauugxg idrgjidlg, sd}î dmjlgud #}ghj}kd eall‗d}u) ?8 ealld
Ojsuguqrgjia') _d}diij dlu}asì dmjlgug uquug flg gsuguqug ojlldua}dlg dlld }au}gmqrgjia) Tqgieg
dmjlgrgjia ealld f}dughgod a ealla kaisglguî dffgqiugxa #4?kd a 45kd', eal U)H)])
#lgtqgedrgjia', ealla ha}ga a eag ~a}kassg }au}gmqgug, l‗dsuaisgjia eq}diua ld f}dxgedird a
ld kdua}iguî, l‗dssgoq}drgjia ~}axgeaird a ojiu}j la kdlduuga a flg gihj}uqig, a uquua la
dlu}a gieaiiguî a fd}dirga)
Ld }au}gmqrgjia sd}î sudmglgud qigodkaiua edl eduj}a eg ldxj}j a sd}î
jiigojk~}aisgxd) Oji tqdiuj ~a}oa~guj gl ldxj}duj}a ejx}î sug~qld}a, sa xj}}î,
ojiu}duug ~a}sjidlg dssgoq}dugxg ~a} ld ~aisgjia, ld kdlduugd, flg gihj}uqig) _a xj}}î
kauua}î sjleg ed ~d}ua ~a} ~dfd}sg ld sjs~aisgjia ha}gdla, g fgj}ig iji ldxj}dug, g ~a}gjeg
eg kdlduugd, aoo) Dlu}gkaiug iji ~a}oa~g}î iqlld gi tqdiuj l‗qigoj ahhauuj soduq}aiua edl
}d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j, ogjã, l‗qigoj eg}guuj oca cd, ã ld }au}gmqrgjia kaisgla eaogsd edl
eduj}a)
Edl ~qiuj eg xgsud fgq}gegoj, iassqi ldxj}duj}a ~ju}î ~g÷ ~}j~j}}a qid odqsd eg
ldxj}j ~a} eghha}aira }au}gmqugxa, gi ~}dugod iassqij ~ju}î hd}a xa}uaird dl ~de}jia)
Ld ~dfd kaisgla oj}}gs~jsud dl ldxj}duj}a ojsuguqg}î ~a} gl eduj}a l‗qigoj ojsuj
ealld kdijej~a}d #dmjlgrgjia ealld eghha}aird u}d ojsuj lj}ej a ojsuj iauuj') Ogý
hdoglgua}î iji sjlj g ~}jf}dkkg eall‗drgaied sql ojsuj eal ~}jejuuj, kd dioca ld
ojkka}ogdmglguî eall‗drgaied suassd)
Ial h}duuak~j eg qid as~lgogud dm}jfdrgjia eall‗d}u) ?8 Ojsu) a ealld
ojiu}duudrgjia ojllauugxd, sjij sudua fgî dxxgdua ealla }ghj}ka ~d}rgdlg gi udl saisj)
D ~d}ug}a edflg diig ijxdiud, sjij sudua xd}dua ealla ij}ka oca cdiij ~a}kassj
ld }geqrgjia ealld }au}gmqrgjia kgigkd a l‗dmjlgrgjia ealla fd}dirga }au}gmqugxa a eg
sudmglguî)
Oji dooj}eg sgiedodlg sqlld “hlassgmglguî sdld}gdla‛ xgaia, eg hduuj, o}adud qidij}kdugxd saojiej ld tqdla g ldxj}duj}g ~jssjij assa}a }au}gmqgug dl eg sjuuj eag kgigkg
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sdld}gdlg) Ogý ã dxxaiquj ae dxxgaia oji ld sug~qldud ealla ojsgeeauua “oldqsjla
dffgqiugxa‛ #gl sauuj}a uassgla ã suduj u}d g ~}gkg de assa}ia gixasuguj') _uassj }gsqluduj
xgaia juuaiquj oji flg dooj}eg sgiedodlg ~}jxgiogdlg, ijiocç oji flg “dooj}eg f}degij‛ a
“sdld}g eg gif}assj‛ oca ~}axaejij ld }geqrgjia eg qi ua}rj eag kgigkg sdld}gdlg)_g ~aisg, dioj}d, dg ojiu}duug e‗d}ad, dg ~duug ua}}guj}gdlg, dg ldxj}duj}g sjogdlkaiua
quglg #laffa “Ma}ugijuug‛', dg ldxj}duj}g ojj}egidug ae, jffg, d ~}jfauuj #laffa Mgdfg')
" " "
Xa}}diij dmjlgug flg gsuguqug ojiu}duuqdlg sql ldxj}j d uak~j gieaua}kgiduj, sql
uak~j ~gaij, sqg u}dsha}gkaiug a sqg lgoairgdkaiug)
" " "
Iji asgsua}î ~g÷ sudmglguî a ojsudird eal ~jsuj eg ldxj}j gi tqdiuj ed qi lduj gl
eduj}a eg ldxj}j ~ju}î sug~qld}a saird iassqi jsudojlj ojiu}duug d uak~j eaua}kgiduj
#dioca eg qi diij, eg qi kasa j eg qid sauugkdid dlld xjlud', edll‗dlu}j xa}}diij
}gojijsogqua kdffgj}g }dfgjig eg sj~~}assgjia eal ~jsuj eg ldxj}j dioca ~}gkd ealld
sodeaird suassd eal ojiu}duuj d uak~j) Gi sjsudird sd}î }g~}gsugiduj ~a} uquug gl
lgoairgdkaiuj de iquqk) G ojiugiqg duudoocg dll‗d}u) 43 eallj _uduquj eag Ldxj}duj}g sjij
qid egkjsu}drgjia)
Gi udl saisj ã suduj akdiduj gl E) lfs) i) ?83*>4 ~}gkd a ld L) 4??*>3 ~jg, oca
lgma}dlgrrd gl ojiu}duuj d ua}kgia dioca ~a} l‗duugxguî j}egid}gd eall‗gk~}asd ae dmjlgsoa
gl egxgauj sdioguj edlld laffa i) =?>*8=)
Gl ojiu}duuj d ua}kgia, gihduug, a}d xgauduj gi tqdiuj ~dlasakaiua }goduuduj}gj iag
ojih}jiug eal ldxj}duj}a)
L‗gsuguquj ealld hlassgmglguî ‟ oca ã ld odqsd ealld ~}aod}gauî ‟ ã suduj giu}jejuuj
gi Gudlgd fgî ial 477> oji ld laffa i) 5=3, ld tqdla ojisaiua dlla gk~}asa eg j~a}d}a g
lgoairgdkaiug lgma}dkaiua a saird u}j~~g ~}jmlakg) L‗d}u) 56 eg udla laffa }gs~jiea de
qid ljfgod eg hlassgmglgrrdrgjia eal }d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j ea}jfduj}gd }gs~auuj dlld egsog~lgid
ojiuaiqud iall‗d}u) =44= o)o) ^}assj ld Oj}ua Aq}j~ad eg Lqssakmq}fj asgsujij fgî
qlua}gj}g ~}j~jsua xjlua d sq~~j}ud}a l‗dirgeauud ij}kdugxd ae dhhgiocç la drgaiea
dmmgdij ld ojio}aud ~jssgmglguî eg lgoairgd}a saird dloqi ~}jmlakd)
" " "
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^d}gkaiug ã suduj dmjlguj gl egxgauj eg }geqrgjia eall‗j}d}gj eg ldxj}j) Jffg gl
~d}u ugka ã suduj lgma}dlgrrduj oji ld laffa Mgdfg, sjuuj~jiaiej d }goduuj g ldxj}duj}g
oca cdiij iaoassguî eg ojisafqg}a gl sdld}gj kgigkj)
Gl lgxallj eg sh}quudkaiuj ealld kdijej~a}d, giegoduj ojka ~}jequugxguî, ã sudujdqkaiuduj f}drga gl E)lfs) i) 88*>? oji gl tqdla ã suduj dmjlguj gl lgkgua kdssgkj
eall‗j}d}gj eg ldxj}j fgj}idlga}j)
Gi safqguj dlla fgj}idua eal ^}gkj Kdffgj a eall‗3 Kd}rj, ld ojkqiguî
giua}idrgjidla eal saojlj soj}sj dxaxd ejxquj doojflga}a l‗gsudird eg hgssdrgjia eal
lgkgua kdssgkj eal ldxj}j fgj}idlga}j gi juuj j}a) Udla giegodrgjia ã sudud }aoa~gud
edll‗j}egidkaiuj gudlgdij eal fjxa}ij hdsogsud oji gl ]afgj Eao}auj L) i) 87=*=?) Oji
sqooassgxg giua}xaiug xaigxd lgkguduj l‗j}d}gj kdssgkj eal ldxj}j sauugkdidla gi 5> j}a
oji egxgauj aooargjidlkaiua ea}jfdmgla eal ldxj}j su}dj}egid}gj)
Ld kjugxdrgjia ~}giog~dla eal lgkgua eall‗j}d}gj de juuj j}a dl fgj}ij
ojisgsuaxd ial }gkaegj dg iqka}jsg giogeaiug dioca kj}udlg sql ldxj}j s~assj odqsdug
edlld sudiocarrd, edlld hdugojsguî ~}ju}duud a edlld kdiodird eg lqogeguî)
J}d, edl =>>?, gl lgkgua sudmglguj ed qid laffa hdsogsud ã suduj dmjlguj ae gl
ldxj}duj}a ~qý assa}a ojsu}auuj d sxjlfa}a qi j}d}gj eg ldxj}j j}egid}gj eg ejegog j}a dl
fgj}ij sa hqll ugka a eg saegog j}a dl fgj}ij sa ~d}u ugka) Oji l‗dooj}ej eal =? lqflgj
=>>6 ã ~}axgsuj eg ~jua} }gocgaea}a la saegog j}a dl fgj}ij dioca ~a} g ldxj}duj}g hqll
ugka)
" " "
L‗dqkaiuj eaflg giogeaiug dioca kj}udlg sql ldxj}j a ealla kdlduuga
~}jhassgjidlg sjij o}jidod eg uquug g fgj}ig dlla tqdlg cd sgoq}dkaiua ojiu}gmqguj dioca
l‗dmjlgrgjia eal egxgauj eal sqmd~~dluj eg kdijej~a}d)
Flg giogeaiug a la kdlduuga sql ldxj}j, gihduug, sjij odqsdug s~assj edlld ~}aod}gauî ealla
ojiegrgjig eg ldxj}j d oqg sjij kdffgj}kaiua as~jsug g ldxj}duj}g “dhhguudug‛ j
eg~aieaiug ed eguua sqmd~~dludu}gog)
^a} algkgid}a udla odqsd, ã sudud akdidud ld laffa 4?87*8> oca xgaudxd tqasua hj}ka
eg quglgrrj eag ldxj}duj}g)
J}d, ~}gkd oji gl ~doocauuj U}aq eal 4776 oji gl ldxj}j giua}gidla, ~jg oji ld laffa Mgdfg
eal =>>? oji gl ldxj}j d sjkkgigsu}drgjia, udla laffa ã sudud dmjlgud ae ã sudujlgma}dlgrrduj l‗dhhguuj eag ldxj}duj}g)
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Gi tqasuj tqde}j eg ~}aod}gauî ealla ojiegrgjig eg ldxj}j sg gisa}gsojij dioca la ij}ka
sqlld oassgjia a dhhguuj eg drgaied j }dkj eg assd)
Gi ~}dugod, la kgsq}a sqlld uquald eal ldxj}duj}a edflg gihj}uqig a edlla kdlduuga
sjij ojisgea}dua iall‗aojijkgd a iag mgldiog drgaiedlg ojka “od~gudla kj}uj‛, iji~}jequugxj, ae g lj}j ojsug giogejij iafdugxdkaiua sql ~}arrj eal ~}jejuuj j sa}xgrgj
xaiequj, }aieaiejlj kaij ojk~augugxj j }geqoaiej gl ~}jhguuj drgaiedla)
L‗dmjlgrgjia ealla ij}ka ~jsua d uquald ealld sdlqua a ealld xgud eag ldxj}duj}g ‟
ahhauuqdud, u}d l‗dlu}j, oji gl E) lfs) 88*>? a ld laffa Mgdfg ‟ sjij ojisgea}dua gigrgdugxa
~a} lj sxglq~~j aojijkgoj a ~a} ld ojk~augugxguî)
" " "
L‗giu}jeqrgjia eall‗gsuguquj ealld “kjmglguî‛ jmmlgfd g ldxj}duj}g de assa}a
u}dsha}gug, s~jsudug ed qid saea dll‗dlu}d ojka qi duu}arrj j qi kdoocgid}gj, hdoglgudiej,
ojsì, l‗j}fdigrrdrgjia drgaiedla)
" " "
Ojk~laudij gl tqde}j ld ~}gxdugrrdrgjia ealld ~}axgeaird a eall‗dssgsuaird
ojiu}j flg gihj}uqig)
Ld “hdojluî‛ ae gl sglairgj dssaisj eg ojiha}g}a gl UH] dg hjieg ~aisgjia xd}dud ial
=>>6 ã qi ~}gkj ~dssj xa}sj l‗dmjlgrgjia ealld lgtqgedrgjia a ealla ~aisgjig ojsì ojka
fgî dxxgdud oji l‗dooj}ej eal =? lqflgj =>>6)
Gl kjugxj ealld ~}axgsgjia lafgsldugxd eg easugidrgjia eal UH] dg Hjieg eg ~}axgeaird
giuaf}dugxd ã suduj s~gafduj oji ld }geqrgjia eall‗dssafij ~aisgjigsugoj ~j}uduj edl 6>
dl 5> ~a} oaiuj eall‗qlugkd }au}gmqrgjia) ]geqrgjia kjugxdud oji l‗giidlrdkaiuj ealld
eq}dud eg xgud ealla ~a}sjia a oji gl o}asoaiua dqkaiuj eal iqka}j eg ~aisgjidug
}gs~auuj dg ldxj}duj}g gi sa}xgrgj)
Oji ld easugidrgjia ealla }au}gmqrgjig ojlldua}dlg ‟ 4?kd, 45kd, ha}ga ‟ ld ~aisgjia sd}î
qlua}gj}kaiua }gejuud edl 5> dl 41 ~a} oaiuj eall‗qlugkd }au}gmqrgjia) A‗ suduj ~}axgsuj
gi hquq}j, gijlu}a, l‗jmmlgfduj}gauî ealld easugidrgjia, }aieaiejld hj}rdud, iji sjlj ~a}
g ldxj}duj}g eal sauuj}a ~}gxduj kd dioca eag ~qmmlgog eg~aieaiug)
Ld ~dq}d eall‗aooassgxj eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj ã qid hdlsguî gi tqdiuj la odssa
eall‗GI^_ iji sjij gi eamguj) Ld hdlsguî xgaia quglgrrdud edllj _uduj ~a} idsojiea}a
qi‗dlu}d u}qhhd)
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A‗ giuairgjia eallj _uduj dmjlg}a la ~aisgjig a }afdld}a la sjkka eg eaid}j eag
ojiu}gmqug fgî xa}sdug #oca ial 4773 dkkjiudxdij d _ag Kglgjig eg Kglgd}eg eg lg}a' dg
f}dieg od~gudlgsug #gieqsu}gdlg a hgidirga}g')
Fgî iaflg diig ijxdiud, jfig fjxa}ij dxdirdxd ld ojixgirgjia ealld }ghj}kd eallj sudujsjogdla ojisgsuaiua qigodkaiua ial ojsgeeauuj “ojisjlgedkaiuj eal eamguj
~aisgjigsugoj‛)
Kd ojsd sgfighgod ojisjlgedkaiuj : A ojs‗ã gl eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj :
Ld ~d}jld ojisjlgedkaiuj sgfighgod2 }ghgquj eg ~dfd}a qi eamguj)
Gl eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj sjij la sjkka oca lj _uduj cd giodka}duj edg ldxj}duj}g sjuuj
hj}kd eg ojiu}gmqug ~}axgeairgdlg ~a} ~jg, ialld xaoocgdgd, ~dfd}flg ld ~aisgjia)
^a}udiuj, ojisjlgedkaiuj eal eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj sgfighgod oca lj _uduj, ej~j dxa}
giodssduj g ojiu}gmqug ~}axgeairgdlg eau}duug edlld }au}gmqrgjia eag ldxj}duj}g, sg }ghgqud eg
}asuguqg}lg, sg }ghgqud eg ~dfd}flg ld ~aisgjia)
A iji ~dfdiej la ~aisgjig, lj _uduj }afdld g sjleg eag ojiu}gmqug oca cd fgî ialla ~}j~}ga
odssa dg f}jssg od~gudlgsug)
Tqasuj ã gl ~}jfauuj eallj _uduj) Tqdiej g fjxa}ig dhha}kdij oca la ~aisgjig
duuqdlg ejx}diij assa}a }gejuua a oca g fgjxdig gi hquq}j iji dx}diij kdg ld ~aisgjia,
iji hdiij dlu}j oca duuqd}a gl ~}jfauuj eg }d~gid d ediij eag ldxj}duj}g g tqdlg sg
u}jxa}diij saird UH] a saird ~aisgjig)
L‗Gidgl }gsd}ogsoa sjlj gl ediij ed giod~doguî ldxj}dugxd a oa}od sak~}a eg iji
}gojijsoa}a la kdlduuga ~}jhassgjidlg) Oji laffa eal =>>> sjij sudug ~affgj}dug g
}gsd}ogkaiug2 la gixdlgeguî hgij dl 1! iji sjij }gsd}ogmglg a ld }aiegud ã ojioassd sjlj edl
48! gi ~jg) ]goaxa qi }gsd}ogkaiuj ediig ~g÷ ld xguugkd ealld su}ded a iji gl ldxj}duj}a
oca sqmgsoa qi giogeaiua sql ldxj}j)
" " "
Ocgd}dkaiua g ldxj}duj}g oca dooauua}diij l‗gk~jsgrgjia eg tqasud
}gsu}quuq}drgjia a sdld}g dioj}d ~g÷ mdssg, dx}diij kdffgj}g fd}dirga ldxj}dugxa a
kdffgj}g ~jssgmglguî ~a} axgud}a eg assa}a lgoairgdug j eg }gkdia}a egsjooq~dug)
Gi udl saisj sjij sudua giu}jejuua dloqia kgsq}a)
Ial sauuakm}a =>>3, fjxa}ij, sgiedodug a ~de}jig cdiij sgflduj l‗dooj}ej
DLGUDLGD gl tqdla iji cd giua}assduj sjlj g ldxj}duj}g ealld ojk~dfigd da}ad, ojkaa}}jiadkaiua cdiij xjlquj hd} o}aea}a)
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L‗dooj}ej Dlgudlgd cd sgfighgoduj l‗gigrgj ealld }ghj}kd eag sdld}g eg uquug g ldxj}duj}g)
Jfig drgaied oca egocgd}d lj suduj eg o}gsg ~qý axgud}a l‗jmmlgfj eg }gs~auud}a la fd}dirga
a la uquala ~jsua d eghasd eag ldxj}duj}g)
Mdsud qi ojkkgssd}gdkaiuj, qid ~}joaeq}d eg odssd giuaf}drgjia j eg kjmglguî al‗drgaied ~qý odkmgd}a sjlj gl ijka)
Oji gl iqjxj ijka, l‗drgaied ~qý lgoairgd}a uquug g ldxj}duj}g a ~}joaea}a d iqjxa
dssqirgjig, ocgd}dkaiua d ojiegrgjig ~affgj}g) A, ogjã, oji sdld}g ~g÷ mdssg a oji
ojiu}duug ~}aod}g, tqdlg g ojiu}duug d ua}kgia, ~d}u ugka, d ~}jfauuj, d sjkkgigsu}drgjia,
aoo) aoo)
Fjxa}ij, sgiedodug a ~de}jig cdiij duuqduj qi qlua}gj}a ~dssdffgj xa}sj gl
~affgj}dkaiuj oji l‗dooj}ej eal == faiidgj =>>7 oji gl tqdla cdiij }ghj}kduj ld
ojiu}duudrgjia ojllauugxd)
L‗dooj}ej eal == faiidgj =>>7 ~}axaea oca jfig sgifjld drgaied ~qý sudmglg}a gl
~dfdkaiuj eg sdld}g gi kgsq}d giha}gj}a eg tqalld ~}axgsud d lgxallj idrgjidla)
Ld soqsd dej~a}dud ~a} tqasud ea}jfd gi ~affgj ã tqalld eal kgij} ojsuj ealld xgud gi
dloqia d}aa fajf}dhgoca
_g ã ~d}lduj oca flg dooj}eg Dlgudlgd a tqallj eal == faiidgj =>>7 cdiij
}agiu}jejuuj la gihdkg “Fdmmga _dld}gdlg‛ oca ld ljuud eag ldxj}duj}g iaflg diig ‗8> la cd
fgqsudkaiua dmjlgua)
Gi }adluî, tqasug dooj}eg sjij dioj}d ~affgj ealla fdmmga sdld}gdlg) _jij qi karrj
~a} gk~j}}a ld }geqrgjia eag sdld}g a hd} soduaid}a qid ojioj}}aird dl }gmdssj u}d g
ldxj}duj}g ealla sgifjla drgaiea2 tqallg oca dooauua}diij qid ~dfd giha}gj}a dx}diij ld
~}jkassd eg iji assa}a lgoairgdug j ~g÷ j~~j}uqiguî ~a} assa}a dssqiug)
Ojsì, sa g ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig dooauua}diij sdld}g ~g÷ mdssg eag ldxj}duj}g h}dioasg, la
gk~}asa u}disdl~gia gixasug}diij gi Gudlgd d~}aiej iqjxa hdmm}goca) _a g ldxj}duj}g
ka}gegjidlg dooauua}diij qi sdld}gj giha}gj}a d tqallj eal ij}e, la gk~}asa sg
s~jsua}diij ial sqe) _a g ldxj}duj}g eg qid rjid eal sqe dooauua}diij qid }geqrgjia eg
sdld}gj }gs~auuj d tqallj eg qi‗dlu}d rjid eal sqe, la gk~}asa sg s~jsua}diij gi tqalld
rjid) _a g ldxj}duj}g eg qi‗drgaied dooauua}diij qi sdld}gj giha}gj}a eg tqallj ~a}oa~guj
edg ldxj}duj}g eg qi‗dlu}d drgaied ojioj}}aiua, dx}diij kdffgj}a ~jssgmglguî eg iji
assa}a lgoairgdug) Ogý sud fgî dxxaiaiej iji sjlj oji la }ghj}ka haea}dlgsua kd,sj~}duuquuj, oji g ~duug ua}}guj}gdlg ae g ~duug eg d}aa eg sxglq~~j #mai dooauudug ed
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MD__JLGIJ a OGUJ dhha}kdiej gl sq~a}dkaiuj eal haea}dlgskj a l‗gk~jsgrgjia eal
kqigog~dlgskj')
Ial ka}gegjia, ejxa g egsjooq~dug sjij gl 48! ealld hj}rd ldxj}j, ld }au}gmqrgjia ã
fgî kaij ealld kauî eg tqalld eal sauuaiu}gjia ejxa g egsjooq~dug sjij gl 5!)A‗ ocgd}j oca g sauuj}g ~g÷ giua}assdug d tqasuj egsoj}sj sjij tqallg ialld oqg
~}jeqrgjia giogea hj}uakaiua gl ojsuj ealld kdijej~a}d) Ogý iji sd}î ~a} la drgaiea
ocgkgoca gi oqg gl ojsuj eal ldxj}j giogea sjlj ~a} gl 41+=>! sqg ojsug ujudlg) Gihduug, la
drgaiea ocgkgoca eghhgoglkaiua sjij u}dsha}gua ialla rjia d mdssj ojsuj eg kdijej~a}d
a ial ka}gegjia d eghha}aird eg tqdiuj fgî dxxgaia ~a} gl sauuj}a uassgla, odlrduq}ga}j,
ealla ojihargjig a kdighduuq}ga}j gi faia}a la tqdlg cdiij ed uak~j ~}jxxaequj d
ealjodlgrrd}a la lj}j gk~}asa)
Ld uaieaird sd}î sak~}a ~g÷ dl }gmdssj xgsud ld ojiugiqd kgidoogd eg ealjodlgrrd}a
ld ~}jeqrgjia dll‗asua}j)
Dooj}eg ~de}jidlg eaflg qlugkg kasg cdiij ~}axgsuj oca g sdld}g kaisglg eag
ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig sd}diij eg €) 4)4>> dl ij}e, 61> dl oaiu}j a ?>> dl sqe)
" " "
Ojk~laudij gl tqde}j l‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug sgiedodlg)
Gl eg}guuj eg sogj~a}j ã ojiugiqdkaiua ojk~}jkassj a lgkguduj) Gl }aduj eg
sogj~a}j ~}axgsuj edlld lafgsldrgjia hdsogsud iji ã suduj kdg dmjlguj)
Ld hj}kdrgjia a l‗duugxguî sgiedodla eg mdsa, ojkqitqa egxa}sd edg sgiedodlg
ojihaea}dlg, OFGL, OG_L, a QGL, ojsgeeauug u}g~lgoa, ã gk~aegud a egso}gkgidud) O‗ã qi
}guj}ij dlla oj}~j}drgjig hdsogsua oji oqg g sgiedodug ealld u}g~lgoa, qigog }gojijsogqug,
asafqjij la giegodrgjig eal fjxa}ij ae as~laudij eg hduuj qi‗duugxguî eg sa}xgrg gi hdxj}a
ealla gk~}asa)
Ld }ghj}kd eal eg}guuj eag ldxj}duj}g sud ~dssdiej dioca duu}dxa}sj ld “iji
ahhauugxguî eal eg}guuj‛ a, ogjã, ld eghhgojluî sa iji l‗gk~jssgmglguî eg asa}ogud}a gl eg}guuj
iafduj dl ldxj}duj}a)
Ed qi lduj sg dssgsua de j}gaiudkaiug fgq}gs~}qeairgdlg sak~}a ~g÷ }asu}guugxg sql
}gojijsogkaiuj eag eg}guug a ealla }dfgjig eag ldxj}duj}g) Edll‗dlu}j, sg uaiea de asaiud}a
g fgqegog edg lj}j ojk~gug eg ojiu}jllj a }alafdug d hqirgjig eg oa}ughgodrgjia eall‗j~a}duj
egso}argjidla eag eduj}g eg ldxj}j)
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A‗ gi oj}sj ld u}dshj}kdrgjia eal ijka suassj ealld kdfgsu}duq}d eal ldxj}j)
^}jssgkdkaiua g fgqegog sd}diij ocgdkdug d hd}a iji ~g÷ g fgqegog eal ldxj}j, maisì g
“kdfgsu}dug aojijkgog‛) _d}diij, ogjã, kdfgsu}dug sjuuj~jsug iji dlla }afjla eal eg}guuj
a dioj} kaij d tqalla d sjsuafij eag ldxj}duj}g, kd dlla asgfaira eall‗aojijkgd a ealka}oduj)
" " "
Gl Fjxa}ij ae gl ~de}jiduj gk~jifjij tqasud ~jlgugod ~}j~dfdiediej l‗dqkaiuj
eall‗jooq~drgjia a ld kdffgj}a ojk~augugxguî eag ~}jejuug gudlgdig a kgidoogdiej eg
ealjodlgrrd}a la drgaiea gi dlu}a ~d}ug eal kjiej #Aq}j~d eall‗Asu, Dh}god ae j}gaiua
dsgdugoj' ejxa g ldxj}duj}g ‟ u}d oqg g mdkmgig + xaifjij ~dfdug dioca oji qi sjlj aq}j
dl fgj}ij a ocg ~}juasud xgaia dioca dssdssgiduj)
Gi ojiolqsgjia2 og sd}î ~jsuj eg ldxj}j ~a} uquug0 ~a} eqa sjleg kd ~a} uquug)
_qll‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g, ealla ~aisgjig a ealld fgqsugrgd eal ldxj}j,
gl od~gudla gudlgdij sud fgjodiej ld ~}j~}gd sojkkassd dioca }gs~auuj dg }d~~j}ug oji flg
dlu}g sudug kakm}g ealld Ojkqiguî Aq}j~ad)
Iji dxaiej ~g÷ sauuj}g eg ~}jeqrgjia su}duafgog, gl od~gudlgskj gudlgdij oa}od
duugxguî eg ~}jhguuj oji l‗jhha}ud eg kdijej~a}d d mdssj ojsuj, dioca eg tqalld
tqdlghgodud a s~aogdlgrrdud)
Gi sjsudird, ~}j~jia dg f}dieg ~dasg od~gudlgsug #tqdlg Q)_)D), Odided, Gifcglua}}d,
H}diogd, Fa}kdigd, aoo)' eg iji ealjodlgrrd}a ~g÷ iag ~dasg eal ua}rj kjiej kd gi Gudlgd
fd}diuaiej la suassa ojiegrgjig a, ogjã, ld kdijej~a}d d mdssj ojsuj)
_g uaiud eg o}ad}a gi Gudlgd qid sguqdrgjia didljfd d tqalld eal sqe asu dsgdugoj,
eall‗dh}god, eall‗asu aq}j~aj, eall‗dka}god ldugid
^a} duuqd}a ogý jooj}}a oca g ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig iji maiahgogij ~g÷ eag ~}aoaeaiug
eg}guug kd sg doojiuaiugij eg sdld}g mdssg, sa iji mdssgssgkg, a oca iji dmmgdij ld
~jssgmglguî eg }goj}}a}a gi u}gmqidla) Gi ~}dugod, ld ~jssgmglguî eg ~dfd}a sdld}g mdssg, ~a} gl
od~gudlgsud su}diga}j eaxa assa}a qid oa}uarrd)
Iji d odsj, oji ld ~}js~auugxd eall‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g, ealla
~aisgjig a ealld fgqsugrgd eal ldxj}j, sg ~d}ld fgî eg }gljodlgrrdrgjia ealla gk~}asa
edll‗asua}j)
Fgî iaflg diig ijxdiud, la }ghj}ka gi ~affgj eal eg}guuj eag ldxj}duj}g xaigxdkjugxduj oji lj soj~j eg duu}d}}a g od~gudlg su}diga}g)
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_ak~}a oji gl kaeasgkj soj~j sjij kjugxdua la }ghj}ka eag ijsu}g fgj}ig) _jij
as~lgogua gi udl saisj la }aldrgjig eal saiduj}a eg oaiu}j sgigsu}d Gocgij, dquj}a eg qid
faia}dla }ghj}kd eag eg}guug, mai ~affgj}a eg tqalld ~}js~auudud edll‗qlugkd gigrgdugxd
fjxa}idugxd eal kd}rj =>4>, ojijsogqud ojka ij}ka sqll‗d}mgu}duj)Egau}j ld ljuud dlld egsjooq~drgjia a la gigrgdugxa ~a} lj sxglq~~j aojijkgoj sg oald
l‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g)
La gigrgdugxa giu}d~}asa edl 477> de jffg #laffa U}aq, Mgdfg, ojiu}duuj d ua}kgia,
d}mgu}duj, aoo)', sjij sjlj kgsq}a uak~j}diaa a u}disguj}ga, iaoassd}ga dlld f}deqdla
duuqdrgjia eg sqeeauud dmjlgrgjia)
A‗ gk~j}udiua egsoqua}a eg udlg sgifjla gigrgdugxa, kd ã iaoassd}gj dhh}jiud}a ae
j~~j}sg dl ~}jfauuj fljmdla eal od~gudlgskj oca ~}axaea l‗dmjlgrgjia ujudla eag eg}guug
eag ldxj}duj}g)
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GL ^A]OJ]_J EALLA ]GHJ]KA
Lj sugllgogegj eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g ã suduj laiuj a f}deqdla) Gi egxa}sa joodsgjig,
ld Ojihgieqsu}gd cd sjsuaiquj2 ld }ghj}kd eal eg}guug eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j sg hd kd iji sg
egoa)
Aooj ~a}ocç l‗duugxguî eg }ghj}kd a eg dmjlgrgjia xgaia sxjlud gi sglairgj ae d
~aiau}drgjia oji l‗d~~j}uj eag ~d}ugug a eag sgiedodug ojihaea}dlg oca sg ~}asudij, oji
s~g}guj eg ojioj}}aird, d sq~~j}ud}a a }adlgrrd}a flg jmgauugxg ~de}jidlg)
La }ghj}ka ~d}ujij fgî edl 477> a ~jssgdkj giegxgeqd}ia gl ~a}oj}sj edlla
egocgd}drgjig eag “}ghj}kduj}g‛ }asa iaflg diig ijxdiud, kd eg sojioa}udiua duuqdlguî)
• _qlld hlassgmglguî)
_aojiej l‗aojijkgsud _gljs LDMGIG jooj}}a ~qiud}a d kgsq}a oca dqkaiugij ld
hlassgmglguî #ojka gl }goj}sj dl uak~j ~d}rgdla' a }aiea}a “kaij eghhgogla gl }goj}sj dl
lgoairgdkaiuj ~a} axgud}a oca gl fd}diugskj sg u}deqod gi ~}juargjia de jlu}dird ~a} g
~d}dssgug‛)
+ ed Ld Idrgjia, =6 hamm}dgj 4778, ~df) 44)
Gi }adluî dl ojixafij eg ga}g d Id~jlg, flg gk~}aieguj}g cdiij }gldiogduj
sj~}duuquuj ld hlassgmglguî sdld}gdla a qid kjmglguî jooq~drgjidla) OG^JLLAUUD sjfid oca
g ldxj}duj}g sg s~jsugij ~a} died}a ejxa gl ldxj}j o‗ã a oca la gk~}asa sg eg}gfdij ejxa og
sjij joodsgjig)
+ ed Ld _udk~d, 43 d~}gla 4778, ~df) =?)
^a} gl ^}asgeaiua ealld OJIHGIEQ_U]GD ã giegs~aisdmgla eahgig}a }afjla ~}aogsa
oca ojisaiudij ea}jfca dg ojiu}duug eg ldxj}j gi kjej ojioj}eduj) Ojsì, d sqj
fgqegrgj, egxaiud ~jssgmgla duug}d}a flg gixasugkaiug ialla }afgjig ka}gegjidlg a o}ad}a
jooq~drgjia)
+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, =4 d~}gla 4778, ~df) 1)
La }ghj}ka eal ka}oduj eal ldxj}j ~a} U]AQ iji xdiij ahhauuqdua oji qid iqjxd
jiedud eg laffg, kd oji ld ojioa}udrgjia u}d la ~d}ug, saojiej gl kaujej jffg gi qsj sq
~g÷ uakg, kaujej oca cd eduj hgij}d mqjig h}quug)
+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, fgqfij 4778)
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Ld HGDU OG_L cd sgflduj l‗dooj}ej ua}}guj}gdla eg M}giegsg ial kd}rj –78 gi mdsa dl
tqdla la iqjxa drgaiea ~jssjij ~dfd}a sdld}g giha}gj}g dg kgigkg ojiu}duuqdlg)
Ld MD]GLLD cd sgflduj giuasa oji g sgiedodug gi mdsa dlla tqdlg gl ~a}sjidla xgaia
}au}gmqguj oji qi f}degij sdld}gdla giha}gj}a d Kalhg a Hjffgd)Gl O)O)I)L) Lafij ~}axaea ~a} g iqjxg dssqiug sug~aieg giha}gj}g eal =>!) Gl O)O)I)L)
Ld~geag a Kdiqhduug cd dllqifduj gl ~a}gjej eg dxxgdkaiuj ed eqa d ogitqa diig)
+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =7 dfjsuj 4778, ~df) 4?)
Ld OJIHGIEQ_U]GD ~}aka ~a} juuaia}a ea}jfca uak~j}diaa dg kgigkg
sdld}gdlg ~a} duug}d}a la gk~}asa d _qe) Ial karrj ld }adluî iafjrgdla oca cd ~j}uduj g
uassglg d eahgig}a, saird e}dkkg, ea}jfca sdld}gdlg ~a} fd}diug}a l‗jooq~drgjia eag ~dasg
eall‗Asu a eall‗Asu}akj J}gaiua) ^a} axgud}a ojllgsgjig eg}auua j ~}jmlakg eg fasugjia
ealld ojioa}udrgjia, gl Fjxa}ij ~qiud d o}ad}a dloqia rjia h}dioca, xa}a a ~}j~}ga
d}aa jhh+scj}a)
+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =3 dfjsuj 4778, ~df) 4)
Hlassgmglguî sg hd kd iji sg egoa) Gi 4)4=6 dooj}eg sgiedodlg edl –7> dl –71 ld ~d}jld
ojk~d}a sjlj sq 4?6 ejoqkaiug kaiu}a asgsua iag hduug kjluj eg ~g÷ eg tqdiuj
ojk~d}gxd iag uasug oca xaigxdij ~jg kjeghgodug) Hlassgmglguî sj~}duuquuj iaflg j}d}g) Ogý
ojsuguqgsoa qid lgiad fqged oca ~jg soduua}î dioca gi uakd eg sdld}gj)
Flg dooj}eg f}degij ~}axaejij sdld}g giha}gj}g dg kgigkg ~}axgsug edg ojiu}duug)
Qi dooj}ej f}degij ã suduj sug~qlduj iall‗asudua –78 ~a} g uassglg a ojsuguqgsoa qid
oldqsjld dffgqiugxd gisa}gud dl O)O)I)L) eal –71) “Flg dooj}eg f}degij sdlxdij ~jsug eg
ldxj}j a hdiij dqkaiud}a dl sgiedoduj ld ~}asaird iag ~jsug eg ldxj}j‛ #Diujigj
Kafdla ealld O)F)G)L) Uassglg') _giedodug ae gk~}asa uassglg sjij ojioj}eg ial }guaia}a
oca ld oldqsjld eag uassglg egkjsu}d ojka l‗d~~}joogj dlla ea}jfca sdld}gdlg }gsqlug ~g÷
ahhgodoa sa dhhgeduj dlla sgifjla oduafj}ga a iji gk~jsuj oji giuasa oaiu}dlgrrdua
u}j~~j ojiegrgjidua ed tqa}alla ~jlgugoca) Tqallj eag uassglg ã gl sauuj}a d~}g~gsud
iall‗aka}sgjia eal sjkka}sj2 ?>)>>> deeauug0 =)>>> drgaiea0 4>)>>> deeauug fgî
aka}sg0 6> drgaiea fgî aka}sa ial laooasa, => d Kd}ugid H}diod)
+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =3 dfjsuj 4778)
• _qlld kjmglguî)
_aojiej qij suqegj ealld OJIHGIEQ_U]GD2 ialla }au}gmqrgjig kaega eal uassglao‗ã qi eghha}airgdla eal =1! u}d Ij}e a _qe) U}d l‗31 a gl –74 jfig diij gi kaegd gi Gudlgd
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~a} jfig 1 ~jsug eg ldxj}j oa i‗ã qij oca ã suduj o}aduj ae qij oca ã suduj egsu}quuj,
oji qij bjm+uq}i jxa} eal =>!, gl ~g÷ dluj gi Aq}j~d)
Iallj suassj ~a}gjej og sjij sudug 4,1 kglgjig eg iqjxg dooassg dl ldxj}j a
dlu}auudiua oassdrgjig, gl 1! eaflg jooq~dug iji cd ldxj}duj ojiugiqdugxdkaiua ialljsuassj ~jsuj ~a} ~g÷ eg 44 kasg)
D Kalhg o‗ã ld hlassgmglguî sqll‗j}d}gj a sql sdld}gj, giha}gj}a d tqallj eaflg dlu}g
sudmglgkaiug HGDU)
D Fgjgd Udq}j la j}a eg hj}kdrgjia sjij ~dfdua kaij ealla j}a eg ~}jeqrgjia)
+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, =4 d~}gla 4778, ~df) 1)
“L‗akgf}drgjia ojkgiogd de assa}a qid }goauud ~a} }gsjlxa}a lj stqglgm}gj
giua}ij u}d Ij}e a _qe) Ijg gieqsu}gdlg ial ~}gkj sakasu}a eal 4778 dmmgdkj u}jxduj
ldxj}j d 4)1>> ~a}sjia hdoaiejla xaig}a edl _qe gi Akglgd ]jkdfid, dmmgdkj hduuj
kaflgj eal Fjxa}ij‛ #HJ__D')
“Xjlaua qi ldxj}j: Akgf}dua$ Ld kjmglguî ã iaoassd}gd) Assd ã ~d}ua
eall‗Aq}j~d ae ã sgijigkj eg ahhgogaird‛) “Aeqod}a dlld kjmglguî ã l‗qigod su}ded
dhhgiocç ld fljmdlgrrdrgjia iji egxaiug qi gioqmj ed ~}juargjigskj, egsjooq~drgjia ae
gisudmglguî‛ #Fgqlgdij DKDUJ')
“Dl o}jllj eg qi‗gieqsu}gd gi qij _uduj Q_D, g egsjooq~dug sg s~jsudij gi qi dlu}j
_uduj) _g s~jsud ld ~j~jldrgjia kd gl }aeeguj ~}j+od~gua eag eqa _udug }gkdia gixd}gduj)
Hqirgjid ojka qi sgsuakd eg xdsg ojkqigodiug‛ #Kgocala _dlxdug')
+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =3 dfjsuj 4778)
• _ql _qe)
_aird gl eaojllj eal Karrjfgj}ij og }gkauujij uquug, d ~d}ug}a edllj suassj
d~~d}duj ~}jequugxj eal Ij}e oca sjhh}a eal odlj xa}ugodla eag ojisqkg ialla }afgjig eal
ka}gegjia)
A‗ q}faiua duug}d}a gixasugkaiug) A ~a} hd}lj g sgiedodug eaxjij dooauud}a sdld}g ~g÷
mdssg gi odkmgj ealld o}adrgjia eg ~jsug eg ldxj}j)
“Hduuj 4>> gl lgxallj eg xaiegua dquj HGDU ial –7>, ial –71 gl Ij}e+Asu a}d d tqjud
78, gl Ij}e+Jxasu d 68, gl Oaiu}j d 6?, kaiu}a gl _qe o}jlld d 1>- #Oasd}a ]JKGUG')
#edl ojixafij sql ~duuj ~a} gl ldxj}j, ]jkd, 47 kd}rj 4778, Gieauuj ed Kaegj O}aeguj
Oaiu}dla, Mdiod eg ]jkd a HGDU) Gl ojixafij ã ~jg ~}jsafqguj d Id~jlg, Md}g a ^dla}kj')
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MD__JLGIJ2 “Ga}g sa}d sjij suduj d oaid dl Og}ojlj ealld _udk~d oji
iqka}jsgssgkg gk~}aieguj}g #)))' Oji g tqdlg suj‗ fgî ldxj}diej sq qi ~duuj ~a} gl ldxj}j
ial _qe) Qi ~duuj d tqduu}j2 fjxa}ij, gk~}aieguj}g, sgiedodug ae gsuguqrgjidlg ljodlg) ^a}
tqallj oca kg }gfqd}ed, sjij ~}jiuj a o‗ã uquud ld kgd egs~jigmglguî d hdxj}g}a qiegdljfj u}d la ~d}ug sjogdlg a ojkgiogd}a d s~a}gkaiud}a ialld oguuî eg Id~jlg tqdlojsd
oca ~jssd ~jg dxa}a qid xdlj}a ~a} uquuj gl _qe‛)
+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, =4 d~}gla 4778, ~df) 1)
MD__JLGIJ2 “Gj iji cj ld HGDU2 cj Id~jlg) Eaxj xdlj}grrd}a la kga geaiuguî) Fqdg
sa xjlassg gkgud}a gl Ij}e+asu) ^a} ogý ~d}dllalj dlla }ghj}ka haea}dlgsua og eaxa assa}a qi
f}diea ~duuj d tqduu}j ~a} gl _qe) Oji lj _uduj oca eaxa fd}diug}a l‗j}egia ~qmmlgoj) Flg
gk~}aieguj}g oca cdiij giua}assg d gixasug}a tqg) G sgiedodug oca eaxjij suqegd}a
socakg iqjxg ae aldsugog ~a} uaia}a mdssj gl ojsuj eal ldxj}j) A gihgia g sgiedog oca
eaxjij jhh}g}a kdssgoogd u}ds~d}aird a ocgd}arrd sqg uak~g) Ocgd}j: “)
+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, 4? kdffgj 4778, ~df) 1)
“Iag ~}jssgkg diig g ~aisgjidug sd}diij sak~}a ~g÷ }d~~}asaiudug ialld
su}quuq}d eakjf}dhgod eal Ij}e, kaiu}a ial Karrjfgj}ij sg ojioaiu}a}diij g fgjxdig
gi oa}od eg jooq~drgjia, kd iji og sd}î ~g÷ l‗akgf}drgjia eal ej~jfqa}}d) Dlla gk~}asa
eal Ij}e oca giuaiejij as~diea}sg }asua}diij u}a su}dea2 died}a dll‗asua}j0 }goj}}a}a
dg ldxj}duj}g su}diga}g0 eaoaiu}d}a flg gk~gdiug dl _qe) A‗ hjiedkaiudla, tqgieg, hdxj}g}a
tqasuj eaoaiu}dkaiuj‛ #E‗DIUJIGJ') “Ojka : Gisgsua}a ialld hlassgmglguî eal sdld}gj0
igaiua fdmmga sdld}gdlg, sdld}g ~g÷ mdssg gi odkmgj eg ~jsug eg ldxj}j‛ #FA]JIRG')
+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, => kdffgj 4778, ~df) ?6)
U}dhhgoj eg ^a}hargjidkaiuj ^dssgxj #U^^' ã ld uak~j}diad as~j}udrgjia eg
kdua}ga ~}gka j sakgldxj}dug gi rjia j ~dasg ejxa gl ojsuj eg u}dshj}kdrgjia ã
sgfighgodugxdkaiua kgij}a ~a} ~jg }agiu}jeq}}a gl ~}jejuuj ial ka}oduj gudlgdij a ed
tqg xaiea}lj dioca dll‗asua}j)
+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, 4 sauuakm}a 4778, ~df) 5)
G egsjooq~dug ial _qe sjij gl 41,=! ealld hj}rd ldxj}j ojiu}j gl ?,6! eal ij}e)
Gl udssj eg egsjooq~drgjia fgjxdigla ã ~a} flg qjkgig gl 1>! ial _qe d h}jiua eal
41! eal Ij}e, a ~a} la ejiia eal 81! }gs~auuj dl =1!)
Ial _qe og sjij =8 deeauug dll‗gieqsu}gd jfig 4)>>> dmgudiug ojiu}j g 4>3 eal Ij}e+Jxasu)
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Iaflg diig 1> gl }aeeguj ~}j+od~gua eal _qe a}d ~d}g dl 15! eg tqallj eal Oaiu}j
Ij}e0 ial 4771 gl }d~~j}uj a}d eal 18!)
+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, => kd}rj 4778, ~df) ?6)
Iji ã qid ijxguî xgsuj oca gl sgsuakd od~gudlgsud hqirgjid ed sak~}a ~}j~}gj gi
tqasuj kjej2 l‗asgsuaird eg eqa oldssg ejxa qid, tqalld eag }goocg, odk~d sqlld ~alla
eall‗dlu}d, eag ldxj}duj}g a eaflg sh}quudug) Ojsì dhha}kdxd ial 4738 gl sjogjljfj
suduqiguaisa Kg`a Edxgs eall‗gsuguquj Gshjl ae diugog~dxd2
“‛Gl hquq}j jooq~drgjidla fgjxdigla ~}axaea l‗jhha}ud eg qi ldxj}j “iji fd}diuguj‛, d
ia}j, ~}aod}gj a uak~j}diaj) Fgî duuqdlkaiua d~~aid qi ua}rj eag fgjxdig }gasoa d
~}jsafqg}a flg suqeg) Flg dlu}g sa sjij }gqsogug d ~}aiea}sg ld ua}rd kaegd eaxjij sqmguj
oa}od}a ldxj}j) Ld hquq}d sjogauî sd}î ojk~jsud ed eqa dxxa}sa oldssg2 l‗qid }gsu}auud
oca ~a}oa~gsoa qi }aeeguj dluj, l‗dlu}d, ld kdffgj}dird ealld faiua, ~a}oa~gsoa qi
gisgoq}j }aeeguj mdssj‛‛)
“Mgsjfid ojk~}gka}a ld kdijej~a}d jooq~dud, eg tqalld jooq~dud g sdld}g, eg
tqalld jooq~dud ae gijooq~dud g ojisqkg) Uquug g ojiug sjij sudug hduug sqlld ~alla eag
egsjooq~dug, s~aoga g fgjxdig, a sq tqalld eal sdld}gj }asgeqj0 ld }geqrgjia ealld s~asd
~qmmlgod lg ojl~g}î qlua}gj}kaiua dioca sa ã gi xg}u÷ ealld lj}j asgfaird a dk~garrd oca
sg ~}js~auudij }ghj}ka eg iduq}d mgid}gd ug~j qid sdlqua ~a} g kaegj+}goocg a qid ~a} g
kaegj+~jxa}g, ojka ld kjed hg}kdud a ld ojihargjia gi sa}ga)
_g u}duud eg gk~j}}a la “iqjxa ~jxa}uî‛ ae gk~aeg}a oca sg hdoogdij “as~ljsgxa‛
#Halgoa KJ]UGLLD]J, dll‗a~jod ^}asgeaiua ealld HAEA]KAOODIGOD')
+ ed Gl Kdighasuj, =7 kdffgj 4731)
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L‗J]GFGIA EAL EG]GUUJ EAL LDXJ]J2
_DMJUDFFG, _OGJ^A]J, J]FDIGRRDRGJIA)
Tqdsg gi uquuj gl kjiej sg hd }gsdlg}a ld idsogud eal “eg}guuj‛ dl ~a}gjej eall‗gk~a}j
}jkdij, edl 61? d)o dl 54> e)o) Fgî eqakgld diig hd, gihduug, a}dij sudua easo}guua ae
aldmj}dua la xd}ga m}dioca eal eg}guuj, ~a} asak~gj tqallj eal kdu}gkjigj, eall‗a}aeguî,
eag ojiu}duug, ealld ~}j~}gauî, aoo) L‗qigod m}diod oca ial eg}guuj }jkdij iji asgsuaxd
a}d tqalld eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j) Dg ldxj}duj}g iji a}d }gojijsogquj dloqi eg}guuj)
Gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j ial eg}guuj }jkdij iji asgsuaxd sa iji ojka ~}j~}gauî sqllj
socgdxj) Gi sjsudird, gl ldxj}duj}a a}d ~d}dfjiduj de qi duu}arrj, de qid kdoocgid eg
ldxj}j, oca gl ~de}jia ~juaxd egs~j}}a d sqj ~gdogkaiuj ae d}mgu}gj) Lj ~juaxd qsd}a,
s~jsud}a, dmmdiejid}a a xaiea}a ojka xjlaxd)
Dioca ej~j l‗gk~a}j }jkdij ld ojiegrgjia eg socgdxgu÷ ã ojiugiqdud saird oca dg
ldxj}duj}g hjssa }gojijsogquj dloqi eg}guuj ed uquua la lafgsldrgjig eal kjiej)
_jlj edl 461> sg sjij }afgsu}dug s~j}degog giua}xaiug ~a} h}aid}a dloqia sguqdrgjig
socgdxgsugoca kaiu}a la ~}gka aldmj}drgjig eg eg}guuj eal ldxj}j sjij idua u}d gl 43>> ae
gl 4381)
Gi udla ~a}gjej sg a}d eghhqsj lj sxglq~~j gieqsu}gdla oji iqka}jsa ojisafqaira)
La ojiegrgjig eg xgud a eg ldxj}j eaflg j~a}dg eg hdmm}god hq}jij kjluj ~asdiug,
dioca ~a} l‗dssjlqud kdiodird eg jfig uquald eag lj}j eg}guug a ~a} gl egxgauj gk~jsuj edg
fjxa}ig eg dssjogd}sg ~a} juuaia}a kgflgj}dkaiug sdld}gdlg)
Ld fgj}idud ldxj}dugxd a}d eg tqduuj}egog j}a a s~assj hq ~j}udud d saegog) Ld
egsog~lgid gi hdmm}god a}d ha}}ad2 la kdoocgia ejxaxdij ldxj}d}a d qi }gukj ojiugiqj a
xaljoa a iji o‗a}d s~drgj ~a} }g~jsd}sg, iç ~a} la ~dqsa) Dlljiudid}sg edl ~}j~}gj ~jsuj
j ~d}ld}a oji qi ojk~dfij xaigxdij ojisgea}dua kdiodira f}dxg a ojsudxdij ~asdiug
sdirgjig hgij dl lgoairgdkaiuj)
A}d l‗qjkj d ejxa}sg deduud}a dlld kdoocgid a iji gl ojiu}d}gj) Dl ldxj}duj}a sg
ocgaeaxd eg sxjlfa}a qi }qjlj kaoodigoj a iji duugxj j giuallgfaiua)
G sdld}g a}dij mdssgssgkg ~a}ocç g egsjooq~dug a}dij ojsì iqka}jsg oca qi j~a}dgj sa
sojiuaiuj ~juaxd assa}a sjsuguqguj gi tqdlsgdsg kjkaiuj)
^d}ugojld}kaiua f}dxa hq ld ojiegrgjia eag mdkmgig a ealla ejiia oca, assaiej
~dfdug kaij, xaigxdij quglgrrdug gi f}di iqka}j) Ojsudxdij kaij ~a}ocç }goaxaxdij
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qi sdld}gj ~g÷ mdssj a }aieaxdij dllj suassj kjej) Ialla hdmm}goca ealld _ojrgd ial
4348 sq 4>)>>> j~a}dg, 831> a}dij h}d ejiia a mdkmgig)
Gi iassqi ~dasa asgsuaxdij laffg ~a} uquald}a g mdkmgig, iakkaij tqallg ~g÷ ~goojlg)
Ej~j la ~}gka ljuua lj suduj giflasa d~~}jxý ld ~}gkd laffa ial 4347 oca~}axaeaxd gl lgkgua eg auî eg dssqirgjia eg mdkmgig ed egaog diig gi ~jg a gl lgkgua
eall‗j}d}gj fgj}idlga}j sudmglguj gi egaog j}a) Iji o‗a}d, ~a}ý, dloqid laffa j dquj}guî
oca ~}axaeaxd gl ojiu}jllj) Tqgieg ld laffa sql ldxj}j kgij}gla iji ã sudud kdg
d~~lgodud)
Edl 43>> a}d aij}kakaiua dqkaiudud l‗asds~a}drgjia eag ldxj}duj}g odqsdud
iji sjlj edllj sh}quudkaiuj kd dioca edlla }g~a}oqssgjig ldxj}dugxa ojisgsuaiug gi
kjlugssgkg kj}ug sql ldxj}j, kdlduuga ~}jhassgjidlg, gihj}uqig, kgsa}gd, sj~}dhhdrgjig
sqlld ~a}sjid) G ldxj}duj}g iji a}dij sjlj socgdxg kd dioca od}ia ed kdoallj)
Flg giua}assg ealla eqa oldssg, mj}fcasa a ~}jlaud}gd, sjij giojioglgdmglg) Ld
mj}fcasgd }gugaia oca tqdlqitqa sgd ld sj}ua eall‗j~a}dgj, iji ã ojk~guj eal ~de}jia
kgflgj}d}ld)
Flg j~a}dg ~jssjij ojiud}a sjlj sqlla lj}j hj}ra ~a} kgflgj}d}a la ~}j~}ga
ojiegrgjig eg xgud) _jlj qiaiejsg a ljuudiej gisgaka flg j~a}dg ~jssjij hd}a ~}assgjig
sqg ~de}jig dhhgiocç kgflgj}gij la lj}j ojiegrgjig) Gk~}asd eghhgogla ~a}ocç g ~de}jig
cdiij edlld lj}j ~d}ua dioca g fjxa}ig g tqdlg }d~~}asaiudij la oldssg ~g÷ alaxdua a sg
socga}dij oji g ~de}jig a iji oji flg j~a}dg)
G fjxa}ig cdiij sak~}a xgauduj l‗dssjogdrgjia eag ldxj}duj}g ae gk~aeguj la
hj}ka eg ljuud) Gi Fa}kdigd, deeg}guuq}d, ial 4351 jfig giua}}qrgjia eal ldxj}j a}d
saxa}dkaiua ~qigud dioca oji ld ~aid eg kj}ua)
G ldxj}duj}g cdiij o}aduj xd}ga sguqdrgjig eg j~~jsgrgjia a eg ~}juasud, ~}gkd
s~jiudiaa a h}dkkaiudua, ~jg j}fdigrrdua oji gisqmj}egidrgjig, }ghgquj eal ldxj}j,
sdmjudffg a sogj~a}g) Flg j~a}dg iji dxaxdij su}qkaiug ~a} hd xdla}a la lj}j }dfgjig,
l‗qigoj kjej a}d o}ad}a sdmjudffg a egsu}qrgjia ealla kdoocgia)
Flg j~a}dg sg sa}xg}jij eal sdmjudffgj a eal ediiaffgdkaiuj ealla kdoocgia
ojka karrj ~a} ojsu}gifa}a flg gk~}aieguj}g d hd}a ojioassgjig sdld}gdlg j eg dlu}j
faia}a)
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Jiea axgud}a ld egsu}qrgjia ealla kdoocgia a ealla duu}arrduq}a, gl ~de}jiduj cd
~a}kassj ld hgfq}d eallj sogj~a}j gi kjej oca g ldxj}duj}g sg dsuaifjij edl ldxj}j kd
iji }goaxjij gl sdld}gj)
Gi df}gojluq}d o‗a}d fgî suduj qid s~aoga eg sdmjudffgj a sogj~a}j dflg gigrg eal SGSsaojlj tqdiej qi a ~}aua eg F}juudflga, Og}j Diigoocgd}goj, oji ld sqd j}fdigrrdrgjia
kgidoogdxd g m}doogdiug ealla odk~dfia ~qflgasg ~a} iji ojlugxd}a la ua}}a eag ~de}jig
ldsogdiejla giojlua hj}rdudkaiua) Dioca ~a} ogý, dioj}d jffg gi dloqia rjia eal
_dlaiuj ld ua}}d giojlud xgaia ocgdkdud “diigoocgd}god‛)
^a} axgud}a g ojiugiqg ediig oca sqmgxdij oji g sdmjudffg, g ~de}jig cdiij hduuj la
~}gka ojioassgjig }gojijsoaiej g ~}gkg eg}guug dg ldxj}duj}g)
Gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j idsoa, tqgieg, gi ojisafqaird ealld xgjlaird a ealld ljuud
duuqdud edg ldxj}duj}g gi ediij eag ~de}jig) Gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j iji idsoa edl
}gojijsogkaiuj ealla gsuguqrgjig xa}sj g ldxj}duj}g kd ojka ~}auasd ealld oldssa
ldxj}du}goa eg juuaia}a uquala, }gs~auuj, egfiguî a lgma}uî)
^}gkd ealld ljuud xgjlaiud duuqdud edflg j~a}dg gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j iji asgsuaxd ae
g ldxj}duj}g iji dxaxdij dloqi maiahgogj ae a}dij ~d}dfjidug dflg socgdxg, dlla
duu}arrduq}a eg ldxj}j, dflg jffauug)
Kdg lj _uduj cd akdiduj ij}ka eg eg}guuj eal ldxj}j eg sqd gigrgdugxd kd sjlj gi
ojisafqaird eg mduudflga ~j}udua dxdiug eq}dkaiua edg ldxj}duj}g)
Aooj ~a}ocç ial lgifqdffgj fgq}gegoj gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j ã eahgiguj ojka
“alakaiuj oca }asgsua a oca }asu}gifa lj sxglq~~j aojijkgoj‛)
^a}udiuj, gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j iji ã kdg }gojijsogquj ojka qid ealla udiua
m}dioca fgq}gegoca kd ojka ld hj}rd eag ldxj}duj}g eg }gxaiegod}a ld uquald eag lj}j
giua}assg) A‗ ocgd}j oca ld sqd asgsuaird eg~aied edll‗as~}assgjia eg udla hj}rd) Tqdiej
ld oldssa ldxj}du}goa skauua eg duuqd}a ld ljuud xgjlaiud gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j sd}î sak~}a
lgkguduj hgij de assa}a dmjlguj)
Hgiocç asgsua ld sjogauî od~gudlgsud, lj su}qkaiuj gi kdij dg ldxj}duj}g ~a}
juuaia}a ld ojitqgsud eg ~}j~}g eg}guug ã suduj sak~}a gl sdmjudffgj, gl ediiaffgdkaiuj
ealla }goocarra eag mj}fcasg) Oji tqasud ~}dugod gl ~de}jia sqmgxd eag ediig ae g
ldxj}duj}g iassqij) Kd gl ~gdij eg }gxaiegodrgjia fgqifaxd ocgd}j dlla j}aoocga eag
~de}jig g tqdlg cdiij ejxquj ~jg }gojijsoa}a a ~}aha}g}a lj sogj~a}j tqdla hj}kd egljuud ~doghgod ae gio}qaiud ~a}ocç ojl~gsoa gl ~de}jia kd ojsud sdo}ghgog dioca dg
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ldxj}duj}g oca ld kauujij gi ~}dugod gi tqdiuj iji xaifjij ~dfdug ~a} ld fgj}idud oca
sogj~a}dij)
Lj sogj~a}j ediiaffgd gl ~de}jiduj tqdiej ã faia}dla a eq}duq}j dl ~qiuj oca
mljood ld ~}jeqrgjia a l‗giodssj eg ~}jhguug)Lj sogj~a}j, ogjã, ã qugla ae cd sqooassj sjlj sa o}ad egsdfg, tqdla ~}assgjia sjogdla sqg
fjxa}ig, a ediig, tqdla ~}assgjia ~jlgugod eg}auud) Gi sjsudird, lj sogj~a}j ã qugla sjlj
sa o}ad la suassa ojisafqaira eal sdmjudffgj)
^a} tqasug kjugxg g ~de}jig oa}odij sak~}a eg }a~}gka}a lj sogj~a}j oji ld
~jlgrgd, eg jsudojld}lj oji l‗gixgj eg sjledug gi hqirgjia eg o}qkg}dffgj, eg gk~aeg}lj oji
ld kglgud}grrdrgjia eag ldxj}duj}g eag sa}xgrg ~qmmlgog)
Egoaxdkj oca ial 4351 gi Fa}kdigd lj sogj~a}j a}d ~qiguj dioca oji ld ~aid eg
kj}ua) Jffg iaflg _udug Qigug e‗Dka}god ã sjsudirgdlkaiua xgauduj ae g ldxj}duj}g sjij
}a~}assg oji ld hj}rd)
Jffg gi Gudlgd gl eg}guuj eg sogj~a}j ã hj}uakaiua lgkguduj) A‗ ~a}kassj eg sogj~a}d}a sjlj
}d}dkaiua ae asolqsgxdkaiua gi ojiegrgjig, uak~g a kjeg ed iji }aod}a hdsugegj dl
~de}jia, iji o}ad}a egsdfg, iji ~}jxjod}a ediig)
Lj sogj~a}j “lafdla‛ gi Gudlgd iji cd ~g÷ hj}rd ojiu}duuqdla) Dirg, ocg sogj~a}d
}gsocgd gl lgoairgdkaiuj, kqlua a eaiqioa ~aidlg) Akmlakdugoj tqdiuj ã sqooassj ial
egoakm}a =>>? dflg dqujha}}ju}dixga}g eg Kgldij oca cdiij sogj~a}duj saojiej la
“}afjla a lafdlkaiua‛ ~a} sauua xjlua saird kdg juuaia}a dloqi }gsqluduj a ia~~q}a
duuairgjia sjogdla) A‗ mdsuduj qi sjlj sogj~a}j xa}j, “salxdffgj‛, ~a} ojitqgsud}a
ojisgea}drgjia) _qooassgxdkaiua, f}drga dlla laffg xjlqua edlld sgigsu}d, sjij sudug
ojiediidug edl Fgqegoa ~aidla)
Gi ~}aoaeaird g ldxj}duj}g eag u}ds~j}ug eg ]jkd ~}jkjuj}g eg qi‗dssakmlad
sgiedodla eg mdsa sjij sudug lgoairgdug a eaiqiogdug ed ]quallg)
Gi Gudlgd gl eg}guuj eg sogj~a}j ã sjsudirgdlkaiua dmjlguj a xgauduj a tqdiug xg
~d}uaog~gij a l‗j}fdigrrgij sjij ~a}safqgudug)
^}j~}gj ojka dxxaigxd saojlg hd a ojka sg }g~auaxd eq}diua gl }afgka hdsogsud)
Uquuj ogý f}drga dioca dlld laffa oca lj lgkgud, ld i) 3? eal =>>>, xjlqud ae
akdidud edl fjxa}ij eg oaiu}j sgigsu}d a kdg ojiu}dsudud edg sgiedodug ojihaea}dlg
ealld u}g~lgoa, iç ed ]ghjiedrgjia Ojkqigsud)
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Gi ~}dugod, oji ld hgia eallj sojiu}j eg oldssa, oji l‗d}}asuj ealld ljuud eag
ldxj}duj}g dxxaiquj d ~d}ug}a edl 473>, gl ~de}jiduj, oji ld ojk~lgoguî ealld sgigsu}d
gsuguqrgjidla a eag sgiedodug ojihaea}dlg, sg ã }g~}asj tqdiuj dxaxd ejxquj ojioaea}a)
_a xjflgdkj lgma}dog edlld socgdxgu÷ gi oqg sugdkj s~}jhjiediej ejmmgdkj}guj}id}a dlld suj}gd)