Rifiuti Zero Jeff Morris Economista Analisi Ciclo Vita

Dr. Jeffrey MorrisSound Resource ManagementOlympia, Washington, [email protected]

The Environmental & Economic Waste Caused by Incineration

Gli sprechi ambientali ed economici causati dalla pratica dell’incenerimento

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Raw Materials Acquisition

Materials Manufacture

Product Manufacture

Product Use or Consumption

Final Disposition – Landfill,

Combustion, Recycle or

Reuse

Energy Energy EnergyEnergyEnergy

Wastes & Pollution

Wastes & Pollution

Wastes & Pollution

Wastes & Pollution

Reuse

Product Recycling

One or limited number of return cycles into product that is then disposed – open-loop recycling. Repeated recycling into same or similar product, keeping material from disposal – closed-loop recycling.

Raw Materials Acquisition

Materials Manufacture

Product Manufacture

Product Use or Consumption

Final Disposition – Landfill,

Combustion, Recycle or

Reuse

Energy Energy EnergyEnergyEnergy

Wastes & Pollution

Wastes & Pollution

Wastes & Pollution

Wastes & Pollution

Reuse

Product Recycling

One or limited number of return cycles into product that is then disposed – open-loop recycling. Repeated recycling into same or similar product, keeping material from disposal – closed-loop recycling.

Analisi sul ciclo di vita

Energia Energia Energia Energia Energia

Rifiuti ed inquinamento

Rifiuti ed inquinamento

Rifiuti ed inquinamento

Rifiuti ed inquinamento

Riuso

Acquisizione materie prime

Materiali da lavorazione

Prodotti da fabbricazione

Prodotti da uso o

consumo

Collocamento finale in discarica,

combustione riciclaggio o riuso

Energy Use: Recycled & Virgin Content Products (MJ/kg)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Recycled

Virgin

28x

2x 2x

4x 8x

8x 1.3x

Utilizzo di energia per prodotti da materia riciclata e materia vergine (MJ/Kg)

Allum

inio

Plast

ica

PET

Plast

ica

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Carto

ne

Accia

ioVet

ro

Riciclata

Vergine

Energy Savings: Recycling versus Incineration (MJ/kg)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Recycling

Incineration

4x 3x

3x 3x 25x 30x

324x Riciclaggio

Incenerimento

Risparmio di energia: riciclaggio contro incenerimento (MJ/Kg)

Lattin

e

Bottiglie

PET

Bottiglie

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Carto

ne

Latta

Vaset

ti ve

tro

CO2 Emissions: Recycled &Virgin Content Products (kg eCO2/kg)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Recycled

Virgin

8x 7x

4x

3x

3x

11x

2x

Emissioni di CO2 per prodotti da materia riciclata e materia vergine (Kg eCO2/Kg)

Allum

inio

Plast

ica

PET

Plast

ica

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Carto

ne

Accia

io

Vetro

Riciclata

Vergine

CO2 Emissions: Recycling versus Incineration (kg eCO2/kg)

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

Recycling

Incineration

8x

11x

1.3x

Emissioni di CO2: riciclaggio contro incenerimento (kg eCO2/kg)

Riciclaggio

Incenerimento

Vaset

ti ve

tro

Lattin

e

Bottiglie

PET

Giorn

ali

Carto

ne

Latta

Bottiglie

HDPE

CO2 Emissions: Composting versus Incineration (kg eCO2/kg)

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

Composting

Incineration

15x 3x10x

Emissioni di CO2: compostaggio contro incenerimento (kg eCO2/kg)

Incenerimento

Compostaggio

Avanzi

alim

enta

ri

Sfalc

i da

giard

ino

Carta

Toxics Emissions: Recycled & Virgin Products (kg eToluene/kg)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Recycled

Virgin

8x

5x

2x

1.2x

4x

5x

2x

Emissioni tossiche per prodotti da materia riciclata e materia vergine (Kg eToulene/Kg)

Riciclata

Vergine

Allum

inio

Plast

ica

PET

Plast

ica

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Carto

ne

Accia

ioVet

ro

Toxics Emissions: Recycling vs. Incineration (kg eToluene/kg)

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

Recycling

Incineration

Emissioni tossiche: riciclaggio contro incenerimento (kg eToluene/kg)

Riciclaggio

Incenerimento

Lattin

e

Bottiglie

PET

Bottiglie

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Carto

ne

Latta

Vaset

ti ve

tro

Toxics Emissions: Composting vs. Incineration (kg eToluene/kg)

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

Composting

Incineration

Emissioni tossiche: compostaggio contro incenerimento (kg eToluene/kg)

Sfalc

i da

giard

ino

Avanzi

alim

enta

ri

Carta

Compostaggio

Incenerimento

EcoToxics Emissions: Recycled & Virgin Products (kg e2,4-D/kg)

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Recycled

Virgin

2x 1.4x

2x 2x 1.1x

17x

2x

Emissioni EcoTossiche per prodotti da materia riciclata e materia vergine (Kg e2,4-D/Kg)

Allum

inio

Plast

ica

PET

Plast

ica

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Vetro

Carto

ne

Accia

io

Riciclata

Vergine

EcoToxics Emissions: Recycling vs. Incineration (kg e2,4-D/kg)

-0.045

-0.04

-0.035

-0.03

-0.025

-0.02

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

Recycling

Incineration

Carto

ne

Latta

Vaset

ti ve

tro

Lattin

e

Bottiglie

PET

Bottiglie

HDPE

Giorn

ali

Riciclaggio

Incenerimento

Emissioni EcoTossiche: riciclaggio contro incenerimento (kg e2,4-D/kg)

EcoToxics Emissions:Composting vs. Incineration (kg e2,4-D/kg)

-0.045

-0.04

-0.035

-0.03

-0.025

-0.02

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

Composting

IncinerationIncenerimento

Emissioni EcoTossiche: compostaggio contro incenerimento (kg e2,4-D/kg)

Sfalc

i da

giard

ino

Avanzi

alim

enta

ri

Carta

Compostaggio

Market Value of Recyclables – US Northwest (US$ per short ton)

$0.00

$20.00

$40.00

$60.00

$80.00

$100.00

$120.00

$140.00

$160.00

$180.00

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

$33

$50

$64

$88

Valore di mercato dei riclabili - US Northwest (US$ per short ton)

Value of Pollution Reductions from Recycling & Composting

Discard Type Environmental Value (US$/metric ton)

Newspapers $367

Cardboard 467

Mixed Paper 172

Glass Containers 61

PET Plastics 712

HDPE Plastics 310

Other Plastics 310

Aluminum Cans 1,607

Ferrous Cans & Scrap 17

Food Scraps 62

Yard & Garden Debris 61

Compostable Paper 52

Valore della riduzione di inquinamento grazie al riciclaggio e al compostaggio

Giornali

Carta mista

Plastiche PET

Altre plastiche

Contenitori di ferro e rottami

Sfalci da giardino e ramaglie

Cartone

Contenitori di vetro

Plastiche HDPE

Lattine in alluminio

Avanzi alimentari

Carta compostabile

References

1) Dijkgraaf, Elbert, and Herman R.J. Vollebergh, Burn or bury? A social cost comparison of final waste disposal methods, Ecological Economics 50(2004) 233-247.

2) Morawski, Clarissa, The New “Eco-Currency”: New model monetizes environmental benefits and reveals new cost savings in waste diversion, Solid Waste & Recycling, December/January 2008.

3) Morris, Jeffrey, Comparative LCAs for curbside recycling versus either landfilling or incineration with energy recovery, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 10 4 (2005) 273-284.

4) Morris, Jeffrey, and Jennifer Bagby, Measuring environmental value for natural lawn and garden care practices, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (forthcoming in 2008).

5) Morris, Jeffrey, Recycling versus incineration: An energy conservation analysis, Journal of Hazardous Materials 47 (1996) 277-293.

6) Rand, T., J. Haukohl, U. Marxen, Municipal solid waste incineration: A decision maker’s guide, The World Bank: Washington, DC (June 2000).

7) Sound Resource Management, The economics of recycling and recycled materials, The Clean Washington Center: Seattle, WA (June 1993).

Net Societal Costs of Landfill and Incineration Disposal

Netherlands (Euros) Northwest US (US$)

Costs per Metric Ton Landfill Incineration Inc +/(-) Lnd Landfill Incineration Inc +/(-) Lnd

Gross private costs 40 103 63

Energy recovery revenue (4) (21) (17)

Material recovery revenue 0 (3) (3)

Net private costs 36 79 43 20 - 23 80 - 111 57 - 91

Gross Environmental Costs 26 46 20

Energy recovery offset (4) (22) (18)

Material recovery offset 0 (6) (6)

Net Environmental Costs 22 18 (4) (6)

Net Societal Costs 58 97 39 51 - 85

Costi netti delle discariche e dell’incenerimento