Richard Wilson Harvard University Pert of the HAPPEX Collaboration Summary of more detailed seminars at JLab by K. Paschke and APS by Paul Souder Parity-Violating.

Richard WilsonHarvard University

Pert of the HAPPEX

Collaboration

Summary of moredetailed seminars

at JLab by K. Paschke

and APS by Paul Souder

Parity-Violating Electron Scattering on Hydrogen and Helium …

And Strangeness in the Nucleon

PHYSICAL REVIEW

P. Lehmann, R. Taylor*, and Richard Wilson§ Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratorie de l'Accélérateur Linéaire, Faculté des

Sciences, Université de Paris, Orsay (Seine et-Oise), France

Received 26 December 1961

We have measured the electron-proton scattering cross section at 248.9 Mev, 104.81°;209.6 Mev, 149.75°; and 139.3 Mev, 104.19°. We find the following values:

F1=0.767±0.025, F2=0.707±0.028, and F1/F2=1.085±0.025 at -q2=2.98 f-2

F=0.902±0.011 at -q2=1.05 f-2.

ADDENDUMGe = 0.725

Gm/μ= 0.729at -q2=2.98 f=2

45 years ago (Spring 1961)....I started my intereest in electron scattering

and form factors Ge and Gm In Breit (brick wall frame) these are the

Fourier transforms of charge and magnetic moment distributions Sachs)

We defined Ge = F1 + q2/4M2 κ F2 and Gm = F1 + κ F2

because of misuse of Fe = F1 = FDirac and and Fm as F κ

J = eGe + eσ x q Gm

Q2 (GeV/c)2

GE

n

r2

s(r)

r [fm]

GE for the neutroncharge distribution: +ρ core, -ρ fringe, charge radius

Neglecting recoil and spin:Obtain Fourier transform of charge distribution

Nucleon charge and magnetization distributions:

GE(Q2), GM(Q2) GEp(0) = 1 GM

p(0) = +2.79 p

electric and magnetic form factors GEn(0) = 0 GM

n(0) = -1.91 n

Elastic Scattering and Form Factors

The DIPOLE FIT

The FIT is extraordinarily good.

I have never heard a good explanation.

It is used for comparison

EM Form Factors

Electromagnetic form factors parameterized as by:Friedrich and Walcher, Eur. Phys. J. A, 17, 607 (2003)

-GA(8)

-GA(3)

1.5%GMn

10%GEn

1.5%GMp

2.5%GEp

ErrorFF

GEn from BLAST: Uncertainty

at 7-8%

Weak decay of60Co Nucleus

60Co

60Ni

50 Years of Charged Weak Interactions

Issues in weak interactionsthe search for new physics:

Other“Nuclei”

21Naμn

Physics beyond V-A?Effect of mν?

CKM Unitarity?Time reversal Symmetry?

Weak interactions also providea novel probe of QCD

Electron Scattering off Nucleons & Nuclei

1970... Neutral Currents andWeak-Electromagnetic Interference

The Question: What is the Role ofStrangeness in the Nucleon?

?

Breaking of SU(3) flavor symmetry introduces uncertainties

Possible explanation that would influence Form Factors:

One example:

Can We Measure the Contribution of Strange Quarks to Form Factors? Yes!

Detailed Formulae: Clean Probe of StrangenessInside the Nucleon

• Measurement of APV yields linear combination of GsE, G

sM

• Sensitive only to GsE

Hydrogen

4He

Extrapolated from G0 Q2=[0.12,0.16]

GeV2

95% c.l.

2 = 1

World Data (Sept. 05) at Q2 ~ 0.1 GeV2

GEs = -0.12 ± 0.29

GMs = 0.62 ± 0.32

Would imply that 5-10% of nucleon

magnetic moment is Strange

Note: excellent agreement of world data set

Caution: the combined fit is approximate. Correlated errors and assumptions not taken into account

Extrapolated from G0 Q2=[0.12,0.16]

GeV2

95% c.l.

2 = 1

Theory Calculations

16. Skyrme Model - N.W. Park and H. Weigel, Nucl. Phys. A 451, 453 (1992).

17. Dispersion Relation - H.W. Hammer, U.G. Meissner, D. Drechsel, Phys. Lett. B 367, 323 (1996).

18. Dispersion Relation - H.-W. Hammer and Ramsey-Musolf, Phys. Rev. C 60, 045204 (1999).

19. Chiral Quark Soliton Model - A. Sliva et al., Phys. Rev. D 65, 014015 (2001).

20. Perturbative Chiral Quark Model - V. Lyubovitskij et al., Phys. Rev. C 66, 055204 (2002).

21. Lattice - R. Lewis et al., Phys. Rev. D 67, 013003 (2003).

22. Lattice + charge symmetry -Leinweber et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 212001 (2005) & hep-lat/0601025

18

17

16

19

21 22

The HAPPEX CollaborationCalifornia State University, Los Angeles -

Syracuse University -DSM/DAPNIA/SPhN CEA Saclay -

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility- INFN, Rome - INFN, Bari -

Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Harvard University – Temple University –

Smith College - University of Virginia - University of Massachusetts – College of William and Mary

1998-99: Q2=0.5 GeV2, 1H2004-06: Q2=0.1 GeV2, 1H, 4He 2007:Q2=0.6, 1H

Example at JLab: HAPPEX Experiment

Jefferson Laboratory

Polarized e-

Source

Hall A

AB

C

Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility

CEBAF

Features:1. Polarized Source2. Quiet Accelerator3. Precision

Spectrometersin Hall A

Target400 W transverse flow20 cm, LH220 cm, 200 psi 4He

High Resolution SpectrometerS+QQDQ 5 mstr over 4o-8o

Hall A

Compton1.5-3% systContinuous(Saclay)

Møller2-3% syst

(JLAB)

Polarimeters

Cherenkovcones

PMT

PMT

Elastic Rate:1H: 120 MHz4He: 12 MHz

High Resolution Spectrometers

100 x 600 mm

12 m dispersion sweeps away

inelastic events

Very clean separation ofelastic events by HRS optics

Overlap the elastic line above the focal plane and integrate the flux

Large dispersion and heavy shielding reduce backgrounds at the focal plane

Harvard Contribution:

Also Polarization intensity correlationshence on beam position and asymmetries

corrected by feedback (developed in 1986)

Integrating electronics (Oliver/Wilson)and avoidance of ground loops

Background-4HeDedicated runs at very low current using track reconstruction of the HRS

Dipole field scan to measure the probability of rescatteringinside the spectrometer

AcceptanceRolloff

HeliumHelium QE in detector: 0.15 +/- 0.15%Helium QE rescatter: 0.25 +/- 0.15%Al fraction: 1.8 +/- 0.2%

Hydrogen:Al fraction 0.75 +/- 25 %Hydrogen Tail + Delta rescatter: <0.1%

Total systematic uncertainty contribution ~40 ppb (Helium), ~15ppb (Hydrogen)

Rapid Helicity Flip: Measure the asymmetry at few 10-4 level, 30 million times

LR

LRLR

NN

NNA

Slow Helicity Flip: check answer .

Polarized Electrons for Measuring Asymmetries

>85%Polarization

Measurement of P-V Asymmetries610

LR

LRLRA

Statistics: high rate, low noiseSystematics: beam asymmetries, backgrounds, Helicity correlated DAQNormalization: Polarization, Linearity, Background

5% Statistical Precision on 1 ppm -> requires 4x1014 counts

Rapid Helicity Flip: Measure the asymmetry at few 10-4 level, 30 million times

•Analog integration of rates ~100 MHz•High luminosity: thick targets, high beam current•Control noise (target, electronics) •Polarized source uses optical pumping of strained photocathode: high polarization and rapid flip

LR

LRLR NN

NNA

Beam Position Differences, Helium 2005

Problem: Helicity signal deflecting the beam through electronics “pickup”

Large beam deflections even when Pockels cell is off

Helicity signal to driver reversed

Helicity signal to driver removed

All’s well that ends well

• Problem clearly identified as beam steering from electronic cross-talk

• Tests verify no helicity-correlated electronics noise in Hall DAQ at sub ppb level

• Large position differences mostly cancel in average over both detectors

X Angle BPM

Raw ALL Asymetry

mic

ron

pp

m

Beam Position Differences, Helium 2005

Raw Left Asymmetry

Raw Right Asymmetry

Corrected Right Asymmetry

Corrected Left AsymmetryBeam Asymmetries

Energy: -3ppb

X Target: -5 nm

X Angle: -28 nm

Y Target :-21 nm

Y Angle: 1 nm

Total Corrections:

Left: -370 ppb

Right: 80 ppb

All: 120 ppb

pp

mp

pm

pp

mp

pm

Beam Position Differences, Hydrogen 2005X Angle BPM

Energy: -0.25 ppb

X Target: 1 nm

X Angle: 2 nm

Y Target : 1 nm

Y Angle: <1 nm

Surpassed Beam Asymmetry Goals for Hydrogen Run

Corrected and Raw, Left arm alone,

Superimposed!pp

mm

icro

n

Total correction for beam position asymmetry on Left, Right, or ALL detector: 10 ppb

Spectacularperformance of

source and accelerator(We should havepublished on-line

Results.)

June 2004HAPPEX-He• about 3M pairs at 1300 ppm

=> Astat ~ 0.74 ppm

June – July 2004HAPPEX-H• about 9M pairs at 620 ppm

=> Astat ~ 0.2 ppm

July-Sept 2005HAPPEX-He• about 35M pairs at 1130 ppm

=> Astat ~ 0.19 ppm

Oct – Nov 2005HAPPEX-H• about 25M pairs at 540 ppm

=> Astat ~ 0.105 ppm

Summary of Data Runs: HAPPEX-II

1H Preliminary Results

Q2 = 0.1089 ± 0.0011GeV2

Araw = -1.418 ppm 0.105 ppm (stat)

Araw correction ~11 ppb

Raw Parity Violating Asymmetry

Helicity Window Pair Asymmetry

~25 M pairs, width ~540 ppm

Asym

metr

y

(pp

m)

Slug

4He Preliminary Results

Q2 = 0.07725 ± 0.0007 GeV2

Araw = 5.253 ppm 0.191 ppm (stat)

Raw Parity Violating Asymmetry

Helicity Window Pair Asymmetry

35 M pairs, total width ~1130 ppm

Araw correction ~ 0.12 ppm

Slug

Asym

metr

y

(pp

m)

COMPTON POLARIMETRY (SACLAY)

Compton Int. Point

detector

e- detectorHall A

• Non-invasive, continuous polarimetry • 2% systematic error at 3 GeV for HAPPEX-II• Independent photon and electron analyses• Cross-checked with Hall A Moller, 5 MeV Mott

Compton Polarimetry (Saclay)

Hydrogen: 86.7% ± 2%

Helium: 84.0% ± 2.5%

Electron Detector analysis

Cross-checked with Møller

Helium ran with lower beam energy, making the analysis significantly more challenging.

New developments in both photon and electron analyses in preparation: anticipate <2% systematic uncertainty

Measuring Q2

Nuclear recoil, using water cell optics target: p between elastic and excited state peaks reduces systematic error from spectrometer calibration.

At Q2~0.1 GeV2 (6o) in 2004:

Achieved ~ 0.3%

%5.02 Q

Goal:

Q2 measured using standard HRS tracking package, with reduced beam current

• Central scattering angle must be measured to < 0.25%• Asymmetry distribution must be averaged over finite acceptance

False Asymmetries 48 ppb

Polarization 192 ppb

Linearity 58 ppb

Radiative Corr. 6 ppb

Q2 Uncertainty 58 ppb

Al background 32 ppb

Helium quasi-elastic background

24 ppb

Total 216 ppb

Error Budget 2005

False Asymmetries 17 ppb

Polarization 37 ppb

Linearity 15 ppb

Radiative Corr. 3 ppb

Q2 Uncertainty 16 ppb

Al background 15 ppb

Rescattering Background

4 ppb

Total 49 ppb

Helium Hydrogen

HAPPEX-II 2005 Preliminary Results

A(Gs=0) = +6.37 ppm

GsE = 0.004 0.014(stat) 0.013(syst)

A(Gs=0) = -1.640 ppm 0.041 ppm

GsE + 0.088 Gs

M = 0.004 0.011(stat) 0.005(syst) 0.004(FF)

HAPPEX-4He:

HAPPEX-H: Q2 = 0.1089 ± 0.0011 (GeV/c)2 APV = -1.60 0.12 (stat) 0.05 (syst)

ppm

Q2 = 0.0772 ± 0.0007 (GeV/c)2 APV = +6.43 0.23 (stat) 0.22 (syst)

ppm

HAPPEX-II 2005 Preliminary ResultsThree bands:

1. Inner: Project to axis for 1-D error bar

2. Middle: 68% probability contour

3. Outer: 95% probability contour

Caution: the combined fit is approximate. Correlated errors and assumptions not taken into account

Preliminary

Previous World Data near Q2 ~0.1 GeV2

Caution: the combined fit is approximate. Correlated errors and assumptions not taken into account

Preliminary

GMs = 0.28 +/- 0.20

GEs = -0.006 +/- 0.016

~3% +/- 2.3% of proton magnetic moment

~0.2 +/- 0.5% of Electric distribution

HAPPEX only fit suggests something even smaller:

GMs = 0.12 +/- 0.24

GEs = -0.002 +/- 0.017

World data confronts theoretical predictions

Preliminary

16. Skyrme Model - N.W. Park and H. Weigel, Nucl. Phys. A 451, 453 (1992).

17. Dispersion Relation - H.W. Hammer, U.G. Meissner, D. Drechsel, Phys. Lett. B 367, 323 (1996).

18. Dispersion Relation - H.-W. Hammer and Ramsey-Musolf, Phys. Rev. C 60, 045204 (1999).

19. Chiral Quark Soliton Model - A. Sliva et al., Phys. Rev. D 65, 014015 (2001).

20. Perturbative Chiral Quark Model - V. Lyubovitskij et al., Phys. Rev. C 66, 055204 (2002).

21. Lattice - R. Lewis et al., Phys. Rev. D 67, 013003 (2003).

22. Lattice + charge symmetry -Leinweber et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 212001 (2005) & hep-lat/0601025

Richard Wilson May 9th 2006

Accepted 2007 runs

Happex 3 at q2 = 0.6 (Gev/c)2

To cofirmor deny D0 resultsD0 data have a backround of hyperons.

Could ALL have the same reason for being 1SD high

Comparison of <r2> neutron & <r2> proton radius in lead

Improved electronics (alas Jlab not Harvard)

Higher precision on polarization (Jlab)

He cooled lead target (RW/ROM)

New small angle defelcting magnet (Syracuse)

In retirement knocking 1014 balls around

More fun than a single ball at Hilton Head.(or Acupulco)

AND these are polarized!

Thank you for your attention