RICHARD D. MILES PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
Dec 22, 2015
RICHARD D. MILESPROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
IN ANY TYPE OF POULTRY OPERATIONWHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF
POOR BIRD PERFORMANCE ?
QUESTION
“LARGE-SCALE”
POULTRY OPERATION
“SMALL SCALE”
STRESSORSSTRESSORSCold
Humidity
BacteriaViruses
Protozoa
Loud Noises
BeakTrimming
Parasites
PoorVentilation
Mold &Mycotoxins
NH3/H2S
HeatDust
Vaccination
RoughHandling
PoorSanitation
Molting
Weighing
PeckingOrder
FeedRestriction
NutritionalDeficiencies
Poor LitterQuality
Dirty Water
Crowding
SMALL SCALESMALL SCALEPOULTRY PRODUCTIONPOULTRY PRODUCTION
TWO MAJOR SECTORS
CONVENTIONAL
PASTURE
ORGANIC
SMALL SCALESMALL SCALEPOULTRY PRODUCTIONPOULTRY PRODUCTION
TWO MAJOR SECTORS
“LIMITED” BREED OPTIONS EXIST
CORNISH CROSS HYBRIDS“COMMERCIAL BROILERS”
(MEAT-BIRDS)HERITAGEBREEDS
FAST GROWING(5 POUNDS IN 6 WEEKS)
VERY TENDERNO “STRONG” FLAVOR
WHITE FEATHERS
CONSIDERED“DUAL PURPOSE”
SLOWER GROWTHSMALLER CARCASS SIZE
STRONGER FLAVORCOLORED FEATHERS
COMMERCIAL BROILERS
COMMERCIAL BROILERS
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION(COMMERCIAL BROILERS)
IDENTICAL GENETICS
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS…FOR…
BROODINGNUTRITION
HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTMANAGEMENT
HERITAGE BREEDS
BARREDROCKS
BUFFORPINGTONS
NEWHAMPSHIRE
(AMERICAN LIVESTOCK BREEDS CONSERVANCY)
WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATIONABOUT THE HERITAGE BREEDS ?
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
> HTTP: //WWW.ALBC-USA.ORG <
…CONTACT…AMERICAN LIVESTOCK
BREEDS CONSERVANCY
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
“CONFINEMENT”“PASTURE”
OR
“ORGANIC”
SEVERAL BREED OPTIONS EXIST
RHODE ISLAND RED WHITE LEGHORN ARAUCANAS
INFORMATION BASE“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***DR. ANNE FANATICO
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)> AFANATI@UARK. EDU <
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIAAUBURN UNIVERSITY
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSTIYTEXAS A&M
UNIVERSTIY OF MINNESOTAMISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY
PURDUE UNIVERSITYKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
INFORMATION BASE“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
SLIDE PRESENTATION
ELENA TOROEXTENSION AGENT ISUWANNEE COUNTY
BRAD BURBAUGHEXTENSION AGENT I
DUVAL COUNTY
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDAIFAS EXTENSION
TOPICS DISCUSSED
STARTING CHICKSBROODING
FEEDING & WATERINGLAYER MANAGEMENT
SELLING EGGSPROCESSING EGGS/BROILERS
PROCESSING EQUIPMENTBROILER PRODUCTIONPASTURE OPERATIONS
MEAT-TYPE BREEDSEGG-TYPE BREEDS
ECONOMICS
WHAT AGENCY REGULATES THE PROCESSING OF POULTRY IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA FOR SMALL
POULTRY PRODUCERS (20,000 BIRDS OR < PER YEAR) ?
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
…ANSWER…
THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENTOF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER
SERVICES / DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY
WHERE CAN I LEARN MORE ABOUT THE REGULATIONSI MUST FOLLOW IN ORDER TO PROCESS POULTRY MEAT
AS WELL AS MORE ABOUT HOW TO RAISE PASTURED POULTRY IN FLORIDA ?
…ANSWER…
UF/IFAS(B.BURBAUGH & E. TORO)
“PASTURED POULTRY VIRTUAL FIELD DAY”
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
> HTTP: //VFD.IFAS.UFL.EDU/PASTURED_POULTRY/ <
…OR CONTACT…FL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY
INFORMATION BASE“PASTURE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
2) …RECENT 2010 PUBLICATION…“PASTURE-RAISED POULTRY: GETTING STARTED”
B. BURBAUGH, E. TORO AND A. GERNATIFAS, FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
EDIS PUBLICATION “AN232”> http: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu <
*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***DR. ANNE FANATICO
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
INFORMATION BASE“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION”
1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAMUNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
…RECENT 2009 PUBLICATION…“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BROILERS”
BYA.C. FANATICO, C.M. OWENS AND J.L. EMMERT
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH(VOLUME 18: PAGES 355-366)
2)
> HTTP: //JAPR.FASS.ORG/CGI/CONTENT/FULL/18/2/355 <
…ALSO...NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION SERVICE
> WWW. ATTRA.NCAT.ORG <
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
WHERE CAN I FIND THE ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING STANDARDS FOR FLORIDA ?
…CONTACT…FLORIDA ORGANIC GROWERS
ASSOCIATION
> WWW. FOGINFO.ORG <
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
1) MEAT OR EGGS PROCESSEDON THE FARM MUST COMPLY WITH ORGANIC HANDLING STANDARDS
“NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM”…FINAL RULE SECTIONS…
205.270 TO 205.272…IF PROCESSED OFF-FARM…
THE PROCESSING PLANT MUSTBE CERTIFIED “ORGANIC”
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
WHAT IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES IN ORGANIC POULTRY PROCESSING ?
FINDING THE FACILITIES THATWILL KILL AND PROCESS THE BIRDS
CAN PROCESSING PLANTS THAT ARE ALREADY IN COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL AND STATE
REGULATIONS BE CERTIFIED AS “ORGANIC” ?
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
…YES……HOWEVER…
1) PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN TO NOT CONTAMINATE ORGANIC PRODUCTS WITH THE NON-ORGANIC PRODUCTS
2) RECORD KEEPING FOR AUDITS IS ESSENTIAL
3) ORGANIC PRODUCTS ARE PROCESSED “FIRST” OF THE DAY
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
2) “APPROVED ORGANICS”THAT MUST BE USED
DETERGENTS SANITIZERS
(PROCESSING FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT)
PEST CONTROL METHODS
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
3) APPROVED ORGANICFEED INGREDIENTS
MUST BE USED
THIS ELIMINATES POSSIBILITIESFOR FORMULATING DIETS
TO MEET THE BIRD’SNUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
INFORMATION BASEQUESTION
IS THERE A SOURCE WHERE I CAN FIND A LIST OF THE APPROVED MATERIALS THAT CAN BE
USED IN ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
USDANATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM
(NOP)“NATIONAL LIST”
> HTTP: //WWW.AMS.USDA.GOV/ NOP <
WHY IS THE DATE OF OCTOBER 10, 2010SO VERY IMPORTANT FOR
ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING IN THE U.S. ?
QUESTION
THE “MAN MADE” AMINO ACID
METHIONINECANNOT BE USED IN “ORGANIC”
POULTRY PRODUCTION
…IMPORTANT CONCEPT…
METHIONINE IS ANESSENTIAL AMINO ACID
FISH MEAL
QUESTION
ARE THERE ALTERNATIVE SOURCESOF METHIONINE ?
WHY ARE THE FIRST 2-3 WEEKS OF LIFESO VERY IMPORTANT FOR CHICKS ?
QUESTION
ALL THE BIRD’S BODYSYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING
IMMUNESYSTEM
DIGESTIVESYSTEM
THERMOREGULATORY
SYSTEM
FEATHERING
LEARNINGTO EAT AND DRINK
TISSUE TYPES
SUPPLY TISSUES DEMAND TISSUES
MUSCLEBONE
FEATHERSBEAK
LUNGSLIVER
PANCREASDIGESTIVE TRACT
1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK
RESIDUAL YOLK
IMMATUREDIGESTIVE TRACT
HATCH1 WEEKOF AGE
TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLDGREATER THAN REST OF BODY
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS
BEFORE THE BRAIN
COMMERCIAL SCALE
SMALL SCALE
BROODING UNITS
BATTERY
BOX
BROODING UNITS
BROODING RINGS
BROODING UNITS
LAMP-TYPE BROODER
BROODING
BROODING HEAT SOURCES
BROODING UNITS
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE
IN THE BROODER ?
QUESTION
THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOUIF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
BROODINGTHE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
BO
DY
WE
IGH
T
AGE
1000 HOURS
MOST CRITICAL PERIOD
42 DAYS
TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDSGROW VERY RAPIDLY
FEED INTAKEIS
ESSENTIAL
….FACT….WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINESGUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACEDIN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACEDIN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION
GOALHOURS AFTERPLACEMENT
21224
CROP FILL(% OF CHICKS)
7585
95+
LET’S TALK A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT
IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT
IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT
NUTRITIONIS FIXED
NUTRITIONIS NOT FIXED
NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKINGWHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX
THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?
SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTSSIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEINVITAMINS
MINERALS
WATER
VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBERNUTRITION TO REMEMBER
…..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT…..
IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN
VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBERPOULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
MOST POULTRYEAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN
ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT
IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER
…TODAY…
FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY
75% OF THE TOTAL COST OFPRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE
STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER
“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET BY FEEDING A “COMPLETE DIET” (BALANCED ENERGY & NUTRIENTS)
2) IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO FEED CRACKED CORN OR SCRATCH FEED OR LIMESTONE OR OYSTERSHELLS (REMEMBER: BLENDING WITH GRAINS DILUTES THE NUTRITION)
3) HOME-MIXED FEEDS MAY BE USED BUT INGREDIENTS MAY BE DIFFICULT “AT TIMES” TO ACQUIRE
4) DO NOT LIMIT FEED CONSUMPTION BY RESTRICTING FEED BECAUSE THIS WILL DECREASE PERFORMANCE
“ORGANIC PRODUCTION”1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DO NOT CHANGE
2) THE FEED MUST BE “ORGANIC” (INCLUDES PASTURES)
3) FEED IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE
4) DRUGS, ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS, ANTIBIOTICS AND “GMO” PRODUCTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE FEED (NOP LIST)
5) SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND MINERALS ARE ALLOWED BUT, SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS ARE NOT ALLOWED
“ORGANIC PRODUCTION”
6) FISHMEAL, ENZYMES AND OYSTER SHELL ARE ALLOWED
7) SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN DIETS
8) ALGAE, EARTHWORM AND INSECT MEALS ARE ALLOWED
9) PROBIOTICS ARE ALLOWED TO BE USED IN FEEDS
10) GRIT IS ALLOWED TO BE USED
WILL THE TYPE OF DIET THAT I FEEDHAVE AN EFFECT ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIZZARD ?
QUESTION
YES
GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUSGIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS(VENTRICULUS)
KOILIN LINING
KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD
GROOVES
WHAT ABOUT USINGOYSTER SHELL, LIMESTONE OR GRIT ?
QUESTION
OYSTER SHELL LIMESTONE
GRANITE GRIT
GRITFED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE
NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE
KOILIN LAYER
GIZZARD
GRIT
HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
QUESTION
HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
…ANSWER…
IT DEPENDS
QUESTION
BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION
BODY WEIGHT
DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML
“BROILERS”(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)
FINALQUESTION
WHY DID THE CHICKEN CROSS THE ROAD ?
TO PROVE TO THE OPOSSUM IT IS POSSIBLE