Rice Session One CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Jan 23, 2016
Rice
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Grains
• Aka, Cereals, or Cereal Grains–Mostly Wheat,
Barley, Rye, Maize (Corn), & Rice
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Cooking Rice and Other Grains
• Absorption Method– Aka steamed or simmered
• Oven Method– Absorption Method for larger Quantities– Add boiling liquid to rice, cover
• Pasta Method– Boiled and Strained
• Pilaf Method• Risotto Method
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Perfectly Cooked Rice
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Pilaf Method
1. Sweat Aromatics (shallots, spices, etc.) in a little fat.
2. Saute Grain3. Add hot liquid (water, stock, etc) to
grain, stir, season, and bring to a simmer
4. Cover (DO NOT STIR) and finish on low heat
5. Fluff Grain and ServeSession One
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Risotto Method
1. Same as Pilaf EXCEPT2. Add Liquid in stages (often beginning
with a little wine)3. Cook uncovered and stir occasionally
adding additional hot liquid as needed4. Finish with butter and/or grated
cheese5. Served warm and creamy
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Rice
• Second only to Corn in worldwide production
• Most important staple grain to humans– Provides 20-50% of needed calories
to people worldwide (Most corn is grown for animal fed)
• Labor intensive to cultivate• Needs abundant water sources
• Session One• CHRM 1110
Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Rice, Con’t.
• Two Main Cultivars, “Indica” & “Japonica”• “Indica" produces long-grain rice and is
grown in tropical areas such as South-East Asia
• Short-grained "japonica" is cultivated in temperate areas including Japan and northern China
• Wild rice is an entirely different and is harvested from wild plants in North America.
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Rice, Con’t.
• All rice starts out as brown rice. • White rice, the fibrous bran layer and
underlying germ are milled off—along with nutrients and natural oils– Less nutritious– more shelf-stable than the brown stuff.
• Long grain, medium grain, and short grains
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Rice, Texture
• Fluffy, sticky, or in between.• Texture of cooked rice depends on the
ratio of two starch molecules: amylose and amylopectin.
• High-amylose rices (longer Grains) cook up firm, fluffy, and distinct; high-amylopectin (Short Grains) rices come out tender and sticky and require more water (and cooking time) than the latter.
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Long-Grain vs. Short-Grain Rice
Long-Grain Rice Short/Medium-Grain Rice
• For Most Savory Dishes
• Dry, Separate Grains• In India, the aromatic
basmati rice is very popular; the word basmati means fragrant.
• creamy when cooked • used in milk puddings
and risottos• Japan and Korea,
glutinous “sticky” rice is preferred because it is sticky when cooked and is easier to eat with chop-sticks.
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
White Rice
• Milled rice with Husk, Bran, & Germ Removed.
• Prevents spoilage & Extends Storage life
• After milling, the rice is polished, resulting in a seed with a bright, white, shiny appearance
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
White Rice, Con’t.
• Polishing removes important nutrients.
• A diet based on un-enriched white rice leaves people vulnerable to the neurological disease beriberi, due to a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1).
• Enrichment of white rice with B1, B3, and iron is required by law in the United States.
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Brown Rice
• Un-milled or Partly Milled Rice
• Mild nutty Flavor, Chewier
• Superior Nutrition (Compared to White)– Fiber– B Vitamins
• Becomes Rancid More Quickly
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Parboiled Rice• Rice cooked in
the husk• Improved
Nutrition, 80% similar to Brown Rice
• Less Time to Cook
• Firmer and Less Sticky
• Session One• CHRM 1110
Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Converted or Minute Rice
• Precooked and Dehydrated
• Cooks Quicker• More Expensive• Less Nutrition, Less
Flavor
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Jasmine Rice
• “Thai Fragrant Rice”• long-grain& Nutty
Aroma• Grains will cling when
cooked, though it is less sticky than other rices (less amylopectin)
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Basmati Rice
• Very Fragrant– “Pandan Leaf” Aroma
• Longer Grains• Free-Flowing, less
Sticky)• India and Pakistan
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Forbidden Black Rice
• short-grained, heirloom rice
• Purple when Raw• Dark purple
cooked
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Spanish Rice
• Granza &Valencia• Medium-Grain• Used for Spanish
Paella and “Arroc Con Pollo”
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Arborio, Carnaroli and Vialone Nano
• Considered the Best Rices for Risotto• High-starch (amylopectin), low-
amylose round medium grain• “Superfino”, Semifino” and “Fino”
refer to the size and shape (narrowness) of the grains, not the quality.
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Risotto
• Rich and creamy• “Al dente”, and with separate grains• Italian
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Rice Pilaf
• Light and Fluffy• “Al dente”, and with separate grains• Indian and Middle Eastern Cuisines
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Webquest
• http://www.foodsubs.com/Rice.html
Session OneCHRM 1110
Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Corn or Maize
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Corn
• Eaten Fresh as a Vegetable• Eaten Dried as A Grain– Cornmeal– Flour
• Eaten indirectly in products such as Corn Syrup, Corn Starch, etc
• Dent Corn vs. Sweet Corn
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Cornmeal
• Dried Corn milled Course to Fine
• Maybe Yellow, White or Blue• Sometimes Known as “Corn
Flour”• “Stone-ground” Retains some
of bran and germ• Polenta, aka “Cornmeal
Mush” is a course grind of cornmeal
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Polenta
• Polenta is Northern Italian in Origin
• Served as Porridge or as a Cake
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Nixtamalization
• Corn Kernals are soaked in wood ash or slaked calcium hydroxide (an alkali)
• Softens Outer skin• Increases Protein by Releasing Bound
Niacin • Acts as a Preservative• “Nixtamal” aka Hominy• Pellagra
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Grits
• Madefrom nixtamalized corn, or hominy.
• Southern US• Served as a porridge, with
butter and sometimes sugar
• Grated Cheese may also be added
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Masa Harina
• Flour Made from Finely Ground Hominy
• Used for Tortillas and Flat Breads
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Wheat
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Wheat
• Third most-produced cereal after maize
• Mostly used for flour for baked goods
• By-products-bulgur, cracked wheat, & couscous used as side dishes…and beer.
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Wheat• Winter and Spring
Varieties• High & Low Protein
Varieties• Durham Wheat• Hard Winter wheat
used for making semolina flour…pasta
• 1 in every 100 - 200 people has Celiac disease-Wheat Gluten Allergy
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Cracked Wheat
• Or “Wheat Berries”• Bran & Germ Intact• Must Be Soaked before
Cooking• Used also for
Sprouting
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Bulgur
• Bran Removed, Par cooked & Dried
• Turkish Cuisine• Used in Pilafs,
Soups and Baked Goods
• More Nutritional Substitute for Rice and Couscous
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Couscous
• Moroccan Cuisine• Bran and Germ
Removed from Durham Wheat Berries
• Similar to Pasta• Steamed or use a
“Couscousiére”
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Couscous
Session OneCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Vegetables
• Any herbaceous plant that can be eaten in part or in whole.– i.e. leaves,
stems, roots, tubers, seeds and flowers
• Usually Cooked
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Baby Vegetables
• Regular varieties picked before maturity
• Also includes, heirloom, hybrids & miniature varieties
• Bruise easily and highly perishable
• Highly valued for taste and tenderness.
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Vegetable Nutrition
• Most are 80%+ water (water soluble Vitamins)
• Carbohydrates (Starches) and small amounts of protein & fat
• Fiber, cellulose and lignin.
• To peel or not to peel.
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
USDA Organic
• “100% Organic=no added hormones, pesticides, synthetic pesticides, etc.
• Soil must be free of synthetics for 3 years.
• “Organic” = 95% organic ingredients by weight
• “Made with organic ingredients”=70=90%
• <70% not labeled as organic
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Vegetable Grading
• Voluntary based on appearance, and conditions affecting waste or eating quality.
• U.S. Extra Fancy, U.s. Fancy, U.S. Extra No.1, U.s. No.1
• Potatoes, carrots & onions and mandatory consumer (retail) grades…”Grade A, etc.
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Fresh Vegetable Storing
• Most Fresh vegetables at 40˚F to 60 ˚F
• Winter Squash, Potatoes, Onions, Shallots & Garlic at room temperature in a dry area with good ventilation.
• Other vegetables like greens, may be stored in cold storage between 34 ˚F and 40 ˚F
• Store Apples, Peaches Tomatoes, Bananas & melons away from others due to emission of ethylene gas
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Preserved Vegetables
• Irradiated– Store like Fresh– Avoids the Use of harvest
pesticides– Kills Bacteria, Bugs, etc– Slows ripening and sprouting
• Canned• Frozen– “IQF”– Expensive Freezer Space
• DriedSession Five
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Pigments
Pigment Vegetable
• Chlorophyll• Carotenoid• Flavonoid (White)• Flavonoid (Red)
• Spinach & Broccoli• Carrots &
Rutabagas• Cauliflower• Red Cabbage
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Acid/Alkali Reactions
• Texture– Acids Toughen , Lengthen Cooking Time– Alkali Softens, (often “Mushy) AND causes
nutrient loss (thiamin) and may impart bitterness
• Color– Acids destroy chlorophyll, have no effect on
carotenoids and brighten flavonoids– Alkali brightens chlorophyll, has no effect on
carotenoids and makes white flavonoids-yellow and red flavonoids -blue
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Cooking Vegetables
• Cut to uniform shape and Size• Cook Short Time to Preserve Nutrients, Color
& texture• Cook Close to Service Time. Don’t hold hot• Blanch in advance and hold in ice water• White and Red Vegetable MAY be cooked
with SMALL amount of acid for color retention• Cook assorted Vegetable Separately• Check Doneness…Al Dente and Bright Color
Session FiveCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Starches
• Potatoes, Grains and Pastas• Some are Vegetables, Some are
Grasses• Staples of a Cuisine, i.e. Can be
Stored• Define the Cuisine• Generally, Inexpensive• High in Carbohydrates, Low in in Fat
Session TwoCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
FRUIT-VEGETABLES
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Hass & Fuerte Avocados
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Eggplants (Fr. Aubergine)
• Asian & West. Var.• Sub. For Turnip• Mid. East. Cuisine• Salting…• Bitterness
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Peppers
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
• Chiles aka hot peppers• Green Peppers vs. Red
Peppers=degree of ripeness• Generally, smaller peppers are
hottest• Where gloves…use caution when
cleaning
Roasting a pepper
Remove the Skin… Do not Rinse
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Peppers and Chiles
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Dried Chiles
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Ancho (dried Poblano)Chipotle (dried and Smoked Jalapeno)
Paprika, dried powered pimento
Tomatoes• Fr. Tomate or pomme
d’amour; It. Pomodoro• Harvested Green and Unripe• “Ripened” Artificially…inferior
taste• Canned Tomatoes….can be
good• Used in all cooking
applications world-wide• The three gifts from the New
World…tomatoes, potatoes & corn
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Tomatoes, Con’t • Pear-Shaped Better
for Sauces• Round better to Eat
Raw
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
San Marzano Tomatoes
• Must Have “DOP” seal
• Many Imitation
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Tomatillos
• Related to Tomato• Can be used Raw• Or, Cooked in
soups and salsas
Session FourCHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Today’s MenuEach Group Choose One:
1) Eggplant and Manchego Cheese Chile Relleno& Mexican Rice
2) Paella Espania
3) Eggplant ParmesanZucchini & Porcini Risotto
4) Ratatouille and Wild Rice & Dried Fruit Pilaf
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Eggplant and Manchego Cheese Chile Relleno
& Mexican Rice
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Paella Espania
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Eggplant Parmesan
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics
Ratatouille and Wild Rice & Dried Fruit Pilaf
CHRM 1110 Vegetable, Starch & Protein Basics