Rice seed chain in India: does exportable surplus of rice seeds exist? Dr Debdutt Behura Department of Agribusiness Management Orissa University of Agriculture.

Rice seedchain in India: does exportable surplus

of rice seeds exist?

Dr Debdutt BehuraDepartment of Agribusiness Management

Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar

1970

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2010

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2012

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40

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120

140

160

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Year

Are

a (m

illio

n ha

), Pr

od (m

illio

n to

n)

Yiel

d (t

on/h

a)

Area

Yield

Prod

Trend in rice area, production and yield in India

Rice seed system in India

• Heavy involvement of public sector in R &D, production and distribution of inbred seeds and to a limited scale in hybrid seeds

• Private sector mainly involved in limited scale R & D mainly in hybrid and research seeds and their production and marketing. It is also engaged in production and marketing of publicly released notified inbred seeds.

Organized Rice seed production and supply system in India

Source: www.seednet.govt.in

Indent and requirement of breeder seeds of rice in India in quintal

Year Indent Production

2001-02 863 1229

2002-03 931 1766

2003-04 867 1518

2004-05 1199 2572

2005-06 1575 2850

2006-07 2076 3405

2007-08 2491 3923

2008-09 3028 4333

2009-10 3880 5387

2010-11 4604 6095

2011-12 5772 6828

Requirement and availability of Certified / Quality seeds of rice in India in lakh quintals

Year Requirement Availability Supplied

2000-01 27.07 31.26 N.A.

2005-06 N.A. 36.70 32.41

2006-07 N.A. 40.35 43.51

2007-08 N.A. 53.54 48.93

2008-09 N.A. 66.14 58.18

2009-10 65.65 73.41 60.95

2010-11 71.67 86.29 69.34

2011-12 82.56 91.60 74.41

2012-13 78.10 80.32 72.27

2013(Kharif) 62.54 69.23 N.A.

2014(Kharif) 64.73 72.53 N.A.

State wise requirement & availability of rice seed during Kharif, 2013 in quintals

State Requirement Availability Surplus/DeficitAndhra Pradesh 1171509 1261668 90159

Assam 563200 563200 0

Bihar 424400 482860 58460

Chattisgarh 600000 778794 178794

Haryana 67100 183163 116063

Jharkhand 167000 216354 49354

Karnataka 249473 292044 42571

Madhya Pradesh 194339 145895 -48444

Odisha 667876 681075 13199

Punjab 167400 211269 43869

Tamil Nadu 211500 211500 0

Uttar Pradesh 797000 609263 -187737

West Bengal 451500 756210 304710

India 6254264 6923320 669056

Ratio of Supply and Demand of Quality/Certified Seeds in major rice-growing states

Andhra Prad

esh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisga

rh

Haryan

a

Jharkhan

d

Karnata

ka

Madhya

Pradesh

Odisha

Punjab

Tamil N

adu

Uttar Prad

esh

West

Benga

lIndia

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2009-10 2013-14

Supp

ly/D

eman

d Ra

tio

India’s exports in Rice Seeds(MT) Country/Year 2005 2010 2011 2013

Vietnam 11 3673 2118 155

Indonesia 7 818 1617 371

Philippines 178 3743 1296 2476

Nepal 9518 2041 2569 1535

Bangladesh 8 291 171 129

Ghana 2080

Benin 2193

Qatar 22 73 48 142

UAE 137 52 48 403

Total exports 10346 10912 9114 10210

India exported rice seed to 25 countries during 2013

Source: International Trade Centre, Trade Map database(2014)

Percentage share of private sector in supply of certified/quality seeds in India, 2013-14

States Percentage share to total

supply

States Percentage share to total

supplyAndhra Pradesh 47.5 Madhya Pradesh 49.4

Assam 68.6 Odisha 0

Bihar 49.2 Punjab 83.7

Chhattisgarh 20.9 Tamil Nadu 59.3

Haryana 70.3 Uttar Pradesh 58.1

Jharkhand 0 West Bengal 63.2

Karnataka 54.2 India 51.7

SRR• Certified/quality seeds itself increases the yield by

15 to 20%. Seed replacement rate(SRR), defined as the proportion of a crop area planted with certified or quality seeds(as opposed to farm-kept seeds), is an indicator of the effectiveness of seed systems in supplying high quality seeds to farmers. Accordingly the SRR for rice in India and various states of India has increased in recent years. Ideally for self pollinated crops like rice SRR should be 35%.

State-wise SRR of rice in major rice-growing states

Andhra Prad

esh

Assam

Bihar

Chattisga

rh

Haryan

a

Jharkhan

d

Karnata

ka

Madhya

Pradesh

Odisha

Punjab

Tamil N

adu

Uttar Prad

esh

West

Benga

l India

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2005 2011Se

ed re

plac

emen

t rat

e

The Case of Odisha

Trend in area, production, yield and area under HYV rice in Odisha

19711973

19751977

19791981

19831985

19871989

19911993

19951997

19992001

20032005

20072009

20110

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

AreaProdHYV areaYield

Are

a (0

00 h

a), P

rod

(000

t)

Yiel

d (t

/ha)

Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) of Rice in Odisha

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Kharif Rabi Total

SRR

Area certified under rice seed production in Odisha

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Kharif Rabi Total

Area

in h

a

Seed area registered during Kharif, 2013 by agency in Odisha

Agency Area registered ShareOSSC 13768.79 35.5NFSM 9344.8 24.1Private 8447.91 21.8SVS 2272.45 5.9BGREI 2148.6 5.5OAIC 1208.6 3.1GOVT. 867.69 2.2OUAT 254.6 0.7GOI 227 0.6NSC 174.4 0.4SQSPP 30 0.1CRRI 11.648 0.0Total 38756.49 100.0

Percentage share of each seed source in certification of total quantity of Foundation rice seeds in Odisha(Kharif)

2001-022005-062008-092010-11 2012-13

Dept. Farms 46 16 31 25 22

O.S.S.C. LTD. 11 12 12 12 5

O.U.A.T. 22 37 14 12 8

PRIVATE 21 35 43 51 30

N.S.C 0.2 0.1 0.5

SVS 33

OAIC 2

NFSM 0.03

BGREI 0

NGO 0

Total (tons) 2036 1857 3136 3297 7727 2001-02

2005-06

2008-09

2010-11

2012-13

0

20

40

60

80

100

Foundation seedsNGO

BGREI

NFSM

OAIC

SVS

N.S.C

PRIVATE

O.U.A.T.

O.S.S.C.LTD.

Dept. Farms

Shar

e in

tota

l (%

)

Percentage share of each seed source in certification of total quantity of Certified rice seeds in Odisha(Kharif)

2001-02 2005-06 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13

Dept. Farms 8 12 3 2 0.4

O.S.S.C.LTD. 82 67 76 64 69

O.U.A.T. 1 0.3 0.05 0.3 0

PRIVATE 9 19 15 28 22

N.S.C 1 4 5 0.3

SVS 1 0.1 0.01

OAIC 1

NFSM 8

BGREI 0.02

NGO 0.01

Total (tons) 16033 14439 39673 41968 49897 2001-02 2005-06 2008-09 2010-11 2012-130

20

40

60

80

100

Certified seedsNGO

BGREI

NFSM

OAIC

SVS

N.S.C

PRIVATE

O.U.A.T.

O.S.S.C.LTD.

Dept. Farms

Shar

e in

tota

l (%

)

Percentage share of each seed source in certification of total quantity of rice seeds in Odisha(Kharif)

2001-02 2005-06 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13

Dept. Farms 13 13 5 4 3

O.S.S.C.LTD. 74 61 72 60 60

O.U.A.T. 4 4 1 1 1

PRIVATE 10 21 17 30 23

N.S.C 1 3 5 0.3

SVS 1 0.06 4

OAIC 1

NFSM 7

BGREI 0.02

NGO 0.005

Total (tons) 18069 16296 42808 45266 57624 2001-02 2005-06 2008-09 2010-11 2012-130

20

40

60

80

100

Total seed productionNGO

BGREI

NFSM

OAIC

SVS

N.S.C

PRIVATE

O.U.A.T.

O.S.S.C.LTD.

Dept. Farms

Shar

e in

tota

l (%

)

Percentage share in total seed supply/sold by major varieties during kharif season

Seed supply/sale by major varieties during kharif season.

Percentage share in total seed supply/sold 2001 2005 2010 2011 2013MTU-1001 13 16 17 18 27Swarna 33 31 33 32 22Pooja 0 11 14 16 18MTU-1010 0 0 6 8 8Lalat 14 8 7 4 4Khandagiri 5 3 4 2 3CR-1018 5 4 2 2 1Surendra 2 6 2 1 1CR-1009 16 3 1 1 0BPT-5204 5 4 1 7 1Others 9 14 14 10 15 Total seed supplied/sold (Qtss) 241441 136095 471678 487221 512143 2001 2005 2010 2011 2013

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Others

BPT-5204

CR-1009

Surendra

CR-1018

Khandagiri

Lalat

MTU-1010

Pooja

Swarna

MTU-1001Se

ed s

uppl

y (0

00 to

ns)

% of responsesSources of seeds

Own 57Gov't Seed Sale Center 31Other farmers 7Seed trader 4Others 1

Sources of informationOther farmers 76Extension officers 21Seed trader 2Others 2

Sources of seeds and varietal information(2010)

Actors/Stakeholders in rice seed value chain in Odisha

• DAC-Seed Division, GOI• Research Institutes/SAUs- CRRI, OUAT, ANGRAU, IGKV, BCKV, DRR etc• OSSOPCA, OSSC Ltd, OAIC, NSC, SFCI, State Government Farms(57)• Private seed entrepreneurs( more than 50 MOU farms)• Registered seed growers of OSSC Ltd(5000 nos)• Organizers & Contract seed growers of Private seed entrepreneurs• Govt. Schemes- NFSM, SVS, BGREI• Farmers’ Organizations & SHGs (NABARD as well as Word Bank

assisted)• MNCs/National Seed Companies• NGO• Seed dealers of OSSC ltd and OAIC, PACS, Wholesalers/distributors of

inputs both inside as well as outside the state, Input retailers both inside as well as outside the state, SHGs

• Farmers

Flow chart of inbred rice seed production and distribution in OdishaDAC/Seed Division, GOI, NSP

Research institutes within & outside the state

BS

Private Farms (MOU-more than 50 Nos)

OSSC farms/ Seed growers

DAFP govt farms (57)

CRRI-ICAR (NSP) OUAT (NSP)

TL

OAIC

TRIPTI(WB)

Private Farms(MOU-more than 50 Nos)

Contract seed growers

OSSC farms

SVS(GOI)

Registered seed growers (5000)

CRRI Outlet/Schemes

Pvt. Firms through OAIC

OSSCOAIC/OSSC/Schemes

Pvt. firms/ Rice farmers

CS

OAIC dealers(644 Nos.)

Seed distributors/Input dealers

DDA-DAFP (Schemes)

DDA-DAFP(Schemes)

Storage facility (70), 2.60lakh qts

PACS(878)/OSSC dealers (3225)

OAIC dealers(644 nod.)

OUAT Outlet/ Schemes

Rice Farmers

FSFS FS FS

CS CS CS CS

FS

CONCLUSIONS• India has surplus production of breeder as well as certified rice seeds.• There is oversupply in some states and some are deficient• SRR of rice doubled from 21% to 40% during 2005 to 2011• SRR in some of the eastern Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh is low as

compared to the other major rice producing states though there is surplus availability. Timely availability of desired variety is a constraint.

• In the near future low SRR states will certainly try to increase SRR. So internal demand will increase. Still India has sufficient capacity to increase the production base

• Role of private seed entrepreneurs have increased significantly in production & marketing of Certified seeds

• Area under rice seed production has increased significantly over the years and is stated to reach a higher front in the near future thereby increasing the possibility of higher SRR as well as increased potential for export to neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Nepal etc.

• The export potential of inbred rice seed will mainly concentrate on specific rice varieties.• However, quality is a major concern. • Other major challenges are IPR, quarantine, sanitary and phytosanitary issues,

harmonization of seed certification standards, infrastructure bottlenecks

Policy Options•Policy to decide what type of seeds i.e., whether to export Breeder or Certified seeds •If Breeder seeds, who to export and pricing issues in export of BS•If Certified seeds, private sector or public sector?•If public sector, then SSC or NSC?•The State Seed Corporations along with the Certifying Agencies who are the controlling authority in production and certification of seeds are highly understaffed. Infrastructure facilities at their steps are too little and inadequate to produce and maintain quality standards of that enormous quantity of rice seeds. Immediate measures need to be taken to increase the production units under different seeds corporations as well as certification centres with sufficient staff.•Godown facility to store paddy seeds is low. There is urgent need to increase the storage capacity to keep the seeds in sound condition.

Policy options (Cont.)•Seed Testing Laboratories are quite inadequate to check the large quantities of seed lots being sent for testing. • Technical Training: The seed industry stretches all the

way from genetic research, through varietal development, bulking up, certification, registration, production and marketing. Many of these topics are highly technical, and it need well trained seed scientists and technologists. So training is an essential element for successful implementation of quality seed production, processing, storage and marketing.

Policy options (Cont.)• Demand estimation of varieties in the importing

countries• Ensuring regular supply• Streamline the quarantine aspect by vigorous

checking and testing at each stage of production, processing, grading, packaging etc

• Ensure maintaining sanitary and phytosanitary requirements

• Harmonizing of seed laws and regulations

Thank you