RICE Air Toxics Health Effects and Development of Standards Matt Fraser Civil and Environmental Engineering Department.

RICE

Air Toxics Health Effects and Development of

Standards

Matt FraserCivil and EnvironmentalEngineering Department

Overview

• Review of Ambient Measurements of Air Toxics

• Current Air Toxics Regulations

•Research Agenda for HEI Funded Project

•(Air Toxics Apportionment Work at Rice University)

RICE

Current Air Toxics Regulations

• Emission standards NESHAPs (Title V CAAA 1990)

regulate pollution control equipment for specific

industries and sources of hazardous air pollutants

• Does not preclude state regulations of ambient concentrations of air toxics

• Texas has established Effects Screening Levels (ESLs) that are evaluated in permitting process

usually set at 1% of threshold limit values

RICE

Other State Approaches• California

10-6 carcinogenicity risk plus reference exposure level establishedby the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

• ConnecticutHazardous limiting values established as ambient air concentrationsby Commissioner of Health Services

• LouisianaCarcinogenicity risk not to exceed 10-4 for regulated HAPS

• Massachusetts115 health based allowable ambient levels

RICE

RICE

Other State Approaches• Michigan

Initial Threshold Screening Level set by State. Then carcinogenicity not to exceed 10-6.

• New JerseyCarcinogenicity risk not to exceed 10-6 for regulated HAPS

• North CarolinaState has set acceptable ambient pollutant levels. If exceed these levels outside facility property, must show “maximum feasible control”.

• Rhode IslandAmbient concentrations not to exceed benchmarks set by State based on RfC from EPA’s IRIS, CARBs REL and New York acceptable levels

RICE

HEI Funding• One year funding for six academic institutions

Rice, Baylor College of Medicine, UT School of Public Health, UTMB Galveston, Univ. Houston, Texas Southern Univ.

• Five Tasks-Identify and collect air toxics standards from other states and

other governmental agencies

-Determine health effect basis for existing standards in other jurisdictions

-Review toxicological endpoint information and epidemiological studies of health effects of air toxics

-Compile local data on air toxics sources and ambient levels

-Provide guidance on the chemicals that are of concern, their health impacts, and how standards could be implemented

Positive Matrix Factorization of Auto-GC Data for Source Attribution

• Use statistical correlations in time series to determine sources of VOCs

• Studied three sites: Wallisville Rd, HRM-3 and Lynchberg Ferry

RICE

Representative Source Profiles

Petrochemical Production

00.020.040.060.08

0.10.120.14

Eth

an

eE

thyl

en

eP

rop

an

eP

rop

yle

ne

Ace

tyle

ne

n-B

uta

ne

Iso

bu

tan

et-

2-B

ute

ne

c-2

-Bu

ten

e1

,3-B

uta

die

ne

n-P

en

tan

et-

2-P

en

ten

ec-

2-P

en

ten

e3

-Me

thyl

pe

nta

ne

n-H

exa

ne

n-H

ep

tan

en

-Oct

an

en

-No

na

ne

n-D

eca

ne

Cyc

lop

en

tan

eIs

op

ren

e2

,2-

2,4

-C

yclo

he

xan

e3

-Me

thyl

he

xan

e2

,2,4

-2

,3,4

-3

-Me

thyl

he

pta

ne

Me

thyl

cycl

oh

exa

ne

Me

thyl

cycl

op

en

tan

2-M

eth

ylh

exa

ne

1-B

ute

ne

2,3

-2

-Me

thyl

pe

nta

ne

2,3

-n

-Un

de

can

e2

-Me

thyl

he

pta

ne

p-X

yle

ne

+ m

-B

en

zen

eT

olu

en

eE

thyl

Be

nze

ne

o-X

yle

ne

1,3

,5-

1,2

,4-

n-P

rop

ylb

en

zen

eIs

op

rop

yl B

en

zen

eo

-eth

ylto

lue

ne

m-E

thyl

tolu

en

ep

-Eth

ylto

lue

ne

p-D

ieth

ylb

en

zen

eS

tyre

ne

1,2

,3-

RICE

Representative Source Profiles

Refinery

00.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.08

Eth

ane

Eth

ylen

eP

ropa

neP

ropy

lene

Ace

tyle

nen-

But

ane

Isob

utan

et-

2-B

uten

ec-

2-B

uten

e1,

3-B

utad

iene

n-P

enta

net-

2-P

ente

nec-

2-P

ente

ne3-

Met

hylp

enta

nen-

Hex

ane

n-H

epta

nen-

Oct

ane

n-N

onan

en-

Dec

ane

Cyc

lope

ntan

eIs

opre

ne2,

2-2,

4-C

yclo

hexa

ne3-

Met

hylh

exan

e2,

2,4-

2,3,

4-3-

Met

hylh

epta

neM

ethy

lcyc

lohe

xM

ethy

lcyc

lope

nt2-

Met

hylh

exan

e1-

But

ene

2,3-

2-M

ethy

lpen

tane

2,3-

n-U

ndec

ane

2-M

ethy

lhep

tane

p-X

ylen

e +

m-

Ben

zene

Tol

uene

Eth

yl B

enze

neo-

Xyl

ene

1,3,

5-1,

2,4- n-

Isop

ropy

lo-

ethy

ltolu

ene

m-E

thyl

tolu

ene

p-E

thyl

tolu

ene p-

Sty

rene

1,2,

3-

RICE

Lynchberg Source Attribution

• Refinery: 115 ppbC

• Petrochemical Production: 83 ppbC

• Gasoline Evaporation: 71 ppbc

• Natural Gas: 68 ppbC

• Aromatics: 63 ppbC

• Other Industrial: 13 ppbC

RICE

Petrochemical Production

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 11 20 7 16 1 12 21 9 18 5 14 23 10 19 6 15

Temporal Variability in Source Strength

RICE

Combining Source and with Met Data:

Conditional Probability Function

RICE

Comparison to Inventory:

TCEQ Speciated Point Source Data

RICE

RICE

Petrochemical Conditional Probability Function

RICE

Petrochemical Point Source Emission Inventory Data

RICE

RICE

2003 Benzene Data Annual Concentration vs. Wind Direction

RICE

2003 Benzene Data at HRM-3 Comparison of Ambient Data versus Inventory

Ambient Data Inventory Data