rğ-rğãkLkøkh - CHARUTAR VIDYAMANDAL

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CHARUTAR VIDYAMANDALVALLABH VIDYANAGAR

rð-rðãkLkøkh

ISSN 0976 - 9809 V-Vidyanagar

[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Mkt[kr÷ík Mke.Íuz. fkì÷us ykìV rçkÍLkuMk yuLz {uLkus{uLxLkk ðkŠ»kfkuíMkð{kt yæÞûkMÚkkLku Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì. Mke.yu÷. Ãkxu÷ yLku {kLkðtíkk {nu{kLk íkhefu fkì÷usLkk Ëkíkk©e yLku yknkuykLkk rzhuõxh ©e Mke.Íuz. Ãkxu÷ íkÚkk yknkuykLkk yæÞûk ©e yÕfuþ Ãkxu÷, yknkuykLkk Ãkqðo yæÞûk yu{.Ãke. hk{k íkÚkk yknkuykLkk rzhuõxh ©e Mke.fu. Ãkxu÷ WÃkÂMÚkík níkk. yk «Mktøku Mkeðeyu{Lkk {kLkË fkÞofkhe {tºke r«. yuMk.yu{. Ãkxu÷, fkì÷usLkk rLkÞk{f zkì. rLkr¾÷ Íðuhe yLku yk[kÞo zkì. yíkw÷ çktMk÷ WÃkhktík MxwzLx fkWÂLMk÷Lkk ðkEMk «urMkzuLx «k. rLkrþÚk Ëðu yLku {nk{tºke ðús Ãkxu÷ WÃkhktík yæÞkÃkf {tz¤ á~Þ{kLk Au. RLMkux{kt yknkuykLkk yæÞûk ©e yÕfuþ Ãkxu÷Lku ykðfkhíkk Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì. Mke.yu÷. Ãkxu÷ MkkÚku ©e Mke.Íuz. Ãkxu÷.

[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤ yLku ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkhLkk ykãMÚkkÃkfîÞ ÃkifeLkk yuf yuðk ÃkqßÞ ¼kEfkfkLke M{]rík{kt «ríkð»ko Þkuòíkk M{]rík ÔÞkÏÞkLkLke ©uýe{kt yk ð»koLkwt 40{wt ÔÞkÏÞkLk òýeíkk yÚkoþk†e yLku MkuLxÙ÷ ÞwrLkðŠMkxe ykuV økwshkíkLkk [kLMku÷h zkì. ÞkuøkeLËh y÷½u ykÃÞwt níkwt. yk «Mktøku Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì. Mke.yu÷. Ãkxu÷ {wÏÞ ðõíkkLkwt çknw{kLk fhíkk sýkÞ Au.

Vuçkúwykhe 2013rð-rðãkLkøkh 496 i

rð – rðãk™„h [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤ «fkþ™

Vuçkúwykhe 2013 ð»ko : 15 ytf : 2(Mk¤t„ ytf 496)

[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤ ðÕ÷¼ rðãk™„h 388 120

MÚkkÃkLkk ð»ko 1945

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Vuçkúwykhe 2013 rð-rðãkLkøkh 496ii

ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkhLkk ykãMÚkkÃkfku Ãkife yuf ¼kEfkfkyu E. Mk. 1964{kt yk rðãkfuLÿ WÃkhÚke yuf Mkk{rÞf «fkrþík ÚkkÞ su{kt MkkrníÞ yLku rþûkýrð»kÞf MktMfkh÷ûke Mkk{økúe hsq ÚkkÞ yLku Wå[ yÇÞkMk yÚkuo ykðíke rfþkuh-ÞwðkÃkuZe yuÚke ÷k¼kÂLðík ÚkkÞ; rðãkÚkeoyku yLku yæÞkÃkfku Ãký yu{kt Mkr¢Þ hMk ÷uíkk ÚkkÞ yuðe {Lke»kk «økx fhe níke. V÷MðYÃk 19 LkðuBçkh 1964Lkk hkus ‘ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkh’ ÃkkrûkfLkku ykht¼ ÚkÞku. ÃkAeÚke yu {krMkf MðYÃku ‘rðãkLkøkh’ Lkk{u «økx Úkíkwt hÌkwt. > rð > Lkk{u yuLkku ºkeòu yðíkkh ÚkÞku íÞkhÚke ðíko{kLk yæÞûk zkì. Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷Lke rLkMçkík yLku WËkhíkkLkk V¤MðYÃku íku LkðÃkÕ÷rðík ÚkÞwt, yLku E.Mk. 1999 Úke rLkÞr{íkÃkýu ‘rð-rðãkLkøkh’ yu Lkk{Úke «fkrþík Úkíkwt hÌkwt Au.

rð-rðãkLkøkh[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤ «fkþLk

Vuçkúwykhe 2013ð»ko : 15 ytf : 2(Mk¤tøk ytf 496)

ISSN 0976 - 9809 V-Vidyanagar

rð-rðãkLkøkh

‘rð-rðãkLkøkh’ [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lke

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www.ecvm.net Ãkh {qfðk{kt ykðu Au. Ëuþ-rðËuþLkk

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íku Ãkeze Lk þfu suLku, Mk{ su Mkw¾Ëw:¾{kt,íku Äeh {kLkðe ÚkkÞ Ãkk{ðk ÞkuøÞ {kuûkLku.

¼økðËTøkeíkk 2:15

>> yæÞûkMÚkkLkuÚke >> ÞwðkÄLk yLku íkuLke ÞkuøÞ Ëkuhðýe * zkp.Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷ >> «kÚkBÞ >> ¾hku hk»xÙLkkÞf hkýk «íkkÃk * nrh ËuMkkE / 1>> ykÃkýku ðkhMkku yLku ði¼ð >> Ãkã rð¼køk >> * Lkh®Mkn {nuíkk, Lk{oË,

W{kþtfh òuþe, «òhk{ hkð¤, MkwLËh{T / 3 >> økã rð¼køk >> fÞu y¾kzu sþwt? * Íðuh[tË {u½kýe / 4

>> Lkðkt fkÔÞku >> * Lke÷uþ Ãkxu÷, rfþkuh {kuËe, rLkr¾÷ òuþe / 5>> «uhýk >> swËe s þÂõíkðk¤ku * {tsw÷k hkð / 6>> ÷½wLkð÷ >> Vq÷ rðLkkLke ðu÷ * rfhex økkuMðk{e / 7>> rð{þo >> Mkt¢kÂLík 2013 * «fkþ Lk. þkn / 10>> rð{þo >> Mkku{LkkÚk : RríknkMkLkk Ãkrh«uûÞ{kt * hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh / 10>> MktþkuÄLk >> Mkku{LkkÚk, RríknkMk÷u¾Lk y™u fku{e yufíkk

* økkihktøk òLke / 12>> MktþkuÄLk >> Mkku{LkkÚk y™u fku{ðkË * Wðeoþ fkuXkhe / 16>> MktþkuÄLk >> RM÷kr{f MkkrníÞ{kt Mkku{LkkÚk * ÍuLkk{kçkeçke fkËhe / 18>> MktþkuÄLk >> {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkwt MkwhíkLkk rðfkMk{kt «ËkLk

* ËeÃkf¼kE yu{. Ãkxu÷, {Lke»kkçkuLk fu. Ãkxu÷ / 22>> ÔÞkÏÞkLk >> Mfq÷ ykìV ÷kì yìLz økðLkoLMk * BkkækÔk BkuLkLk / 28>> zkÞMÃkkuhk >> ¼khíke ÃktfsLke frðíkk * yË{ xtfkhðe / 37>> rð¿kkLk >> çkúñktz rfhýku(Cosmic Rays)Lke MkËe

* nuík÷ rfhexfw{kh økktÄe / 39>> Key-note >> Innovations in Social Science and Language Education

* G. Srinivas / 40>> Key-note >> New Trends in Mechanical Engineering

* Jiju Antony / 47>> Key-note >> Global Challanges * S. Channiwala / 48>> h{Líku íkºk Ëuðíkk >> †eLkkt rðrðÄ MðYÃk* Ãkkhw÷xeLkk Ëkuþe / 49>> rðãkð]¥k >> / 51

Vuçkúwykhe 2013rð-rðãkLkøkh 496 iii

>> yæÞûkMÚkkLkuÚke >>

ÞwðkÄLk yLku íkuLke ÞkuøÞ Ëkuhðýe

ykÃkýku Ëuþ ¼khík ÞwðkLkkuLkk ËuþLke økýíkhe{kt ykðu Au fkhý 40 xfkÚke ðÄkhu ðMíke ÞwðkLk ¼kE-çknuLkkuLke Au. fkuEÃký ÔÞÂõík ÞwðkLk nkuÞ íÞkhu íkuLkk{kt òuþ nkuÞ. yu òuþLkku ÃkqhuÃkqhku WÃkÞkuøk íkuLkk ÃkkuíkkLkk Wíf»ko {kxu yLku ËuþLkk Wíf»ko {kxu ÚkkÞ íkku Ëuþ ¾qçk Mkkhku rðfkMk fhe þfu Au. n{ýkt økwshkík hkßÞLke [qtxýe Ãkqhe ÚkE. ©e LkhuLÿ¼kE {kuËeLke ykøkuðkLke{kt AuÕ÷e çku {wËíkÚke su rðïkMk MktÃkkËLk fÞkuo níkku íkuðku s VheLku hkßÞLke «òyu ©e LkhuLÿ¼kE {kuËe{kt rðïkMk {qõÞku. Ëhuf ÃkûkLkk ÃkkuíkkLkk [qtxýe ZtZuhk{kt ½ýe çkÄe çkkçkíkku hkßÞ [÷kðLkkh Mkhfkh {kxu sðkçkËkheLkk YÃk{kt sYhe çkLku Au íkuðkt ð[Lkku WÃkhktík çkeòt ¼úk{f ð[Lkku Ãký Ëhuf ÃkûkLkk [qtxýe ZtZuhk{kt òuðk {éÞkt. [qtxkÞu÷e Mkhfkh {kxu ÞwðkLkkuLkk òuþLkku ÃkqhuÃkqhku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk {kxuLkku Ãkzfkh Au íku Ãkkt[ ð»ko{kt fE heíku Ãkqhku fhþu íku hkßÞ Mkhfkh yLku íkuLkk {tºkeyku ÃkkuíkkLkkt ¾kíkktLke sðkçkËkheykuLku Ãkqhe fhðk {kxu Ãkt[ð»keoÞ {wMkÆku íkiÞkh fhðk ÷køke økÞk Au. yu fk{u Lkk ÷køÞk nkuÞ íkku ykÃku÷kt ð[Lkku Ãkqhkt fhðk {kxu ðÄw Mk{Þ Lkk ðuzVkÞ íku heíku fkÞoðkne fhðe sYhe Au.

MkhfkhLku ÷køkuð¤øku Au íÞkt ÷øke Mkhfkhe ¾kíkktLke sðkçkËkhe Mkt¼k¤íkk swËk swËk rð¼køkkuLke rLk»¢eÞíkk rËLk«ríkrËLk ðÄíke òÞ Au. økheçk yLku íkðtøkh ðå[uLke ¾kE ðÄíke òÞ Au. yk Mktòuøkku{kt økwshkíkLke Mkhfkhu rð[khðwt Ãkzþu fu ykÃku÷kt ð[Lk {wsçk ÞwðkLkkuLkk òuþLku Mkkhk {køkuo ðk¤ðk {kxu Mk{ÞçkØ ykÞkusLk ðnu÷e íkfu fhðwt Ãkzþu. ykÃkýu Auf ykMkk{Lkk çkkuzku yktËku÷Lk, Ãkrù{ çktøkk¤, ykurhMMkk yLku rçknkhLkkt {kykuðkËe yktËku÷Lkku yLku çkeò ykrËðkMke rðMíkkhku{kt Úkíkkt yktËku÷Lkku íkÚkk Ërûký{ktLke LkõMk÷ «ð]r¥k{ktÚke çkkuÄÃkkX ÷uðku Ãkzþu. økwshkík{kt Ãký [e{Lk¼kE Ãkxu÷Lke Mkhfkhu LkðrLk{koý yktËku÷LkLkku Mkk{Lkku fhðku Ãkzâku níkku. yk çkÄk {kxu Mkhfkhu ÃkkuíkkLkk{kt òøk]rík fu¤ððe Ãkzþu yLku Mk{ksLkk Ëhuf ðøkoLke sYrhÞkík MkkÚku çkÄk s rðMíkkh{kt ÷kufkuLku Sððk {kxu {Úkk{ý Lk fhðe Ãkzu íkuðwt ykÞkusLk ÚkkÞ íku sYhe Au. hkßÞ{kt Mkkûkhíkk, økheçke LkkçkqËe {kxu hkßÞ Mkhfkhu íkçk¬kðkh fkÞo¢{ku nkÚk Ähðk Ãkzþu.

¼khíkLkk çktÄkhý{kt ÔÞÂõíkrðþu»kLku su {n¥ð ykÃku÷wt Au íkuLke ÃkqhuÃkqhe sðkçkËkhe hkßÞ yLku ¼khík Mkhfkh Mk{S rð[kheLku WÃkkzu, suÚke økheçk yLku íkðtøkh ðå[uLke ¾kE ykuAe ÚkkÞ yLku økheçke hu¾k Lke[u Sðíkk Mk{wËkÞ Lknªðík íkkÞ. Ëuþ{kt fu hkßÞ{kt ykiãkurøkf rðfkMk sYhe Au, Ãkhtíkw ykðk rðfkMk{kt «òLkk ¼kuøku ykiãkurøkf rðfkMk ÚkkÞ íku{kt «òLku VkÞËku LkÚke. Võík Wãkuøkku s f{kýe fhu Au. yksu íkku Mkkhe ËwrLkÞk ø÷kuçk÷ ðkì‹{økLke

Vuçkúwykhe 2013rð-rðãkLkøkh 496 iii

çkq{hký {[kðu Au, Ãkhtíkw hkßÞ fu fuLÿ Mkhfkh ykiãkurøkf rðfkMk ð¾íku ÃkÞkoðhýLke fk¤S ÷uíke LkÚke. yux÷u yk çkkçkíkLku ¾qçk økt¼ehíkkÚke rð[khe fkÞoðkne fhðe ½xu.

fu¤ðýeLke çkkçkík{kt Mkhfkh©e ÃkkuíkkLke MktMÚkkyku yÚkðk íkku yLkwËkLkÚke [k÷íke MktMÚkkyku{kt sYhe Lkkýkt Mk{ÞMkh Lknª Vk¤ððkLku ÷eÄu yLku þiûkrýf íkÚkk rçkLkþiûkrýf ¾k÷e søÞkyku Mk{ÞMkh Lknª ¼hkðkLku ÷eÄu rðãkÚkeoykuLkwt ½zíkh çkhkçkh Úkíkwt LkÚke. ykÃkýk rðãkÚkeo Mkûk{ Ãkqhðkh Úkíkk LkÚke. yk{ hkßÞ{kt MÚkÃkkÞu÷k Wãkuøkku{kt Ãký hkßÞLkk ÞwðkÄLkLku ÞkuøÞ MÚkkLk «kÃík Úkíkwt LkÚke. yk {kxu ¾qçk òøk]ríkÃkqðof Mkhfkh©eyu ÃkkuíkkLke sðkçkËkhe rLk¼kðe MktMÚkkyku Mkkhe heíku [k÷u, ÞwðkLkkuLku sYhe rþûký «kÃík ÚkkÞ yLku «uÂõxf÷ yLkw¼ð {¤u íku {kxu ¾k÷e søÞkyku {kxu íkkífkr÷f ¼híke fhðe yLku «Þkuøkþk¤kyku {kxu sYhe MkkÄLkku rðøkuhuLke ÔÞðMÚkk fhðe òuEyu.

suyku rþûkýfkÞo MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k Au íkuyku yk fkÞoLku ðÄw Mkkhe heíku Ãkkh Ãkkze þfu íku {kxu ÃkkuíkkLke òíkLku ðÄw Mkkhe heíku íkiÞkh fhu. rþûký {qÕÞ ykÄkrhík(ðuÕÞw çkuEÍTz) ÚkkÞ íkku s yk ËuþLkk 40 xfk ÞwðkÄLkLku ykÃkýu ËuþLkk Wíf»ko {kxu òuze þfeyu. n{ýkt n{ýkt hkßÞ Mkhfkh ÃkkuíkkLkk «Ëuþ{kt ÞwrLkðŠMkxeLke MktÏÞk ðÄu íkuLku {kxu ¾qçk «ÞíLk fhu Au. hkßÞ{kt ¾kLkøke ÞwrLkðŠMkxeyku MÚkÃkkÞk çkkË íku{Lkwt {qÕÞktfLk rLk»ýkík rþûkýþk†eyku {khVík fhkððwt sYhe Au. ½ýe ¾kLkøke ÞwrLkðŠMkxeyku{kt íkku fw÷ÃkríkykuLke ÃkMktËøke Ãký ÞkuøÞ heíku Úkíke LkÚke. íkuðe s heíku hkßÞ MkhfkhLkk rLkrÄÚke [k÷íke ÞwrLkðŠMkxeyku{kt su fw÷ÃkríkykuLke rLk{ýqfku ÚkkÞ Au íku{kt Ãký hkßÞ Mkhfkh íkhVÚke Ãkqhíke sðkçkËkhe Lknª ÷uðkLku fkhýu ÞwrLkðŠMkxe{kt [k÷íkk yÇÞkMk¢{ku ¾kuztøkkíkk [k÷íkk nkuÞ íÞkt Lkðk Lkðk yÇÞkMk¢{ku Ëk¾÷ fhðkLke ðkík s õÞkt fhðe? ËwrLkÞkLkk rðfrMkík ËuþkuLkku Ëk¾÷ku ÷ELku ykÃkýu ykÃkýe ÞwrLkðŠMkxeyku yLku íku{Lkk Mkt[k÷Lk{kt Ä¤{q¤Úke VuhVkh fhðkLke sYh Au. yksu ÞwrLkðŠMkxe fkuEÃký Lkðku yÇÞkMk¢{ íkuLke òuzkýðk¤e fkì÷us{kt {tsqh fhu íÞkhu ykðe sYrhÞkíkLku ÃknkU[e ð¤ðkLke ûk{íkk {kxu ÞwrLkðŠMkxe fkuE ®[íkk LkÚke hk¾íke íkuðwt {k÷q{ Ãkzâwt Au. Ãkkt[-Ãkkt[ ð»koÚke ðÄw Mk{Þ{kt hkßÞ MkhfkhÚke [k÷íke, yLkwËkLk«kÃík fhíke yLku MðrLk¼oh MktMÚkkyku{kt fkÞ{e yk[kÞo fu yæÞkÃkfku Lknª nkuðk Aíkkt ÞwrLkðŠMkxe òuzký ykÃku Au, yux÷wt s Lknª fkÞ{e òuzký Ãký ykÃku Au. hkßÞ MkhfkhLkku rþûký rð¼køk rLkr»¢Þíkk Akuze sYhe rLkýoÞ ÷u íku ¾qçk sYhe Au.

(22 òLÞwykhe 2013)

Vuçkúwykhe 2013 rð-rðãkLkøkh 496iv

>> «kÚkBÞ >>

Vuçkúwykhe 2013rð-rðãkLkøkh 496 1

¾hku hk»xÙLkkÞf hkýk «íkkÃk

¼khíkLkk ‘nehku’ íkhefu fkuLku ÷u¾ðk yu {wÆu y÷øk y÷øk Mk{Þu y÷øk «ktík{ktÚke y÷øk y÷øk Lkk{ ykøk¤ fhkíkkt hÌkkt Au. {w~fu÷e yu ðkíkLke Au fu, nsw MkwÄe ykÃkýu íÞkt hk»xÙLkkÞf fkuLku økýðk yu ðkíku MkðkoLkw{ík þõÞ çkLÞku LkÚke. Ãkkihkrýf Ãkkºkku{ktÚke ¼økðkLk hk{Lku yk ËuþLkk {ÂM÷{ku yLku r¾úMíkeykuyu Ãký hk»xÙÃkwhw»k økýðk òuEyu yuðe þe¾ hk»xÙeÞ MðÞtMkuðf Mkt½Lkk rð[khÃkwhw»k {kÄð MkËkrþð økku÷ð÷fh(økwhwS) ykÃkíkk hÌkk Au, Ãký AuÕ÷e Ãkkt[ MkËeykuLkk RríknkMk{kt ÚkE økÞu÷e ÔÞÂõíkyku{ktÚke hk»xÙLkkÞf fkuý yu nsw rððkËLkku s rð»kÞ Au. hk»xÙrÃkíkk íkhefu {kunLkËkMk fh{[tË økktÄeLkwt Lkk{ XhkðkÞwt, Ãký Mkt½-¼ksÃkLkk yufÚke ðÄw ðrhc Lkuíkkyku yksu Ãký «økxÃkýu yuðwt fneLku økktÄeSLku hk»xÙrÃkíkk {kLkðkLkwt Lkfkhíkk hÌkk Au fu yk Ëuþ fktE 1947{kt s çkLÞku LkÚke. yu íkku Ãkkt[ nòh ð»koÚke yÂMíkíð{kt Au. ðíko{kLk MðYÃk{kt ¼khík Ãkkt[ nòh ð»koÚke yÂMíkíð{kt nkuðkLke ðkík ðkMíkrðf fhíkkt fkÕÃkrLkf ðÄw ÷køku Au. nk, ¼khíkeÞ MktMf]rík yLku ÃkhtÃkhk nòhku ð»ko Ãkwhkýe Au yu ðkík Mkkiyu Mðefkhðe s Ãkzu.

íkku hk»xÙLkkÞf fkuý? økktÄeS fu ÃkAe çkeswt fkuE? fkìtøkúuMkeykuyu hk»xÙLkkÞf økýkððk nkuÞ íkku Ãktrzík sðknh÷k÷ LkunhwLku økýkðþu fu ÃkAe hkSð økktÄeLku? òufu hküT yk¾wt suLkk Lkk{Úke økkihð yLkw¼ðu yLku suLkk ¼ýe ykËh ÔÞõík fhu yuðkt Lkk{ku{ktÚke ºký Lkk{ «økxðkt Mðk¼krðf Au: hkýk «íkkÃk, AºkÃkrík rþðkS yLku xeÃkw Mkw÷íkkLk. ðÄw Lkk{kuLkkt W{uhý Ãký yk ÞkËe{kt ÚkE þfu. òufu hk»xÙLkkÞf Xhkððk {kxuLkk ík{k{ {kÃkËtz rLkÄkorhík fhðk{kt ykðu yLku yu árüyu hk»xÙLkkÞf Lk¬e fhðkLke fðkÞík nkÚk Äheyu íkku y{wf Lkk{ku çkkfkík ÚkE òÞ. xeÃkw Mkw÷íkkLkLkwt {wÂM÷{ nkuðwt yu çknw{íke ®nËw «ò {kxu hk»xÙLkkÞf íkhefuLke Mðef]rík ykÃkðk{kt yðhkuÄ çkLke þfu. yLÞÚkk ytøkúuòu

Mkk{u Mkíkík ÍÍq{íkk hnu÷k yLku {kuíkLku Ãký ¼uxu÷k xeÃkw Mkk{u ÷zLkkhk ytøkúuòuLkk Ãkûku Ãkuþðk-{hkXk níkk yu ðkíkLku h¾u ykÃkýu [qfeyu. xeÃkwLku hk»xÙÃkrík zkì. yu.Ãke.su. yçËw÷ f÷k{u ¼khíkeÞ ÷~fhe r{MkkE÷ rðãkLkku s Lknª, rðï{kt Ãký yk rðãkLkku sLkf økýkÔÞku yu fktE y{Míkw Lknª s. òufu xeÃkwyu þ]tøkuheLkk þtfhk[kÞoLkku Ãkzâku çkku÷ ÍeÕÞku. {hkXkykuyu yk¢{ý xkýu íkkuzu÷kt {trËhkuLkku SýkuoØkh þtfhk[kÞoLkk fnuðkÚke s xeÃkwyu nkUþ¼uh fhkÔÞku nkuðkLke nfefíkLku LkfkhðkLkwt þõÞ LkÚke. yk{ Aíkkt xeÃkwyu íkuLkk hksfeÞ rðhkuÄe yuðk fuh¤Lkk ®nËwyku Ãkh yíÞk[kh økwòÞko yÚkðk fux÷kfLku EM÷k{ fçkq÷ fhðkLke Vhs Ãkkze yu ðkíku yksuÞ hksÞfeÞ WnkÃkkun {[u Au. xeÃkwLkk ‘ðzk«ÄkLk’ íkÚkk ‘MkhMkuLkkÃkrík’ ®nËw níkk. Vkus yLku Ëhçkkh{kt ®nËw níkk.

hk»xÙLkkÞf íkhefuLkwt çkeswt Lkk{ AºkÃkrík rþðkSLkwt ÷E þfkÞ, Ãký rþðkS õÞkhuf {w½÷ çkkËþkn ykihtøkÍuçkLke MkuLkkLkk MkhËkh íkhefu ÷zâk níkk yu RríknkMkLku LkfkhðkLkwt þõÞ LkÚke. ð¤e rþðkSLkk rÃkíkk þnkS rçkòÃkwh(fýkoxf)Lkk Mkw÷íkkLkLkk MkhËkh hÌkk níkk. rþðkSLku hksÃkqík økýðkLkku RLkfkh fheLku {nkhk»xÙLkk çkúkñýku íku{Lkk hkßÞkr¼»kuf {kxu íkiÞkh Lknkuíkk, íÞkhu AºkÃkrík ÚkðkLke nkUþ Ähkðíkk rþðkSyu ðkhkýMkeÚke økkøkk ¼èLku íkuzkðeLku ÃkkuíkkLku r[¥kkuzLkk rMkMkkurËÞk hksÃkqíkkuLkku ðtþs økýkððkLke {kLÞíkk {u¤ðeLku hkßÞkr¼»kuf fhkðe ÷eÄku níkku. rþðkSyu 1674{kt 44 ð»koLke ðÞu ‘økkuçkúkñý «ríkÃkk÷f ûkrºkÞfw÷ðtík ©e hkò rþðAºkÃkrík rþðkS’ íkhefu hkßÞkr¼»kuf fhkÔÞku íkku ¾hku, Ãký yu{Lku ‘hkò’Lkwt rçkhwË {k[o 9, 1668Lkk hkus ykihtøkÍuçk fLkuÚke s {éÞwt nkuðkLke nfefík Lkfkhe þfkÞ Lknª. rþðkSyu {w½÷ çkkËþkn ykihtøkÍuçk ÃkkMkuÚke MkhËuþ{w¾e fu Ëuþ{w¾e 1667{kt {u¤ÔÞkLkku WÕ÷u¾ ºÞtçkf þtfh Mkusð÷fhr÷r¾ík RríknkMk{kt Mkh rðr÷Þ{ fqxhLku xktfeLku fhkÞku Au.

rþðkS 1674Úke 1680 MkwÄe s hksðe hÌkk. yu{Lke ykX ÃkíLkeyku{ktÚke yuf yuðkt MkkuÞhkçkkEyu Íuh ykÃkeLku yu{Lkku ytík ykÛÞkLke ðkík RríknkMkLkk ËMíkkðuòu{kt nsw rððkË çkLkeLku «økxu Au. òufu Mkwhík ÷qtxíke ðu¤k rþðkSyu ykihtøkÍuçkLkk R÷kfk{kt

Vuçkúwykhe 2013 rð-rðãkLkøkh 4962

ykðíkk yk þnuhLkk ®nËw-{wÂM÷{kuLke fí÷uyk{ [÷kðe, Ãký ytøkúuòuLku fu{ nkÚk Lkk ÷økkzâku yu «&™ Úkðku Mðk¼krðf Au. rþðkSLkk ‘®nËðe Mðhks’ {kxu fux÷kf hksfeÞ Mk¥kkfktûkeyku ‘®nËw hks’ suðku þçË«Þkuøk fheLku AºkÃkríkLku yLÞkÞ fhe çkuMku Au. rþðkS {kºk ®nËwykuLkk rník{kt fk{ fhLkkhk hksðe Lknkuíkk. yu Mk{økú «òLkwt fÕÞký Ít¾íkk níkk. rþðþkne yu MðhksÔÞðMÚkk níke, Ãkhtíkw yu{kt ®nËwykuLke íkw÷Lkk{kt {wÂM÷{kuLku yLÞk ÚkÞkLkwt õÞkhuÞ çkLÞwt Lknkuíkwt. rþðkSLkk ytøkík rðïkMkw MkhËkhku{kt {wÂM÷{kuLkku Ãký Mk{kðuþ níkku. íku{Lke MkwhûkkLke sðkçkËkhe Ãký ½ýe ðkh {wÂM÷{ MkkÚkeyku fLku níke. fkì{huz ©eÃkkË y{]ík zktøku LkkUÄu Au: ‘rþðkSyu Ä{o ò¤ÔÞku, Ãký Ä{kOÄíkk ykððk ËeÄe Lknkuíke.’ LkuíkkS Ãkk÷fhu EM÷k{ fçkq÷eLku {w½÷kuLke Mkuðk{kt hÌkk ÃkAe yu Vhe ®nËw ÚkÞk íÞkhu rþðkSyu íku{Lke ºkeS ÃkíLke MkfðkhçkkELke Ëefhe f{÷kLku LkuíkkSLkk Ëefhk MkkÚku Ãkhýkðe níke.

Mk{økú hk»xÙLke ðkík fhðkLke nkuÞ íÞkhu rðËuþe yk¢{ýfkhku íkÚkk rðËuþe þkMkfkuLku õÞkhuÞ Íqfu÷k Lknª yuðk {uðkzLkk rMkMkkurËÞk hksðeykuLkwt Lkk{ økkihðÚke ÷uðwt Ãkzu. hkýk «íkkÃku {]íÞw Ãkqðuo Ãkwºk y{h®MknLku økkËe MkkUÃkíkkt «rík¿kk ÷uðzkðe níke fu yu íkwfkuoÚke ËuþLkwt hûký fhþu. f.{k. {wLkþe LkkUÄu Au: ‘yk{uh(sÞÃkwh)Lkk hkò rçknkhe{÷u ÃkkuíkkLke Ëefhe òuÄkçkkELku {w½÷ çkkËþkn yfçkhLku Ãkhýkðe. Ãkwºk ¼økðkLkËkMk yLku Ãkkiºk {kLk®Mkn {w½÷ ËhçkkhLke [kfheyu h¾kÔÞk Aíkkt ÃkuZeykuLke ÃkuZeyku MkwÄe {w½÷ku yLku rðËuþeyku Mkk{u ÍÍq{íkk hnu÷k r[¥kkuzLkk ðtþòuLku yu{LkkÚke Lke[÷e fûkkyu {wfkÞ yu þU MknLk ÚkkÞ?’

{wLkþeLke yk ðuËLkk MðkíktºÞ«krÃík ÃkAe MkhËkh Ãkxu÷u hksMÚkkLk Mkt½Lkk hks«{w¾ íkhefu {nkhkò ykìV òuÄÃkwhLku ÃkMktË fÞko yLku sÞÃkwh nkWMkLku hksMÚkkLkLkwt {wÏÞ Mk¥kkfuLÿ ÷uÏÞwt íÞkhLke Au. yu{ýu MkhËkhLku ðkík fheLku rðhkuÄ LkkUÄkÔÞku. ytíku ð[÷ku {køko fkZíkkt MkhËkhu {nkhkýkLku {nkhks-«{w¾Lkk nkuÆu {qõÞk níkk.

{w½÷kuLku õÞkhuÞ r[¥kkuzLkk hksðeykuyu Ëefheyku ykÃke Lknª. hkýk «íkkÃkLkk rðïkMkw MkkÚkeyku yLku

MkhËkhku{kt Ãký {wÂM÷{ku níkk. íku{Lke MkuLkk{kt ÃkXkýku Ãký níkk. yu{ýu støk÷ðkMk fhðkLkwt ÃkMktË fÞwO, Ãký rðËuþeyku MkkÚku Mk{kÄkLk fheLku íku{Lke økw÷k{e ðnkuheLku Mkknuçke ¼kuøkððkLkwt õÞkhuÞ ÃkMktË Lkk fÞwO. yu{Lkk ðkhMkkuyu Ãký 1947Lke MðkíktºÞ«krÃík ð¾íku Ãký ÃkkuíkkLkk ÃkqðoòuLkk ð÷ýLku ÃkwhMf]ík fheLku ¼khík MkkÚku s hnuðkLkwt Lk¬e fÞwO. yuLkk fkhýu s yksLkku ¼khíkeÞ Lkfþku ½zkÞku Au.

hkýk «íkkÃk Mkk{uLkk støk{kt çkkËþkn yfçkhLkk MkuLkkÃkrík íkhefu hksÃkqík hkò {kLk®Mkn s xfhkÞk níkk. nÕËe½kxeLkwt ÞwØ íkku ¾qçk {þnqh Au. hkýkyu nkheLku støk÷Lke ®sËøke ðnkuhe, Ãký ÷ku¼k{ýe ykìVhku Mðefkhe Lknkuíke. ¼k{kþk suðkLkk MknÞkuøkÚke VheLku MkuLkk Q¼e fheLku støku [zðk yu Mkßs ÚkÞk, Ãký MkqÞoðtþe rMkMkkurËÞk hksÃkqíkLkk ÷kuneLku n÷fwt Úkðk ËeÄwt Lk níkwt.

fu.fk. þk†e suðk økwshkíkLkk rðîkLk Ãký LkkUÄu Au: ‘sÞÃkwhLkk hksðe MkrníkLkk hksÃkqík hkòykuyu {w½÷kuLke økw÷k{e fhe yux÷wt s Lknª, ÃkkuíkkLke Ëefheyku Ãký yu{Lku Ãkhýkðe. yuf{kºk {uðkzLkk {nkhkýkyu s yk çkuW çkkçkíkku õÞkhuÞ fçkq÷e Lknª.’

MktÞkuøk íkku swyku – sÞÃkwhLkk hkò {kLk®Mknu çkkËþkn yfçkhLkk MkuLkkÃkrík íkhefu hkýk «íkkÃk Mkk{u støk ¾uÕÞku yLku r{Íko hkò sÞ®Mknu rþðkS Mkk{u ykihtøkÍuçk ðíke ÞwØ ¾uÕÞwt. hksÃkqík hkòykuyu {w½÷kuÚke ÷ELku ytøkúuòu MkwÄeLkk þkMkfkuLke Mkuðk[kfhe fçkq÷e níke, yuf{kºk yÃkðkË níkwt r[¥kkuz. õÞkhuf {uðkzu rçkúrxþ yusLxLku fçkq÷ðku Ãkzâku yuðk Mktòuøkku{kt Ãký yuLkk [÷ýe Lkkýkt Ãkh ytøkúuòuLke {nkhkýe yLku yuLkk rMk¬kLkk ÔÞðnkhLku fçkq÷ðkLku çkË÷u {uðkze rMk¬k Ãkh ‘÷tzLk ËkuMík’ íkhefu WËÞÃkwh hksðe ½hkLkkLke ykøkðe AkÃk ytrfík fhe níke. {nkhkýk ¼qÃkk÷®Mknu ÃkkrfMíkkLk MkkÚku òuzkðk WíMkwf ®nËw {nkhkòykuLke ‘¼kuÃkk÷ ÞkusLkk’Lke ykìVhLku Xkufh {khíkkt fÌkwt níkwt: ‘{khwt ¼krð íkku {khk Ãkqðoòuyu rLkÄkorhík fhe hkÏÞwt Au. yu{kt y{u [qõÞk nkuík íkku niËhkçkkË suðzwt {kuxwt hkßÞ y{khe fLku nkuík.’

• nrh ËuMkkE


>> ykÃkýku ðkhMkku yLku ði¼ð >> (Ãkã rð¼køk)

Yzku {kMk ðMktíkyk Éíkw Yze hu, {khk Ônk÷k, Yzku {kMk ðMktík;Yzkt íku ðLk{kt fuMkw VqÕÞkt, Yzku hk½kSLkku ftÚk ...ykyrík Yzwt ð]tËkðLk þku¼íkwt, Yzku íku n¤Äh ðeh ...ykYzkt htøku hçkkçk ðksu, íkkhwýe ÷ufh íkk¤;[wíkh Lkkhe Mktøk ðòzu, {kuh÷e {ËLk økkuÃkk¤ ...ykYzk htøk fwtfw{ fuMkhLkk

• Lkh®Mkn {nuíkk

ðMktíkLkku çknkhykðku Mkw¾e økeíkzkt økkEyu, hwíkLkku hMk ÷Eyu ...xuf¾eÕÞku yk çknkh ðMktíkÉíkwLkku, çkkøk{kt Vq÷zkt þku¼u, nkt hu swyku çkkøk{kt.htøk Ãkhkøk Qze ykt¾u ð¤øku, fku Lk swyu QXe ÷ku¼u? ...ykðku Mkkts Mk{u Ãkt¾ezkt økkÞu, fwts {Lkkunh ÷køku’ nkt hu Mkwýku fwts.ðkË¤Lke þku¼k Mknw òuíkkt, çknw «u{ ykLktË òøku ...ykðkuLk{oË Lkkhe rÃkÞw yLku ÃÞkhe, htøk h{u Mkw¾ËkÞe; nku hu çknuLke htøk.Ãkkz «¼wLkku {kLkeyu çknuLkku, fu yks LkÚke s swËkE ...ykðku

• Lk{oË

ðkÞhk ðkÞk ðMktíkLkk{khk Ãkk÷ðLku Auz÷u h{íkk

fu ðkÞhk ðkÞk ðMktíkLkk.nwt Lkk òýwt fu{ niÞkLku øk{íkk,

fu ðkÞhk ðkÞk ðMktíkLkk.çkuXe’íke {qtøke nwt íkku MðÃLkkuLke fwts{kt,ykAku Mkt[kh ÚkÞku ÃkÕ÷ðLkk Ãkwts{kt;

õÞktÚke ykÔÞk ¼wðLk ¼wðLk ¼{íkk,fu ðkÞhk ðkÞk ðMktíkLkk.

MkðéÞkt ÷ku[Lk, ÄMku-rËþrËþLke fuzeyu,fkuLke yu ðkx swyu [Ze {Lk-{uzeyu?h{u høkuhøk {knt Y{Íq{íkk

fu ðkÞhk ðkÞk ðMktíkLkk{khk niÞk Ãkk÷ð{kt ½q{íkk

fu ðkÞhk ðkÞk ðMktíkLkk.• W{kþtfh òuþe

fuhzu Vq÷ Vqxâktfuhzu Vq÷ Vqxâkt hks, Vq÷zkt VqxâktðLkËuðe fktE ºkwXâk hks, Vq÷zkt Vqxâktfuhzu fktxu fktxu hks, Vq÷zkt Vqxâktðøkzu ykze ðkxu hks ... Vq÷zkt Vqxâkt ...fuhzuðMktík{kt Lkð {nkuÞkO hks, Vq÷zkt Vqxâktfk¤u WLkk¤u VkuÞkO hks, Vq÷zkt VqxâktðkÞhk ðMk{k ðkíkkt hks, Vq÷zkt VqxâktVq÷zkt zku÷u hkíkkt hks, Vq÷zkt Vqxâkt ...fuhzu¾uíkh fuhu þuZu hks, Vq÷zkt VqxâktMke{Lku þuZu þuZu hks, Vq÷zkt VqxâktðkÞhu Vq÷zkt Vhfu hks, Vq÷zkt Vqxâktftxf fkÞk {xfu hks, Vq÷zkt Vqxâkt ...fuhzu

• «òhk{ hkð¤

VkøkýLkwt yuf Vq÷{Lku VkøkýLkwt yuf Vq÷ ykÃkku, fu ÷k÷ {kuhk

fuMkqzku fk{ýøkkhku S ÷ku÷.ðLkLke ðkxu íku ðnk÷k yuf Vq÷ ËeXwt ÷ku÷,yuf÷ fku zk¤, yuf yuf÷zwt {eXwt ÷ku÷,

{U íkku ËeXwt ËeXwt Lku {Lk {kuÌkwt fu ÷k÷ {kuhk,fuMkqzku fk{ýøkkhku S ÷ku÷.

W¥khLkk ðkÞhkyu ZtZkuéÞkt ðtLk ÷ku÷òøke ðMktík fIf òøÞkt SðLk ÷ku÷,

{U íkku Mkw¾zktLke Mkus íkS òuÞwt fu ÷k÷ {kuhk,fuMkqzku fk{ýøkkhku S ÷ku÷.

YÃkr÷Þk ðkh {khe YrÃkr÷Þk yks ÷ku÷,MkkuLk÷k Mkqhs íkkhk, MkkuLk÷ WòMk ÷ku÷,íkkhe ðuýw{kt ðuý {U ÃkhkuÔÞwt fu ÷k÷ {kuhk,

fuMkqzku fk{ýøkkhku S ÷ku÷.• MkwLËh{T


>> ykÃkýku ðkhMkku yLku ði¼ð >> (økã rð¼køk)

{kyu fÌkwt, “¼kE, íkkhe ÃkÚkkhe WÃkkze ÷usu nku!”“Lkk, fk{ðk¤e ÃkkMku WÃkzkðe ÷uòu – {khu

ÔÞkÞk{þk¤kyu sðkLkwt {kuzwt ÚkkÞ Au!”çknuLku ðeLkÔÞwt, “¼kE, fqðu ykðeLku {Lku Ãkkýe

¼he ËuLku, {khkÚke zku÷ ¾U[kíke LkÚke.”“Lkk, {khu íkku ÔÞkÞk{ fhðk sðkLkwt Au!”çkkÃkkyu fÌkwt, “íkkhe çkk {ktËe Au; íkwt ðkzeyu

fÃkzkt Äkuíkku ykðeþ?”“Lkk, {khu sðwt Au y¾kzu!”fk{ðk¤e yksu ykðe LkÚke. ðkMký-Mktsðkhe hÍ¤u

Au. ½uh Ãkkt[ {nu{kLk Au. çkk-çknuLk hMkkuEÃkkýe{kt Ãkzâkt Au.

Ãký ÔÞkÞk{ fheLku ykðu÷ku ¼kE nkÚk{kt Mkkðhýe ÷uíkkt þh{kÞ Au. yuXkt ðkMkýLke íkku Mkk{u Ãký òuíkku LkÚke. yu fk{ íkku çkihktLkwt!

ËMk-ËMk þurhÞkt {økË¤ VuhðeLku {Õ÷ ÚkÞu÷ku ¼kE y¾kzuÚke ykÔÞku Au. çkkÃkw fnu Au, “çkòh{ktÚke yÄ{ý ½ô ÷E ykðeþ?”

¼kE ½ô ¾heËeLku çkòh{kt çkq{ Ãkkzu Au: “yuE {sqh! [kh ÃkiMkk ÷usu, yk ½ô ½uh Lkk¾e ykð.”

¼kELku ½hLkk ½ô WÃkkzíkkt þh{ ykðu Au. ...¼kE ÔÞkÞk{ðeh Au!

¼kE-¼k¼e {wtçkE òÞ Au. MxuþLku ÃkkuíkkLke ÃkíLkeLke xÙtf Ÿ[fíkkt yuLku ¼kUXk{ý ykðu Au. ¼k¼eLke fk¾u Akufhwt Au. íku WÃkhktík xÙtf Ãký yu ÃkíLkeLku {kÚku {u÷u Au. ...¼kE y¾krzÞLk Au!

y¾kzkLkk ¼kEçktÄku ¼u¤ku ¼kE QÃkzu Au «ðkMku – ík¤ksu, þuºkwtsu, ½u÷k Mkku{LkkÚk. LkkLkkt ¼ktzhzkt fnu Au, “¼kE, fkuEf ðkh y{Lku MkktZøkh MkwÄe íkku Vhðk íkuze òð... fku’f Ëe nhýfwE íkku çkíkkðku... fku’f ðkh MxuþLku yuÂLsLk òuðk íkku ÷E òð!”

“yu {khwt fk{ LkÚke.” ...¼kE y¾kzkðeh Au!• • •

fÞu y¾kzu sþwt?

y¾kzk ykÃkýu íÞkt [k÷u Au, ÔÞkÞk{ðehku Ãkkfu Au, þhehLku xuzkt hk¾eLku ½ýk [k÷u Au. Ãký ½hLkkt fk{ fzðkt ÷køku Au. Ë¤ýwt, Mktsðkhe Lku Ãkkýe ¼hðwt – yuðkt Mkk[kt ykhkuøÞËkÞe yLku þhehLku MkwtËh Mkwzku¤ çkLkkðLkkhkt sYhe ½hfk{ku yu ¼kEyku fhíkk LkÚke. yux÷wt s Lknª, Ãký n÷fkt økýu Au. ÃkkuíkkLke sLkuíkk fhu íku fk{ n÷fkt!

†eykuLkku Ãkûk ÷uðkÞ Au – Ãký íku íkku [[ko{kt, þçËLkk rððkË{kt. Ãkhtíkw hku®sËk øk]nSðLk{kt †eLku ykÃkýu fux÷e n÷fe økýe Au! þkherhf fk{ – íku íkku †eLkwt! Ãkwhw»k yu fhu íkku çkkÞ÷ku Xhu. ðk¤ðkÚke Lku ðkMký {ktsðkÚke ÷E hktÄðk yLku ÃkÚkkhe ÃkkÚkhðk MkwÄeLkkt ík{k{ fk{ku{kt †e-Ãkwhw»kLkk ¼uËku Au, íÞkt MkwÄe †eLkwt ÃkË Qíkhíkwt s Au. íÞkt MkwÄe ÔÞkÞk{þk¤kLke MkkÚkofíkk LkÚke.

Mkk[ku ÔÞkÞk{ íkku MkðkhÚke Mkkts MkwÄeLkkt ½hfk{ku{kt A÷kuA÷ Ãkzâku Au. Mkk[ku y¾kzku fwxwtçkLkwt ©{SðLk Au. y¾kzu sELku Ëtz Ãke÷ku Aku – íkku ½hLke Mktsðkhe Ãký fkZku; çkuXf fhku Aku – íkku ½hLke hMkkuE{kt Ãký {ËË fhku!

y¾kzkLkku ÔÞkÞk{ þhehLku ½zu Au. ½hLkku ÔÞkÞk{ þhehLku ½zðk WÃkhktík Ãký MkkÚkof çkLku Au. y¾kzkLke fkuE Ãký fMkhíkLku x¬h {khu íkuðe fMkhíkku Ë¤ðkLke Lku Ãkkýe Mkª[ðkLke, fÃkzkt ÄkuðkLke Lku Ëk¤ ¾ktzðkLke Au. þhehLku ½zu, MðsLkkuLku hkník yÃkkðu, øk]nLku MkwtËh çkLkkðu Lku ÃkiMkkLkku ËwÔÞoÞ çk[kðu, yuðku øk]nÔÞkÞk{ yu MkðkuoÃkhe ÔÞkÞk{ Au.

y¾kzk {kxu Ãkkhfe ykurþÞk¤, ÃkiMkk ¼e¾ðk Ãkzu, Lkk÷kÞfkuLku LkkuíkheLku Mkt{u÷Lkku fhðkt Ãkzu, ¾wþk{ík fheLku Lke[k Ãkzðwt Ãkzu; WÃkhktík çktÄkhýLkk yLku LkkýktLkk økuhðneðxLkk {ktnku{ktnLkk frsÞk swËk! øk]nSðLkLku y¾kzu Ãkqýo Mðøkkihð, MktÃkqýo Mðíktºkíkk yLku Ãkh{ þktrík.

ÃkMktËøke Ãkkuíku s fhe ÷uòu!• Íðuh[tË {u½kýe

(‘yhÄe MkËeLke ðk[LkÞkºkk’{ktÚke)


>> Lkðkt fkÔÞku >>

fhkðþwt• Lke÷uþ Ãkxu÷

{]øks¤Lku økðo nkuÞ íkku yu Ãký Wíkkhþwt,huíke WÃkh ònsLku nktfe çkíkkðþwt,Rßsík WÃkhLkku zk½ ÍzÃkÚke ¼qtMkkÞ Lkrn,fÃkzwt LkÚke fu ÄkuELku yu Ãnuhe Lkk¾þwt.ykøk¤ sðkLke nkUþ Au ftfh fu Äq¤Lku?Mkkrçkík yu fhðk Äq¤ WÃkh Vqtf {khþwt.ÃkðoíkLkk hkE sux÷k xwfzk fhe yLku,yk yÕÃkíkkLkwt ¼kLk rþ¾hLku fhkðþwt.ðhMkkËLkku rnMkkçk þwt Au ðkË¤ku fnku?ykt¾kuLkk yktMkwÚke y{u [wõíku fhkðþwt.

(©e fÕÞkýe xÙuzMko, MkkÞý-yku÷Ãkkz hkuz, {w. Ãkheyk, Ãkku. MkkÞý, íkk. yku÷Ãkkz, rs. Mkwhík - 394 130.

{ku. 99909632291)

ykøk¤ Q¼ku(Mðkøkíkk økÍ÷)

• rfþkuh {kuËe

yuf÷ku ¾wËLke ykøk¤ Q¼ku,nwt fÞk{íkLke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.¼eíkhu s¤n¤kx ÚkÞku fu,rËÔÞ yu Ãk¤Lke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.òøke {kýMk ÚkðkLke ík]»kk íkkuËkuzíkku {LkLke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.þçË suðwt ftE W¥k{ Au LkI,nkuXLkk hðLke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.fkuE {trÍ÷ ÚkðkLkwt øk{u Au,yk¼{kt ÄúwðLke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.ðkík SðLkLke Mkkt¼¤ðe Au,f]»ýLkk hÚkLke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.ftfwðýwO Ãkøk÷wt Awt rfþkuh,÷k÷ òs{Lke ykøk¤ Q¼ku.(1407 New York Fre Green Fllen VA B23060)

ÃkíktrøkÞkLke xku¤e• rLkr¾÷ òuþe

ïkMkLke MkkÚku MkkÚkuWzkWz fhíkk ÃkøktríkÞkykuLke yuf xku¤eðkhu ðkhu çkuMkeLku ykuþefuLkªËh Lku økk{ ½h çkLkkðuÄq¤Lkk yuf çkøke[k{ktAkíkeyu ð¤økkze yu{LkuMk{òðwt ½ýwt, fhøkhwt ½ýwtÃký {kLku íkku Lku!AkLkk{kLkk ykðe yk ÃkøktrøkÞkhkuÃku Au íkkhe MkwðkMk {khk ïkMk{ktøkk{ Lku [kuhu sELkuðz÷k Lke[u ¼uøkk ÚkELku çkuXu÷køkk{÷kufkuLke ðå[u sELkufhu Au Ãkkt¾kuLkku Ãk{hkxLku ÃkAe yk¾kÞ økk{{ktMkt[híkku Mk¤ð¤kx½hLke ½hze Ëeðk÷ku Ãkh Ÿ½íkk yheMkkLku¾çkh Lkk Ãkzu yu{ ÷ÃkkíkkuLkef¤e òô nwt ½hLke çknkhLku íkkuÞ yktøkýk{kt ykzu ykðeLku Q¼íkeôçkhLke yuf [eMkVr¤Þwt yk{ VUËe VUËe ¼qtMkðk {ÚkíkkuÃkíktrøkÞkLkkt Ãkøk÷ktLke AkÃkÃkkAku ð¤wt íÞktÚke s.yøkkþeLke fkuhuÚke zkufk fkZíkku [tÿ{khe çkkheyu Wøku÷k ytÄkhkLku [ezðuçkkhýkLke ríkhkz{ktÚke ytËh «ðuþðknkÚkkÃkkE fhíkku ÃkðLk Ãký {kuze hkíkuÚkkfeLku ykuMkhe{kt ykzku ÃkzíkkuËeðk÷Lku Ãku÷uÃkkh ytËh nwtÃkøkÚke {kÚkk ÷øk [kËh íkkýeLkuxuhðu WÃkMku÷k íkkhk MÃkþoLku Mktíkkzíkkuçkkhýk Ãkh ÷xfíke Mkktf¤Lku íkkfíkkuMkqÞo yk¤Mk {hze QXu yuLke hkn òuíkkuMkðkhu òík yufXe fheÃkøk {ktzw yktøkýÚke ykøk¤ Lkef¤íke½kMk Qøku÷ fuze ÃkhLku ynª Ãký Vhe nS ÃkkAeyuLke yu s ÃkíktrøkÞkLke xku¤e{khk r¾MMkk{kt ykðeLku çkuMkuLku Qøku Au Ãkkt¾ {khk ÃkøkLku òýuíkkhe fLku QzeLku ykððk {kxu.

([email protected], www.nikhiljoshi.co.in, wwww.shabdatirath.blogspot.com

M. 9824603013)


>> «uhýk >>

swËe s þÂõíkðk¤ku

{tsw÷k hkð

[kuÚkk Äkuhý {kxu Mkkð çkxwf ÷køku íkuðku yuf LkkLkfzku Akufhku {khk ðøko{kt Ëk¾÷ ÚkÞku.

“nuÕ÷ku, íkkhwt Lkk{ þwt Au?” {U ÃkqAâwt. íkuLkk íkkuVkLke ÂM{íku {khwt æÞkLk ¾UåÞwt.

“rþðË¥k.” íkuýu sðkçk ykÃÞku yLku su MÃkü heíku íku çkkuÕÞku íku òuELku {Lku LkðkE ÷køke.

“íkwt íkku MkwtËh ytøkúuS çkku÷u Au.” {U fÌkwt.“yk¼kh, {ìz{, Ãkhtíkw nwt ðkt[e fu ÷¾e þfíkku

LkÚke.” íkuýu fÌkwt.“nwt yk ðkík {kLke þfíke LkÚke, íkku ÃkAe íkwt fE

heíku [kuÚkk Äkuhý{kt ykðe økÞku?” {U Mkk{u ÃkqAâwt.“{Lku Ëh ð»kuo WÃkh [zkðe Ëuðk{kt ykðíkku níkku.”

íkuLkku sðkçk Mkkð Mkh¤ níkku.“íkwt ykx÷wt MkwtËh ytøkúuS fE heíku çkku÷e þfu

Au?” {U ykøk¤ ÃkqAâwt.“{khk rÃkíkkLke nkux÷ Au yLku nwt ½ýk çkÄk

rðËuþeyku MkkÚku ðkíkku fhwt Awt yux÷u {Lku yu ¼k»kk ykðze økE níke.” yk íkuLkku sðkçk níkku.

yu Mk{Þu {Lku òý Lknkuíke fu rþðË¥k ¼ýðkLke yþÂõík Ähkðíkwt çkk¤f níkku yLku yu yþÂõík s y{Lku ¾kMk ËkuMík çkLkkðe ËuðkLke níke. {Lku ÃkAe òý ÚkE fu íku 7% {kfo MkkÚku Mfq÷{kt ykÔÞku níkku. yu yuf þçË Ãký Mkk[e heíku ðkt[e þfíkku Lknkuíkku fu íkuýu þwt ÷ÏÞwt íku Wfu÷e þfíkku Lk níkku. Ãký íku W¥k{ h{íkðeh níkku yLku çknkhLke ËwrLkÞkLkwt SðLk íkuLku øk{íkwt níkwt.

½ýeðkh Rò Ãkk{u÷kt Ãkþw-ÃkûkeykuLku íku ô[feLku {khk ½hu ÷E ykðíkku – {khk ½hLku íku Ãkþw-Ãkûkeyku {kxuLkwt BÞwrÍÞ{ {kLkíkku níkku. íku ßÞkhu ykðk Rò Ãkk{u÷kt Ãkþw-ÃkûkeykuLku ÷E ykðíkku íÞkhu íkuLkkt ðkõÞku yk «{kýu níkkt: “{ìz{, þwt yk ÃkûkeLku ík{u ík{khk ½h{kt ykþhku ykÃkþku? íkuLke Ãkkt¾ íkqxe økE Au.” yÚkðk “yk {he økÞu÷ku MkkÃk Au.” ÷kfze Ãkh ÷xfkðu÷k MkkÃkLku çkíkkðeLku íku fnuíkku.

ykðk Mkh¤ {òLkk çkk¤f Ãkh ík{Lku fE heíku ¾es [Zu, suLkku ykLktË ík{Lku øk{íkk «kýeyku sux÷ku Mkh¤ nkuÞ?

y{u {éÞkLku 6 {rnLkk ÚkE økÞk ÃkAe {U íkuLkk ËkËkLku VrhÞkË fhe fu Ãkheûkk{kt çkÄk {¤eLku íkuLkk 14% {kfo ykÔÞk Au íku fu{ [k÷u? íkuLkk ËkËkyu {Lku yr¼LktËLk ykÃkíkkt fÌkwt fu nwt çknw Mkkhe rþûkf fnuðkô fkhý fu rþðË¥ku íkku íkuLkk ¼ýíkh{kt Mkku xfk sux÷ku MkwÄkhku fÞkuo Au. 7% WÃkhÚke íku nðu 14% Ãkh ÃknkU[e økÞku Au. nwt þwt çkku÷wt? {U {khk nkÚk Ÿ[k fhe ËeÄk. {Lku íku Mk{Þu òý ÚkE økE fu rþðË¥kLku ¾kMk fk¤SLke sYh Au su çkku‹zøk Mfq÷{kt {u¤ððe {w~fu÷ níke.

íku ÃkAe {U Lkçk¤k rðãkÚkeoyku {kxu ÷t[ ÃkAe ¾kMk ðøkkuo ÷uðkLkwt þY fÞwO, su{kt rþðË¥kLkku Ãký Mk{kðuþ ÚkE síkku níkku. íku Mkkð Mkh¤ xqtfe ðkíkkoyku Mkkt¼¤íkku, su fkuE yuf sý ðkt[e Mkt¼¤kðíkwt yLku MkkËk þçËku ÷¾ðkLkku íku «ÞíLk fhíkku. ½ýe çkÄe ð¾ík íku ¾kuxk s hnuíkk. Ãkhtíkw íku ðkík fnuíkku níkku. õ÷kMk{kt çkÄkLku ÃkkuíkkLkk íkksuíkhLkk rþfkh ytøku ðkíkku fheLku íku {ò fhkðíkku yÚkðk ÃkkuíkkLkk rÃkíkkLkk ‘rhMkkuxo’{kt hnuíkk fkuE rðËuþe rðþu ðkíkku fheLku çkÄktLku ¾qçk nMkkðíkku. ðk[k¤íkkLke yuLku fwËhíke çkrûkMk {¤u÷e níke yux÷u íku MkwtËh heíku ðkíkkoyku fne þfíkku.

h{íkøk{ík yLku fwËhíku yuLku ¼ýðkLkk ftxk¤kÚke Ëqh hkÏÞku níkku. Ãkûkeyku «íÞuLkk «u{Lkk ÷eÄu íku ðnu÷e Mkðkhu òøke síkku yLku ÃkûkeykuLku æÞkLkÚke Lkeh¾ðk ÷køke síkku. íku yLkLÞ ÃkûkeykuLke ¾kus{kt hnuíkku. fìBÃkMk{kt sux÷kt Ãkûkeyku ykðíkkt níkkt íku çkÄkt íkuLkk fì{uhk{kt fuË ÚkE økÞk níkk. íkuLku íku çkÄkt ÃkûkeykuLkkt Lkk{ {k÷q{ níkkt yLku íku çkÄkt ÃkûkeykuLku çkhkçkh yku¤¾e Ãký síkku. yu ÃkAe íkku íkuLkk r{ºkku íkuLku Ãkûke òuðk ÷E sðkLkku «kuøkúk{ çkLkkðíkk ÚkE økÞk níkk. rþðË¥ku Mðefkhe ÷eÄwt níkwt fu ¼ýíkh yu íkuLkk ðþLke ðkík Lknkuíke – yuLkk çkË÷u yux÷ku Mk{Þ íku h{íkøk{ík yLku ÃkûkeykuLkk Vkuxkyku Ãkkzðk{kt økk¤u íkku íkuLku ÷k¼ Úkþu. yux÷u ÚkÞwt yuðwt fu yuf {òLkk rËðMku rþðË¥ku Ãkûkeyku WÃkh Mkr[ºk ÃkwMíkf ÷¾ðkLkwt Lk¬e fÞwO. ÃkwMíkfLkwt ÷¾ký ÷¾ðk{kt yuf r{ºkLke {ËË ÷uðk{kt ykðe suÚke fkuEÃký «fkhLke ¼q÷ Lk hne òÞ. òufu MktþkuÄLk íkku rþðË¥kLkwt s hnuíkwt – yLku nk, r[ºkku Ãký rþðË¥kLkkt s {wfðk{kt ykÔÞkt níkkt.

{Lku rþðË¥k {kxu økðo níkku yLku hnuþu, fkhý fu ÃkkuíkkLke ykøkðe heíku íku fkuEÃký Wå[ yÇÞkMk fhðkðk¤k fhíkkt shk Þ Qíkhíkku Lknkuíkku su yuLkwt ÃkwMíkf fne Ëuíkwt níkwt.

(Lkð¼khík MkkrníÞ {trËh«fkrþík EÂLzÞLk xe[Mko Mkku÷{ktÚke Mkk¼kh)


>> ÷½wLkð÷ >>

Vq÷ rðLkkLke ðu÷

rfhex økkuMðk{e

(ykÃkýk ÞwðkLk, MktðuËLkþe÷ Mksof yLku rþûkf ©e rfhex økkuMðk{eLke yk ÷w½Lkð÷ rþûkýLkk Ãkrhðuþ{ktÚke Ãkkºkku ÷ELku {kLkðÓËÞLkk rðrðÄ ¼kðkuLkwt rLkYÃký fhu Au. ‘rð’{kt íkuLkkt «fhýku ¢{þ: «økx Úkíkkt hnuþu. Mkw¿k ðk[fkuLkku «rík¼kð yÃkurûkík Au.)

(økíkktfÚke [k÷w)

(7)

ËeÃkwLku nkìÂMÃkx÷{ktÚke hò {¤e íkuLku Mkkíkuf rËðMk ÚkÞk nþu. {k÷íke yLku çkfw÷, Z¤íke Mkktsu ®n[fu çkuXkt níkkt. çkfw÷u fÌkwt – “{k÷íke, nðu ËeÃkw Äe{u-Äe{u Mkkòu Úkíkku òÞ Au yux÷u Vhe íkuLku fkì÷us sðkLkwt Ãký Úkþu...”

“nk, ÃkhLíkw nðu íkuLku çkkEf ÷ELku nwt Lknª sðk Ëô!” {k÷íkeyu íkhík s fÌkwt.

“yhu, yu Mkkòu ÚkE òÞ ÃkAe íkLku þwt ðktÄku Au, çkkEf ÷E sðk Ëuðk{kt?!” çkfw÷u çkqAâwt.

“ðktÄku!? yhu, yk çkkEfLkk fkhýu s íkku çkÄwt ÚkÞwt Au çkfw÷!” {k÷íke òýu çkfw÷Lku çkÄwt Mk{òððk ÷køke.

çkfw÷ çkkuÕÞku – “Ãký yk íkku yuf yfM{kík níkku, {k÷íke! Lku yfM{kík ftE hkus-hkus Úkkuzkt s ÚkkÞ Au?! yLku yk çkkEf ÷uðkLkku ykøkún Ãký íkkhku s níkkuLku!”

“nk, ¾he ðkík Au! {U s òu íkuLku çkkEf yÃkkððkLke SË Lk fhe nkuík íkku yk çkÄwt Úkkík s Lknª, çkfw÷!”{k÷íke ÃkkuíkkLke òíkLku fkuMkíkkt çkku÷e.

“¾uh, sðk Ëu! yuðwt çkÄwt íkku [kÕÞk fhu! yu{kt íkkhku ftE Ëku»k LkÚke! yk íkku fwËhíkLku su {tsqh níkwt, yu{ ÚkÞwt Au! íkwt ¾kuxe ®[íkk Lk fh, {k÷íke!” çkfw÷, {k÷íkeLku ykïkMkLk ykÃk÷k ÷køÞku.

Úkkuzeðkh çkLLku [qÃk hÌkkt.

y[kLkf çkfw÷Lku ftEf ÞkË ykÔÞwt nkuÞ yu{ íku çkkuÕÞku – “yhu, nk, {k÷íke! yuf ðkík íkku íkLku fnuðkLke hne s økE!”

“fE ðkík, ð¤e?” {k÷íkeyu WíMkwfíkkÚke ÃkqAâwt.

“yu s fu, {U økEfk÷u {kuxk¼kE yLku ¼k¼eLku VkuLk fÞkuo níkku! yu ÷kufku yksfk÷{kt ynª ykððkLkkt Au!” çkfw÷u fÌkwt.

{k÷íke íkhík s nktV¤e-VktV¤e ÚkE økE. íkuýu ÃkqAâwt – “çkfw÷, íkU yu{Lku ËeÃkwLkk yfM{kík rðþu Ãký sýkðe ËeÄwt Au?!”

“nk...” çkfw÷u MðMÚkíkkÚke fÌkwt.

“yk íkU þwt fÞwO, çkfw÷?! ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e íkku yk ðkík òýeLku {khku Sð s ¾U[e fkZþu! yuf íkku yu{Lke {hSLke rðhwØ ËeÃkw ykÃkýe MkkÚku hnu Au yu ðkíkÚke íkuyku Lkkhks nþu yLku WÃkhÚke yk yfM{kík...” {k÷íkeLkk [nuhk Ãkh ¼Þ yLku ®[íkkLke yufMkk{xe fI-fux÷eÞu hu¾kyku WÃkMke ykðe.

çkfw÷, íkuLku ykïkMk ykÃkíkkt Mk{òððk ÷køÞku – “íkwt Lkknf s ®[íkk fhu Au, {k÷íke! yuðwt fþwt Lknª ÚkkÞ! yk íkku yfM{kík Au! yu{kt íkkhku fkuE s ðktf LkÚke! ykx÷e ðkík íkku ¼kE yLku ¼k¼e Ãký Mk{su s Au Lku!”

“Lkk çkfw÷, íkwt nS ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLku yku¤¾íkku LkÚke! íkuyku íkku ykðe íkfLke s hkn òuíkkt nþu! òusu Lku, ykðíkktðUík, íkuyku sqLke hk{kÞý ¾ku÷eLku çkuMke sþu! Lku yk¾hu {khu s çkÄwt Mkkt¼¤ðwt Ãkzþu...” {k÷íkeLke yf¤k{ý ðÄðk ÷køke.

çkfw÷ ykøk¤ fþwt çkku÷u yu Ãknu÷kt s, y[kLkf çkkhýwt ¾¾zâwt. çkfw÷u sELku òuÞwt íkku MkwÄeh¼kE yLku ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e s ykÔÞkt níkkt. yu çkLLkuLku òuELku çkfw÷ íkku hkS ÚkE økÞku – “ykðku, ykðku, {kuxk¼kE, ¼k¼e! y{u n{ýkt ík{Lku s ÞkË fhíkkt níkkt! yhu, {k÷íke...! òu íkku fkuý ykÔÞwt Au!”


{k÷íkeyu ykuMkheLke çkkhe{ktÚke òuE ÷eÄwt. ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLku òuíkkt s íkuLkk [nuhkLkku htøk Wze økÞku. þheh yk¾k{kt yuf ftÃkkhe Aqxe økE!

¼kE yLku ¼k¼e ykuMkhe{kt ykðe økÞkt íku{ Aíkkt, {k÷íke [qÃk s Q¼e níke. íkuLku òuELku ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eyu íkhík s fÌkwt – “þwt Lke[wt òuELku Q¼e Au, {k÷íke! y{Lku ‘ykðfkhku’Þ Lknª ykÃku?!”

“yhu, ykðku-ykðku, ¼k¼e!” {k÷íke shk ¼kUXÃk yLkwðíkkt çkku÷e.

ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLke ykt¾ku{kt ¼khku¼kh hku»k ¼Þkuo níkku – yu {k÷íke MÃkü òuE þfíke níke. [qÃk[kÃk íku hMkkuzk{kt sELku ¼kE-¼k¼e {kxu Ãkkýe ÷E ykðe. ÃkkýeLkku ø÷kMk ÷uíkkt, ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eyu íkhík s, {k÷íkeLke ykt¾{kt ykt¾ Ãkhkuðíkkt ÃkqAâwt – “{khku ËeÃkw õÞkt Au?”

“ytËh ½h{kt, Mkqíkku Au...” {k÷íke Lke[wt òuELku Äe{k yðksu çkku÷e.

ÃkkýeLkku ø÷kMk {qfeLku íkhík s ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e ½h{kt økÞkt. ËeÃkw Ÿ½íkku níkku. {k÷íke Ãký íku{Lke ÃkkA¤-ÃkkA¤ ½h{kt ykðe. íkuýu ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLku fÌkwt – “¼k¼e, ËeÃkw ¼÷u Mkqíkku; íkuLku søkkzþku Lknª. nS n{ýkt s íkuLku LkªËh ykðe Au, ykhk{ fhðk Ëku!”

ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eyu íkhík s fze ykt¾u {k÷íke íkhV òuÞwt yLku ÃkAe fxkûk{kt çkkuÕÞkt – “ËeÃkwLke çknw ®[íkk ÚkkÞ Au, Lknª íkLku?!”

“nk...” {k÷íke zhíkkt-zhíkkt çkku÷e.

ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLkku ¢kuÄkÂøLk ¼¼qõÞku – “þh{ LkÚke ykðíke íkLku? {khk yufLkk yuf ËefhkLku Ãknu÷kt íkku íkU {khe rðhwØ ¼zfkðeLku, {khkÚke íkuLku y÷øk fÞkuo! Lku yux÷ktÚkeÞu íkLku þktrík Lkk ð¤e íku, íkuLkk ykðk nk÷ fÞkO?! Lku WÃkhÚke ®[íkk yLku ÷køkýeLkwt Lkkxf fhu Au ÃkkAe!”

“Lkk, Lkk, ¼k¼e! yuðe ðkík LkÚke!” {k÷íke yux÷wt çkku÷íkkt íkku ¼eíkh MkwÄe ÄúqS økE.

“[qÃk hnu! íkkhe yuf Ãký ðkík LkÚke Mkkt¼¤ðe {khu! yhu, íkwt Mk{su Au þwt y{Lku?! ËeÃkw y{Lku AkuzeLku ynª hnuðk ykðe økÞku yu fzðku ½qtxzku íkku nwt [qÃk[kÃk øk¤e økE... Ãký yk yfM{kík! nðu íkku nwt [qÃk LkÚke s çkuMkðkLke...” ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLkku ¢kuÄ, Mkkík{k ykMk{kLku ÃknkU[e økÞku.

“Ãký ¼k¼e –” {k÷íke fþwtf çkku÷ðk økE Ãký íkuLkku ftX YtÄkE økÞku. yk{ Ãký ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e, íkuLku fþwtÞ çkku÷ðkLke íkf Ãký õÞkt ykÃku íku{ níkkt! íkuyku ÃkkuíkkLkku çkÄku hku»k, yufMkk{xku Xk÷ÔÞu s síkkt níkkt – “òu, {k÷íke! nðu çknw ÚkkÞ Au! nË ÚkE økE nðu íkku! {khu {khku ËeÃkw òuEyu Au! nðu íkwt, íkuLku yuf Ãk¤ðkh {kxuÞ Lknª hk¾e þfu!”

ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLkku yðks Mkkt¼¤eLku nðu ËeÃkw Ãký òøke økÞku. íku ftEf çkku÷ðk økÞku Ãký íkhík s ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eyu íkuLku Ãký [qÃk fhe ËeÄku!

{k÷íke fhøkhðk ÷køke – “¼k¼e, {kLÞwt fu, çkÄku {khku s ðktf Au! Ãký yuLke Mkò ík{u, ËeÃkwLku Lkk ykÃkku! ËeÃkwLku ík{u, {khkÚke y÷øk Lkk fhku! yu {khk rðLkk Lknª hne þfu, ¼k¼e!”

“ò, ò, nðu! yuðkt ¾kuxkt Lkkxf fh {k! íkkhe yLku ËeÃkwLke ðå[u yuðku fkuE MktçktÄ s õÞkt Au?! ËeÃkw íkku {khku Ëefhku Au, Võík {khku! Lku {khku Ëefhku, {khe MkkÚku s hnuþu... íkkhu yu{kt ðå[u ykððkLke rçk÷fw÷ sYh s LkÚke!” ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e yufeïkMku çkÄwt çkku÷e økÞkt.

ËeÃkw ðå[u çkku÷e QXâku – “Lkk, {B{e, nwt íkku ynª s hneþ, {k÷íke fkfeLke ÃkkMku!”

“Lkk÷kÞf!” ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eyu økwMMkk¼uh yuf ík{k[ku ËeÃkwLkk økk÷u [kuze ËeÄku. ÃkAe Ëktík f[f[kðíkkt çkkuÕÞkt – “yk çkuþh{Lke MkkÚku hneLku íkwt Ãký þh{ ðøkhLkku ÚkE økÞku Au! íkkhe íkku nwt ½uh sELku ¾çkh ÷Eþ...”

“¼k¼e! ¼k¼e! ík{u yk çkÄwt þwt fhku Aku? swðkLk Ëefhk Ãkh nkÚk WÃkkzíkkt ík{Lku þh{ LkÚke ykðíke? Lku ÃkkuíkkLkk yufLkk yuf ËefhkLke MkkÚku fkuE ykðwt ðíkoLk fhíkwt nþu?!” {k÷íkeyu Ë÷e÷ fhíkkt fÌkwt.


(yuV-20/666, «Úk{ {k¤, hýrsíkLkøkh, ò{Lkøkh – 361 005. {ku.: 9879401852)

“þh{ íkku íkLku ykððe òuEyu, {k÷íke! fkuELkk ËefhkLku yk{, AeLkðe ÷ELku íkuLku Ãkk÷ð{kt MktíkkzeLku çkuXe Au! Lku yuLke {kr÷f Úkðk òÞ Au ÃkkAe...” ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eLke S¼, ykzwt-yð¤wt ðuíkhðk ÷køke.

yk çkÄku yðks Mkkt¼¤eLku çkfw÷ yLku MkwÄeh¼kE Ãký ½h{kt ykÔÞk. MkwÄeh¼Eyu ÃkqAâwt – “þwt [k÷u Au yk çkÄwt? fE ðkíkLkku Ëufkhku {[kðku Aku ík{u çkLLku?”

ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e çkkuÕÞkt – “MkwÄeh, nwt nðu ynª yufÃk¤ðkhuÞ hkufkðk hkS LkÚke! ËeÃkwLku ÷ELku ykÃkýu ynªÚke yíÞkhu s Lkef¤e sðwt Au...”

“yíÞkhu?! Ãký ðLk÷íkk –” MkwÄeh¼kE ftEf çkku÷ðk økÞk Ãký ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e, yÄðå[u çkku÷e QXâkt – “çkMk, MkwÄeh, çkMk! nðu {khu fkuELke fMkeÞ ðkík Mkkt¼¤ðe LkÚke!”

yu s ûkýu ðLk÷íkk¼k¼e, ËeÃkwLkku nkÚk ÃkfzeLku [k÷íkkt ÚkÞkt. {k÷íke yLku çkfw÷u, íku{Lku hkufðkLke fkurþþ fhe Ãký ¼k¼e, yufLkk çku Lk ÚkÞkt. MkwÄeh¼kELke Ãký íku{ýu yufuÞ ðkík Lk Mkkt¼¤e.

síkkt-síkkt ðLk÷íkk¼k¼eyu, {k÷íkeLku økk¤ku ¼ktzíkkt fÌkwt – “MkkÕ÷e, ðktÍýe! nðu ÃkAe {khk Ëefhk Ãkh Lksh Ãký Lkk¾eþ íkku íkkhe ykt¾ku Vkuze Lkk¾eþ! yks ÃkAe, íkkhwt yktøkýwt [zu yu çkeò! yksÚke íkkhu Lku y{khu fktE Lknª! çkÄk MktçktÄ ¼q÷e ssu, MkkÕ÷e, fw÷xk! Lku {khk ËeÃkwLkwt íkku Lkk{ ÷eÄwt Au Lku, íkku íkkhe ¾uh LkÚke...”

{k÷íke yLku çkfw÷ [qÃk[kÃk çkÄwt Mkkt¼¤íkkt hÌkkt. ËeÃkw, Lk RåAðk Aíkkt, ÷k[kh ÚkELku ¼kE y™u ¼k¼eLke MkkÚku [kÕÞku økÞku.

{k÷íkeyu ¼ªíkLkku xufku ÷E ÷eÄku. Ãk¤{kt òýu íkuLkkt Mkw¾Lkwt Mkhkuðh MkqfkE økÞwt! MkqLkfkhLkk fkËð{kt VheÚke íkuLkwt {Lk ¾qtÃkðk ÷køÞwt...

(¢{þ:)

÷u¾ Mkk{økúe yLku økútÚkkð÷kufLk

[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk «ríkrcík {w¾Ãkºk ‘rð-rðãkLkøkh’ {kxu ÷u¾Mkk{økúe MkrníkLke {kir÷f h[Lkkyku íktºke©eLkk MkhLkk{u ÃkkXððk MkkrníÞ-MkkrníÞuíkh ûkuºkLkk f÷{fþku yLku MktþkuÄfkuLku ¼kð¼eLkwt EsLk Au. ykÃkLku ¾kMk rðLktíke yu fhðkLke fu ykÃkLke yLÞºk «fkrþík Lkk ÚkÞu÷e yÚkðk Lkk ÃkkXðu÷e {kir÷f f]ríkLkwt {q¤ ÷¾ký s ÃkkXððwt yÚkðk xkEÃk ÚkÞu÷e Lkf÷ nkuÞ íkku íkuLke MkkÚku MkkÚku ÃkºkLkkUÄ{kt ‘rð-rðãkLkøkhLku ÃkkXðu÷e f]rík/÷u¾ yLÞ fkuE Mkk{rÞf/«fkþLk{kt «fkrþík ÚkÞu÷e LkÚke’ yuðe çkktnuÄheLke LkkUÄ y[qf {qfðe. yk rMkðkÞLke ÷u¾/f]rík fu yLÞ Mkk{økúe «fkþLk {kxu Mðefkhðk{kt Lknª ykðu. ‘rð-rðãkLkøkh’{kt økútÚkkð÷kufLk EåAwf «fkþfku-Mksofkuyu Lkð«fkrþík økútÚkLke çku Lkf÷ íktºkeLkk Lkk{u ÃkkXððe yrLkðkÞo Au.

ðk[f «rík¼kð

‘rð-rðãkLkøkh’ Mkk{rÞf nðu [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lke ðuçkMkkEx www.ecvm.net

Ãkh òLÞwykhe-h010Úke {qfkÞ Au. Mkk{rÞfLkk økúknfku-ðkt[fkuLkk «rík¼kðku, Mkq[Lkku yLku yLÞ «fkþLkÞkuøÞ Mkk{økúe {kxu Ãký rLkÞr{ík heíku søÞk Vk¤ðkþu. ík{khk «rík¼kðku økwshkíke,

®nËe fu ytøkúuS{kt ÃkkXððkLke {kuf¤kþ yLkw¼ðþku.

ík{u E{uE÷: [email protected]

Ãkh Ãký ÃkkXðe þfku Aku.


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Mkt¢kÂLík 2013

«fkþ Lk. þkn

(n{ýkt y{ËkðkË{kt W{kþtfh òuþe M{]rík ÔÞkÏÞkLk ykÃkðk RríknkMkfkh «k. hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh ÃkÄkÞkO. Mkku{LkkÚk {wÆu çkkuÕÞkt. økwshkíkLkk çkkirØfku yLku f{oþe÷ku{kt ¼khu [[ko òøke. rð[khÃkºk ‘rLkheûkf’{kt rzçkux ÚkÞkLkkuÞ WÕ÷u¾ fhðku Ãkzu. ‘rð’ Ãký [[koLku ykðfkhu Au.)

yuf RríknkMkfkh íkhefu hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhLkwt {kŠ{f yð÷kufLk yu Au fu Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkhLkk økÍLkeLkk yk¢{ýLku fkuE {wÂM÷{ rð. ®nËw yuðe MÚkkÞe ¼kðLkkLkk Mker{ík MktË¼o{kt ¾íkðe þfkÞ yu{ LkÚke. Mkku{LkkÚk ÃknkU[íkkt Ãkqðuo økÍLkeyu {w÷íkkLkLke {ÂMsË Ãký íkkuze níke. íku s{kLkkLkk çkkËþknku y™u hkòyku ÷øk¼øk Mkns ÔÞkÞk{Lke ÃkuXu ykðwt fhíkk hnuíkk. økÍLkeLkk ÷~fh{kt ®nËwykuLkwt {kuxe MktÏÞk{kt nkuðwt Ãký Mkq[ðu Au fu yk yk¢{ýLkwt MðYÃk fkuE Mkk{Mkk{e hk»xÙeÞ Mkth[LkkykuLkwt Lknkuíkwt. hk»xÙ, hk»xÙeÞíkk yLku hk»xÙðkËLkk su ¾Þk÷ku 19{e MkËe Qíkhíku níkk íku ykXMkku ðhMk ÃkkA¤ Ãkhçkkhkt ÷køkw fhðk íku ftE Lknª íkkuÃký fk÷ÔÞwí¢{ (yuLku¢kurLkÍ{) íkku Au s.

çkkirØf rþMík yLku ykçkkË yr¼ÔÞÂõíkLkk rðh÷ áüktíkYÃk yk ÔÞkÏÞkLkLku ¾kMke Mkh÷ef]ík Zçku ynª hsq fhðkLkku ykþÞ {kºk yux÷e yuf ÃkkÞkLke Mk{s ½qtxðkLkku Au fu ®nËw{wÂM÷{ yuðe ïuík~Þk{ Mk{s ðeMk{e MkËe{kt fkuEf íkçk¬u yuf{kºk ðkMíkðLke su{ Mkk{u ykðe nkuÞ íkkuÃký RríknkMkLke rðøkíkku ykðe Mkktfze Mk{sLke {kuníkks LkÚke. yzðkýe ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’Lkku WÕ÷u¾ nw÷kðeVw÷kðeLku fhíkk hÌkk Au, Ãký Lkð÷fÚkkfkh {wLkþeyu MkwæÄkt Ãkkuíku fkuE RríknkMk LkÚke ÷¾e hÌkk y™u rðøkíkku yk{ s LkÚke, yu MÃkü fhu÷wt Au.

ËuþLkk RríknkMkLku ®nËw yLku {wÂM÷{ yuðk yÃkqhíkk Lku yÄf[hk ¾kLkk{kt {qfeLku òuðkLkwt MkktMÚkkrLkf ð÷ý ykÃkýk ¼qíkfk¤Lku MkBÞfT Ãkrh«uûÞ{kt òuðk{kt økkuÚkwt ¾ðzkðíkwt hÌkwt Au y™u hk»xÙðkË íku{s hk»xÙ-hkßÞLke ÞwhkuÃkeÞ yðÄkhýkÚke økúMík hksfkhý (suLku yzðkýeyu ‘MkktMf]ríkf hk»xÙðkË’Lkwt Lkk{ ykÃÞwt Au) ykÃkýk ðíko{kLkLku Mkkhw Ãký rð»kkõíkÃkýu rð¼ksf-rð½kíkf yLkw¼ðkíkwt hÌkwt Au. òuðkLkwt yu Au fu MktMÚkkLkðkË y™u ÞwhkuÃkLke ¼ux Mk{kLk yk Mktfwr[ík yr¼øk{Lku ¼khíkLke ¼ÔÞ RríknkMkÄkhk íkhefu ðýoððk{kt ykðu Au.

(«fkþ çktøk÷ku, LkðhtøkÃkwhk, ÃkkuMx ykurVMk ÃkkA¤, LkðhtøkÃkwhk, y{ËkðkË - 380 009. {ku.: 9879919421)

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Mkku{LkkÚk : RríknkMkLkk Ãkrh«uûÞ{kt

hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh

Ãk[kMk ð»ko Ãknu÷ktLkk RríknkMkfkhku fhíkkt yksLkk RríknkMkfkhku ¼qíkfk¤Lkk çkLkkðkuLkk MðYÃkLkwt ðÄw Ãk]Úk¬hý fhu Au yLku rððu[f árüÚke íkÃkkMku Au. ykÃkýu su ðk[LkkykuLkku Mkúkuík íkhefu WÃkÞkuøk fheyu Aeyu yLku su ðk[Lkkyku AuÕ÷e yuf MkËeÚke íkku «[r÷ík Au s, íkuLkku nwt WÕ÷u¾ fheþ. òufu RríknkMkfkhkuyu ¼qíkfk¤Lke fuð¤ ÃkMktË fhu÷e ðk[LkkykuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðkLkwt ð÷ý ËþkoÔÞwt Au, yksu ykÃkýu rð»kÞLku y™w÷økíkk su fkuE Ãký Mkúkuíkku {¤u íku ík{k{Lku [fkMkeyu Aeyu. ÔÞkÃkf ûkuºk{kt ðk[LkkykuLke íkÃkkMk ykÃkýLku ðÄw «{ký{kt Ãkwhkðk Ãkqhk Ãkkzu Au y™u yuLku ÷eÄu su rð»kÞLke [[ko fheyu íkuLku rðþuLke ykÃkýe òýfkhe ðÄu Au. yk ðõíkÔÞ{kt {khwt «ÞkusLk fuð¤ Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {trËhLkku RríknkMk Ãkqhku ÃkkzðkLkwt LkÚke, Ãkhtíkw yuLke MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k MÚk¤ y™u çkLkkðkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk yu Ëþkoððk fhðkLkku Au fu RríknkMkfkhLku fuðe heíku rðrðÄ MkúkuíkkuLku [fkMkðk Ãkzu Au, fuðe heíku yu yuLkwt rððu[f árüÚke Ãk]Úk¬hý fhu Au y™u íÞkhçkkË ¼qíkfk¤Lku Mk{òððkLkku «ÞíLk fhu Au.

Ãk[kMk ð»ko Ãkqðuo Mkku{LkkÚkLkku RríknkMk fuð¤ yuf s «fkhLke ðk[Lkkyku-íkwfeo yLku ÃkŠþÞLk ¼k»kk{kt ÷¾kÞu÷e yLkuf Mkw÷íkkLkkuLkk ËhçkkhkuLke íkðkhe¾kuLkk ykÄkhu ðýoððk{kt ykðíkku níkku, fu{ fu yk ËhçkkhkuLkku RríknkMk {nt{Ë økÍLkeLkk {trËh ÃkhLkk yk¢{ýLke MkkÚku þY Úkíkku níkku. MktMf]ík Mkúkuíkku, su{ fu Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkkMkuLkk rþ÷k÷u¾ku y™u [ki÷wõÞ hkòykuLkk RríknkMk rðþuLkk siLk «çktÄku su{kt ðÄw rðøkíkðkh RríknkMk Mk{kÞu÷ku níkku, íkuLke WÃkuûkk fhðk{kt ykðe níke. ykLkwt {wÏÞ fkhý yu níkwt fu rçkúrxþ rðîkLkkuyu Ë÷e÷ fhe fu ¼khíkLkku RríknkMk ºký Þwøk{kt ðnU[ðku òuEyu : rnLËw, {wÂM÷{ y™u rçkúrxþ. rnLËw Þwøk RMkðeMkLk 1,000 MkwÄe [kÕÞku yLku MktMf]ík ÃkkXkuLkk ykÄkhu ÷¾kÞu÷ku níkku. {wÂM÷{ Þwøk ¼khík{kt rçkúrxþ ÷kufkuLkk ykøk{Lk MkwÄeLkku níkku yLku ÃkŠþÞLk ÃkkXkuLkk ykÄkhu ÷¾ðkLkku níkku. yk{ {nt{Ë økÍLkeLkwt yk¢{ý su 1026{kt ÚkÞwt


{trËhLke ykMkÃkkMkLkk MktMf]ík rþ÷k÷u¾ku su çkLkkð ÃkAe íkhík s yLku ÃkAeLke ºký MkËeyku MkwÄe ÷¾kÞu÷k níkk íku {nt{ËLkku WÕ÷u¾ fhíkk LkÚke. òufu {trËh yu yk rþ÷k÷u¾kuLkwt fuLÿ Au. ½ýk LkkLkk rþ÷k÷u¾ku MÚkkrLkf hkòyku fuðe heíku {trËh{kt Ãkqò fhðk ykðíkk Þkºkk¤wykuLku ÷qtxíkk íku{ s íku{Lke ÃkkMkuÚke Þkºkk¤w fhLke {ktøkýe fhíkk íkuLke ðkík fhu Au. [ki÷wõÞ ðneðxeíktºkLku Þkºkk¤wykuLku hkòykuÚke hûký ykÃkðwt Ãkzíkwt. çkkh{e MkËeLkku yuf ÷ktçkku yk÷u¾ yu fkLkqLke ËMíkkðus Au su LkwYÆeLk VehkuÍ Lkk{Lkk yuf yhçk ðuÃkkheyu ÷ÏÞku níkku. yu{kt yu ðuÃkkheLku Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLke MÚkkðh r{÷fík{ktÚke yLku çkeòt {trËhkuLke MÚkkðh r{÷fík{ktÚke s{eLkLkk swËk swËk xwfzkyku ðuåÞkLke LkkUÄ Au. yk s{eLkLkku WÃkÞkuøk {ÂMsË çkktÄðk {kxu yLku íkuLke Mkt¼k¤ {kxu fhðkLkku níkku, su LkwYÆeLku çkLkkðe níke. yk ðu[ký {kxu MÚkkrLkf hkò y™u Ãkt[-fw¤–nkuÆuËkhku yLku s{eLk{kr÷fkuLkk çkLku÷k MÚkkrLkf þnuh ðneðxeíktºk–Lke Mkt{rík níke. yk÷u¾ LkkutÄu Au fu s{eLkLkku MkkuËku yu Mkk{kLÞ «r¢Þk níke.

Mkku ð»ko ÃkAe [ki÷wõÞ ðtþLkk hkò fw{khÃkk¤Lkk Mk{Þ{kt {trËhLkk {wÏÞ Ãkqòhe ¼kð çk]nMÃkrík îkhk yuf ÷ktçkku yk÷u¾ «rMkØ ÚkÞku níkku. íku sýkðu Au fu {trËh MÚkkrLkf ðneðxfkhkuLke WÃkuûkkLku fkhýu rçkM{kh nk÷ík{kt níkwt yLku íkuLku VheÚke çkktÄðk {kxu hkòLku Mk{òððk {kxu íku Ãkkuíku fkhý¼qík níkku. yu ðkík VheÚke æÞkLk ¾U[u Au fu {trËhLke Sýo nk÷ík {kxu {nt{ËLku sðkçkËkh økýðkLkku fu {trËhLkwt {ÂMsË{kt ÃkrhðíkoLk ÚkÞkLkku fkuE WÕ÷u¾ ynª LkÚke. òu yuLkwt ÃkwLkhkðíkoLk ÚkÞwt nkuík íkku yu {trËh íkhefu VheÚke çktÄkÞwt Lk nkuík.

siLk rðîkLk {uhwíkwtøku [kiË{e MkËe{kt økwshkíkLkku RríknkMk ÷ÏÞku níkku su{kt yu [ki÷wõÞ ðtþLkwt rðMíkkhÚke ðýoLk fhu Au yLku íkuLkku {trËh MkkÚkuLkku MktçktÄ ðýoðu Au. VheÚke {nt{ËLkku fkuE WÕ÷u¾ LkÚke. yk RríknkMkLkwt yuf {wÏÞ fuLÿ®çkËw fw{khÃkk¤ îkhk {trËhLkku rsýkuoØkh yu Au. Ãkhtíkw yk nuðk÷ siLk árüfkuýÚke ÷¾kÞu÷ku Au yLku íkuÚke {trËhLkk {wÏÞ Ãkqòhe ¼kð çk]nMÃkríkLkk fÚkLkÚke rðÃkheík Au. {uhwíkwtøk ÷¾u Au fu, ËrhÞkLke Ak÷fkuLku ÷eÄu {trËhLke Sýo Ëþk ÚkE níke, fu{ fu yu ËrhÞkLku ÷økku÷øk yzeLku ykðu÷wt níkwt. yu rLkùÞÃkqðof fnu Au fu fw{khÃkk¤Lkk siLk {tºke, {nkLk rðîkLk nu{[tÿk[kÞuo

íku {wÂM÷{ fk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk ÚkÞu÷wt økýkÞwt yLku íkuÚke fuð¤ ÃkŠþÞLk ðk[LkkykuLku {krníke {kxu [fkMkðk{kt ykðe. {khk ðõíkÔÞ{kt nwt ºkýuÞ «fkhkuLkk Ãkwhkðk rðþu ðkík fheþ yLku Mk{òððkLkku «ÞíLk fheþ fu MktMÚkkLkðkËe Mk¥kkÄkheykuyu þk {kxu ¼khíkLkk RríknkMkLke yuf Mkk{kLÞ ½xLkkLku yuf ¾qçk {kuxk {wÆk{kt Vuhðe ËeÄe.

Mkw÷íkkLkkuLkk ËhçkkhLke íkðkhe¾kuyu {nt{ËLkk yk¢{ýLke Mðk¼krðf s ÞþkuøkkÚkk økkE Au y™u RM÷k{Lkk RríknkMkLkk yuf {n¥ðLkk çkLkkð íkhefu yríkþÞkuÂõíkÃkqðof ðýoÔÞku Au. su ÷kufku çkkËþkne ËhçkkhkuLke yLku ðtþkð¤eLke íkðkhe¾ku ÷¾u Au, íku{ýu hkòykuLke «þÂMík fhðe Ãkzu Au fu fu{ fu íkuykuLku yu {kxu íkku ÃkiMkk [qfððk{kt ykðu Au. yk «Úkk Auf Ãknu÷ktLkk fk¤Úke [k÷íke ykðe Au yu ¼khíkLkk swËk swËk «Ëuþku{kt Ëhçkkhe frðykuyu ÷¾u÷e ‘«þÂMík’{kt fhu÷e rnLËw hkòykuLke Míkwrík ÃkhÚke MÃkü ÚkkÞ Au. yk yuf «fkhLke ÷u¾Lk ÃkØrík Au, su{kt hkòLke «þtMkk fhðe s Ãkzu Au!

yk ÃkŠþÞLk íkðkhe¾kuLke hMk«Ë çkkçkík yu Au fu íkuyku Lk¬e LkÚke fhe þfíkk fu {nt{Ëu ¾hu¾h þuLkku Lkkþ fÞkuo níkku. fkuEf fnu Au, yu rþð®÷øk níkwt; çkeò fnu Au fu yu ÃkÞøktçkhu suLkku Lkkþ fhðkLkku ykËuþ ykÃÞku níkku íku RM÷k{ ÃkqðuoLke yhçk Ëuðeyku{ktLke yuf {Lkkík ËuðeLkk «íkefYÃk ÃkÚÚkh níkku; ð¤e çkeò fnu Au fu yu ÃkÚÚkhLkk çkLku÷k {kLkð MðYÃk yuf Ëuð níkk yLku ßÞkhu yu{Lkwt Ãkux [ehkÞwt íÞkhu yu{ktÚke híLkkuLkku sÚÚkku çknkh Lkef¤e ykÔÞku níkku; yLku ð¤e çkeswt yuf ð]¥kktík fnu Au fu yu ÄkíkwLke çkLku÷e yuf {qŠík níke su yuf çknw {kuxk [wtçkfLke {ËËÚke nðk{kt ðå[u ÷xfíke níke. yk{ MÃkü heíku yu {qŠík þwt níke yu rðþu fkuE rLkrùíkíkk Lk níke yLku yk çkÞkLkku{kt ¾kMMke fkÕÃkrLkfíkk níke. íÞkh çkkË yk çkÞkLkku fnu Au fu {trËhLku {ÂMsË{kt Vuhððk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt. Ãkhtíkw Úkkuzkf ËMkfkyku ÃkAe fkuE Mkw÷íkkLk Ãkkuíku {trËh Ãkh nw{÷ku fÞkuo yLku yuLku {ÂMsË{kt VuhÔÞwt yu{ Ëkðku fhu Au. yk íkforðneLk Au, fu{ fu Ãknu÷k nw{÷k ÃkAe íkuyku {ÂMsË Ãkh nw{÷ku fhíkk nþu. yuLke MkkÚku MkkÚku {trËh íkku yuf {wÏÞ rnLËw {trËh íkhefu [k÷w s hÌkwt, su{kt ÃktËh{e MkËe MkwÄe íkku Ãkqò [k÷w hne su ÃkAe yu WÃkurûkík ÚkÞwt nkuÞ yu{ ÷køku Au.


hkòLku {trËh VheÚke çkktÄðk {kxu Mk{òÔÞk. yk «r¢Þk Ëhr{ÞkLk hkòyu siLk Ä{o ytøkefkh fÞkuo.

RríknkMkfkhku {kxu {trËh rðþu yk ºký rðr¼L™ Ãkrh«uûÞ Au. yk{ktÚke fkuEÃký {nt{ËLkk yk¢{ýLku fkhýu rnLËw yLku {wMk÷{kLkku ðå[u Ÿze yLku fkÞ{e Ëw~{Lkkðx ÚkE yuðe fkuE LkkUÄ fhíkk LkÚke. Q÷xkLkwt LkwYÆeLkLkku yk÷u¾ Mkq[ðu Au fu çku fku{ku ðå[u Mkk{kLÞ ÔÞðnkh níkku. yk¢{ýLkk íkwhtík çkkË rnLËwyku{kt Úkkuzk yk¢kuþLke yÃkuûkk hk¾e þfkÞ, Ãkhtíkw yk÷u¾ku çkíkkðu Au fu íku ÷ktçkk Mk{Þ MkwÄe xõÞku Lknª y™u {trËh rnLËwykuLkk Ãkrðºk MÚk¤ íkhefu Ãkqòíkwt hÌkwt. ykÚke «&™ yu WÃkÂMÚkík ÚkkÞ Au fu ÃkhMÃkh Ëw~{Lkkðx ytøkuLkwt yk rðÄkLk fkuýu yLku õÞkhu Vu÷kÔÞwt?

yu hMk«Ë çkeLkk Au fu yuLkku Mkki«Úk{ WÕ÷u¾ ykuøkýeMk{e MkËeLke þYykík{kt ÷tzLk{kt rçkúxLkLke MktMkËLkkt øk]nku{kt {nt{Ë yLku Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkhLke [[ko{kt ÚkÞku. MktMÚkkLkðkËe rðîkLkku yu Mkkrçkík fhðk íkíÃkh níkk fu rnLËw yLku {wMk÷{kLkku nt{uþkt yufçkeò Mkk{u ðuh¼kð hk¾íkk yLku {nt{ËLkk nw{÷kLke yk ðkík yu{Lku Vkðíke ykðe økE. ¼khíkLkk MktMÚkkLkðkËe RríknkMku {nt{ËLkk yk¢{ýÚke rnLËwykuLku ÚkÞu÷k yk½kík Ãkh ¼kh {qfðkLkwt þY fÞwO.

{qtÍðLkkhku «&™ yu Au fu ðeMk{e MkËe{kt hk»xÙðkËe hksfkhýeykuyu yLku RríknkMkfkhkuyu yk fÚkkLkwt íkwfkuo-ÃkŠþÞLk íkðkhe¾ku Ãkh ykÄkrhík MktMÚkkLkðkËe ð]¥kktík þk {kxu MðefkÞwO? yu Mk{ÞLkk RríknkMkfkhkuyu çkeò Mkúkuíkku íkÃkkMÞk Lknª, su çkeS s ðkík fnu Au. yk¢{ý ÚkÞwt Lk níkwt yu {wÆku LkÚke, Ãkhtíkw ¾hu¾h þwt çkLÞwt yLku yuÚke rnLËw-{wMk÷{kLkku ðå[u Ëw~{Lkkðx ÚkE fu Lknª yu «&™ Au.

RríknkMkfkhkuLku yk çku ÃkkX þe¾ðu Au. yuf íkku yu fu ¼qíkfk¤{kt þwt çkLÞwt yu fnuíkk Ãknu÷kt ykÃkýu ¾kíkhe fhðe òuEyu fu ykÃkýu rð»kÞ ÃkhLkk çkÄk þõÞ yux÷k Mkúkuíkku rððu[f-árüÚke íkÃkkMÞk Au. çkeswt yu fu MktMÚkkLkðkËe RríknkMk÷u¾LkLke rð[khÄkhk MktMÚkkLkðkËLke LkeríkykuLku Ãkwü fhLkkhe níke. yuÚke ykÃkýu yu{Lkkt rðÄkLkkuLku Ãknu÷kt yu{Lke Mkk{u Mkðk÷ WXkÔÞk ðøkh Mðefkhðk òuEyu Lknª.

[W{kþtfh òuþe M{]rík ÔÞkÏÞkLk (y{ËkðkË, íkk.29-12012)]

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Mkku{LkkÚk, RríknkMk÷u¾Lk y™u fku{e yufíkk

økkihktøk òLke

ð»ko 1947Lkk LkðuBçkhLke Lkð{e íkkhe¾u ¼khíkeÞ ÷~fh sqLkkøkZ{kt «ðuþu Au yLku LkðkçkLkk MkirLkfku þ†ku nuXkt {qfe þhýkøkrík Mðefkhu Au. íkuLke MkkÚku s rð÷eLkefhýLke «r¢ÞkLkk {n¥ðLkk «fhýLkku ytík ykðu Au. yk rðsÞLke WsðýeLkk ¼køkYÃku 13 LkðuBçkhu (rËðk¤eLkk rËðMku) sqLkkøkZ{kt MkhËkh ðÕ÷¼¼kE Ãkxu÷Lkwt ònuh MkL{kLk ÚkkÞ Au. çkeò rËðMku yux÷u fu çkuMkíkk ð»kuo ðÕ÷¼¼kE íku{Lkk furçkLkux MkkÚke yuLk.ðe. økkzøke÷ MkkÚku Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLke {w÷kfkíku ÃkÄkhu Au. {trËhLke ¾hkçk nk÷ík òuE çktLku {nkLkw¼kðku ®[ríkík ÚkkÞ Au. yk MktË¼uo ðÕ÷¼¼kELkk SðLk[rhºk ÷u¾f hks{kunLk økktÄe sýkðu Au, “økkzøke÷ {kLkíkk níkk fu {trËhLkku SýkuoØkh Úkðku òuEyu. íku{ýu yk rð[kh Ãkxu÷Lku sýkÔÞku yLku íkuyku Ãký Mkt{ík ÚkÞk. yu Mk{Þu LkðkLkøkhLkk ò{Mkknuçk íkuykuLke MkkÚku níkk. íku{ýu íkífk¤ yuf ÷k¾ YrÃkÞk ËkLk fÞko. Mkk{¤ËkMk økktÄeyu ònuh fÞwO fu ykhÍe nfq{ík Y. yufkðLk nòh ykÃkþu. økkzøke÷Lkk ÃkÂç÷f ðõMko ¾kíkkyu yk fk{Lkwt çkezwt ÍzÃÞwt y™u furçkLkuxu {tsqhe Ãký ykÃke ËeÄe. Ãkhtíkw {nkí{k økktÄe MkkÚkuLke [[ko çkkË Lk¬e ÚkÞwt fu {trËhLkk SýkuoØkh yÚkuo yuf xÙMx çkLkkððwt y™u ÷kufVk¤kLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðku.”

Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLkk SýkuoØkh ytøku MkhËkh Ãkxu÷Lkk WíMkkn yLku ð÷ýLku økktÄeSLke Ëhr{ÞkLkøkeheÚke ftEf swËe s rËþk {¤e. yux÷wt s Lknª ¼khík MkhfkhLkk rLkýoÞku Ãký çkË÷kÞk. 28 LkðuBçkh, 1947Lkk hkus rËÕneLke «kÚkoLkkMk¼k{kt økktÄeS Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLkk SýkuoØkhLke ðkík {ktzu Au yLku ‘rçkLkMkkt«ËkrÞf’ Mkhfkh MktË¼oLkku íku{Lkku árüfkuý MÃkü fhíkkt Ëþkoðu Au, “ßÞkhu MkhËkh ynª ykÔÞk íÞkhu {U yu{Lku sýkÔÞwt fu íkuyku Mkhfkh{kt nkuðkLku fkhýu ®nËwðkËLku RåAu yux÷k LkkýkLke {ËË yÚkuo Mkt{rík ykÃke þfu Au. Ãkhtíkw ¾hu¾h íkku ykÃkýu íkku Mkki {kxu Mkhfkh çkLkkðe Au. íku rçkLkMkkt«ËkrÞf Mkhfkh Au, yu fkuE EïhkÄeLk


{kxu ykð~Þf Au. økwshkík rðÄkLkMk¼kLke íkksuíkhLke [qtxýeykuLkk ¼ksÃkLkk «[khLke þYykík {wÏÞ{tºke LkhuLÿ {kuËeyu Mkku{LkkÚk {trËh{kt ‘ËkËk’Lkk ËþoLk fhe íku{Lkk ‘ykþeðkoË’ ÷E fhe. çkeS ½xLkk rzMkuBçkh, 2012{kt Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLkk øk¼oøk]nLku yuf ¼õík ËtÃkíkeyu MkkuLkkÚke {Ze Í¤ktÍ¤kt fhe. yk çktLku ½xLkkyku yLku íkuLke y¾çkkhe LkkUÄku íkksuíkhLkku RríknkMk çkLke. ykðe s Mkku{LkkÚk MktË¼oLke yLkuf MkËeykuLke LkkUÄku, ÷u¾ku, rþ÷k÷u¾ku ðøkuhu MkúkuíkkuLku ykÄkhu hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhu ytøkúuS{kt íkiÞkh fhu÷wt ÃkwMíkf ¾kMke [[ko{kt Au. òufu yk ÃkwMíkf fhíkkt íku{Lkk y{ËkðkËLkk ÔÞkÏÞkLku økwshkíkeyku{kt Mkku{LkkÚkLkk ‘{wLkþe RríknkMk’Lku ÃkwLk:íkÃkkMkðkLkku rð[kh yð~Þ ðnuíkku fÞkuo Au.

«ku. hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh nk÷ rËÕne ÂMÚkík sðknh÷k÷ Lkunhw rðïrðãk÷Þ{kt «kuVuMkh yu{rhxMk íkhefu fkÞohík Au. íku{ýu Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLkk RríknkMk MktçktrÄík ÷¾u÷k ytøkúuS ÃkwMíkfLke ¾kMke [[ko Ëuþ-rðËuþ{kt ÚkE Au. M{]rík ÔÞkÏÞkLk{kt íku{ýu Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLkk RríknkMk MktçktrÄík yLkufrðÄ Mkúkuíkku y™u Mkk{økúe îkhk yu MÃkü fhðkLkku «ÞíLk fÞkuo fu RríknkMkfkhkuyu y{wf [ku¬Mk {krníkeLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe {trËhLkk RríknkMkLku yufktøke çkLkkðe ËeÄku. ÔÞkÏÞkLkLkk «fkrþík MktûkuÃkLkk «kht¼u íkuyku sýkðu Au íku{ “yk ðõíkÔÞLkwt {wÏÞ «ÞkusLk yu çkíkkððkLkwt Au fu Ãk[kMk ð»ko Ãknu÷ktLkk RríknkMkfkhku fhíkkt yksLkk RríknkMkfkhku ¼qíkfk¤Lkk çkLkkðkuLkk MðYÃkLkwt ðÄw Ãk]Úk¬hý fhu Au yLku rððu[f áÂüÚke íkÃkkMku Au.”

ykÃkýu Mkki òýeyu Aeyu fu ¼khík{kt {wÂM÷{ þkMkLkfk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk ð»ko 1026{kt {nt{Ë økÍLkeLkwt yk¢{ý ÚkÞwt. yu Mk{Þu Mkku{LkkÚk {trËh Ãkh Ãký nw{÷k y™u yk¢{ý ÚkÞkt. íkuLku ¾trzík fhðkLkku «ÞíLk fÞkuo. íkuLku Ãkøk÷u Ãkøk÷u Mkku{LkkÚk {trËh yuf íkhV ®nËwykuLke ykMÚkkLkwt yLku çkeS íkhV RM÷k{rðhkuÄe {kLkMkLkwt «íkef çkLke økÞwt . yk ðkMíkrðfíkk MktË¼uo hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh {kLku Au fu íÞkhçkkËLkk RríknkMkLke hsqykík fhLkkhkykuyu {ÞkorËík Mkk{økúeLkku WÃkÞkuøk fheLku Mkk{krsf MktçktÄkuLke Mkk[e nfefík «fkþ{kt ÷kððk{kt yðhkuÄku Q¼k fÞko. íku{Lkk s þçËku{kt, “Ãk[kMk ð»ko Ãkqðuo Mkku{LkkÚkLkku RríknkMk fuð¤ yuf s «fkhLke ðk[Lkkyku-íkqfeo yLku ÃkŠþÞLk ¼k»kk{kt ÷¾kÞu÷e yLkuf Mkw÷íkkLkkuLkk ËhçkkhkuLke íkðkhe¾kuLkk ykÄkhu ðýoððk{kt

Mkhfkh LkÚke. íkuÚke yu fkuEÃký «fkhLkku ¾[o òrík-fku{Lku æÞkLk{kt hk¾eLku íkku Lkk s fhe þfu. íkuLkk {kxu íkku {n¥ðLkwt íkku yu Au fu Mkki ¼khíkeÞ Au. ÔÞÂõíkøkík heíku Mkki ÃkkuíkkLkk Ä{oLku yLkwMkhe þfu Au. {khku Ä{o nwt yLkwMkhwt. ík{u ík{khku yLkwMkhku.” (MktË¼o : f÷uõxuz ðõMko ykìV {nkí{k økktÄe, økútÚk-90, Ãk]. 127).

LkðuBçkh 1947Lkku yk Ãkqðohtøk ykÃkýu yuf yuðk hkßÞ{kt Mkt¼khe hÌkk Aeyu ßÞkt AuÕ÷k Ãkkt[ ËkÞfk{kt Mk{Þktíkhu ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ Mkt½»kkuo Úkíkk hÌkk Au. ¼khíkLkk ykÄwrLkf RríknkMk{kt økwshkík yk MktË¼uo Lktçkh ðLk Au. ð»ko 1969, 1985, 1992 y™u 2002 y™u yu WÃkhktíkLke y™uf ½xLkkyku. yk ðkMíkrðfíkk nkuðk Aíkkt íkksuíkh{kt yuf rð[kh Vu÷kððk{kt ykÔÞku Au fu ð»ko 2002Lkk {wÂM÷{ rðhkuÄe nwÕ÷zLku ¼q÷ðk {ktzku. íkuLkku Ãkz½ku Lkk íkku hksfkhý{kt fu Lkk íkku Mk{ksfkhý{kt Ëu¾kðku òuEyu. yk{ íkku økwshkíkLkk çkkirØf søkík{kt íkku ð»ko 2002 çkkË økýíkheLkk {rnLkkyku{kt hkßÞ{kt fþwt çkLÞwt LkÚke yuðe ‘¾k{kuþe’ AðkE økE níke. hkßÞLke yuf {kºk ÞwrLkðŠMkxe fu yLÞ þiûkrýf MktMÚkkyku{kt yufkË yÃkðkË rMkðkÞ 2002Lkkt fkhýku y™u Ãkrhýk{kuLke [[ko yÚkuo Lkk íkku fkuE ÃkrhMktðkË ÚkÞku fu Lkk ÞwSMke fu ykEMkeykEMkeykh MktþkuÄLk «kusuõx nkÚk ÄhkÞku. ‘ðkt[u økwshkík’ ytíkøkoík Ãký hkßÞ{kt ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ yufíkk ytøku ftE ðt[kýwt Lknª. yÚkkoíkT økwshkík çknw{íke ®nËw ðMkíkeLkwt hkßÞ Au y™u íku{kt fku{e Mkt½»kkuoLku fkuE MÚkkLk LkÚke yuðku ‘fkuLxuBÃkhhe rnMxÙe’ h[ðk íkhVLkku Íkuf Ëu¾kE hÌkku Au. yk RríknkMkLkk ¼køkYÃku AuÕ÷k ËkÞfk{kt hkßÞ{kt õÞktÞ fh^Þwt LkÚke Lkt¾kÞku íkuLke yktfzkfeÞ {krníkeLku Mktøkúrník fhðk{kt ykðe hne Au.

yk ðkíkkðhý{kt rzMkuBçkh, 2012Lkk ytrík{ yXðkrzÞk{kt ÞkuòÞu÷ W{kþtfh òuþe ÔÞkÏÞkLk{k¤kyu økwshkík{kt fku{e MktçktÄku MktË¼uo ykt¾ yLku fkLk çktLkuLku Mkr¢Þ fÞkO. 29 rzMkuBçkh 2012Lkk hkus y{ËkðkË MkkrníÞ Ãkrh»kËLkk Mk¼k¾tz{kt ¼khíkLkk yktíkhhk»xÙeÞ ÏÞkrík«kÃík RríknkMkfkh «kuVuMkh hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhu M{]rík ÔÞkÏÞkLk ykÃÞwt. rð»kÞ níkku ‘Mkku{LkkÚk : RríknkMkLkk Ãkrh«uûÞ{kt’.

hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhLkk ÔÞkÏÞkLk Ãkqðuo økwshkík{kt Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLku ÷ELku çku ½xLkkyku çkLke íkuLkku WÕ÷u¾ fheyu íkku Mk{òþu fu RríknkMk÷u¾Lk õÞkt y™u þk


ykðíkku níkku, fu{ fu yk ËhçkkhkuLkku RríknkMk {nt{Ë økÍLkeLkk {trËh ÃkhLkk yk¢{ýLke MkkÚku þY Úkíkku níkku. MktMf]ík Mkúkuíkku, su{ fu Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkkMkuLkk rþ÷k÷u¾ku y™u [ki÷wõÞ hkòykuLkk RríknkMk rðþuLkk siLk «çktÄku su{kt ðÄw rðøkíkðkh RríknkMk Mk{kÞu÷ku níkku, íkuLke WÃkuûkk fhðk{kt ykðe níke.”

¼qíkfk¤{kt Mkw÷íkkLkku fu hkòykuLkk Mk{Þ{kt Mk¥kkÄkheykuLke íkðkhe¾ku ÷¾LkkhkykuLkk ykÄkhu RríknkMk h[ðkLkku «ÞíLk fheyu íkku nfefíkku y™u ðkMíkrðfíkkykuLku Mk{S þfkíke LkÚke. íkuLku fkhýu Mk{Þ síkkt ÷¾kÞu÷k RríknkMkLku ykÄkhu Ãkqðoøkúnku y™u Mktfwr[ík rð[khMkhýe rðfMke þfu. Ä{kuo y™u Mkt«ËkÞku ðå[u Ãký yk fkhýu {ík¼uËku yLku Mkt½»kkuo ÃkuËk ÚkE þfu. RríknkMk ÷¾Lkkhkykuyu yk fkhýu yufÚke ðÄw MkúkuíkkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðku òuEyu. yk {wÆkLku MkÃkü fhíkkt «ku. ÚkkÃkh Ëþkoðu Au, “Mkw÷íkkLkkuLkk ËhçkkhLke íkðkhe¾kuyu {nt{ËLkk yk¢{ýLke Mðk¼krðf s ÞþkuøkkÚkk økkE Au y™u RM÷k{Lkk RríknkMkLkk yuf {n¥ðLkk çkLkkð íkhefu yríkþÞkuÂõíkÃkqðof ðýoÔÞku Au. su ÷kufku çkkËþkne ËhçkkhkuLke yLku ðtþkð¤eLke íkðkhe¾ku ÷¾u Au, íku{ýu hkòykuLke «þÂMík fhðe Ãkzu Au fu{ fu íkuykuLku yu {kxu íkku ÃkiMkk [qfððk{kt ykðu Au. yk «Úkk Auf Ãknu÷ktLkk fk¤Úke [k÷íke ykðe Au. yu ¼khíkLkk swËk swËk «Ëuþku{kt Ëhçkkhe frðykuLke ÷¾u÷e «þÂMík{kt fhu÷e rnLËw hkòykuLke Míkwríkyku ÃkhÚke MÃkü ÚkkÞ Au. yk yuf «fkhLke ÷u¾Lk ÃkØrík Au su{kt hkòLke «þtMkk fhðe s Ãkzu Au!”

«ku. hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh yu {wÆk Ãkh ¼kh {qfu Au fu «þÂMík{kt ÷¾kýkuLku ykÄkhu rðhkuÄk¼kMke nfefíkku Mkku{LkkÚk {trËh MktË¼uo QÃkMke ykðu Au. WËknhýYÃku íkuyku Mk{òðu Au, “yk ÃkŠþÞLk íkðkhe¾kuLke hMk«Ë çkkçkík yu Au fu íkuyku Lk¬e LkÚke fhe þfíkk fu {nt{Ëu ¾hu¾h þuLkku Lkkþ fÞkuo níkku. fkuEf fnu Au, yu rþð®÷øk níkwt; çkeò fnu Au fu yu ÃkÞøktçkhu suLkku Lkkþ fhðkLkku ykËuþ ykÃÞku níkku íku RM÷k{ ÃkqðuoLke yhçk Ëuðeyku{ktLke yuf {Lkkík ËuðeLkk «íkefYÃk ÃkÚÚkh níkku; ð¤e çkeò fnu Au fu ÃkÚÚkhLkk çkLku÷k {kLkð MðYÃk Ëuð níkk y™u ßÞkhu yu{Lkwt Ãkux [ehkÞwt íÞkhu yu{ktÚke híLkkuLkku sÚÚkku çknkh Lkef¤e ykÔÞku níkku; yLku ð¤e çkeswt yuf ð]¥kktík fnu Au fu yu ÄkíkwLke çkLku÷e yuf {qŠík níke su yuf çknw {kuxk [wtçkfLke {ËËÚke nðk{kt ðå[u ÷xfíke níke. yk{ MÃkü heíku yu {qŠík þwt níke

yu rðþu fkuE rLkrùíkíkk Lk níke y™u yk çkÞkLkku{kt ¾kMMke fkÕÃkrLkfíkk níke. íÞkhçkkË yk çkÞkLkku fnu Au fu {trËhLku {ÂMsË{kt Vuhððk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt. Ãkhtíkw Úkkuzkf Úkkuzkf ËMkfkyku ÃkAe fkuE Mkw÷íkkLku Ãkkuíku {trËh Ãkh nw{÷ku fÞkuo yLku yuLku {ÂMsË{kt VuhÔÞwt yu{ Ëkðku fhu Au. yk íkfoneLk Au, fu{ fu Ãknu÷k nw{÷k ÃkAe íkuyku {ÂMsË Ãkh nw{÷ku fhíkk nþu. yuLke MkkÚku MkkÚku {trËh íkku yuf {wÏÞ rnLËw {trËh íkhefu [k÷w s hÌkwt su{kt ÃktËh{e MkËe MkwÄe íkku Ãkqò [k÷w hne su ÃkAe yu WÃkurûkík ÚkÞwt nkuÞ yu{ ÷køku Au.”

hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhLke árüyu yu MÃkü Au fu RríknkMkfkhkuyu Mkku{LkkÚk {trËh rðþu Ëþkoðu÷kt ºký rðr¼L™ Ãkrh«uûÞ{kt õÞktÞ yuðe LkkUÄ LkÚke fu {nt{ËLkk yk¢{ýLkk fkhýu rnLËw y™u {wMk÷{kLkku ðå[u Ÿze yLku fkÞ{e Ëw~{Lkkðx ÚkE nkuÞ. Q÷xkLkwt çkkh{e MkËe{kt LkYÆeLk VehkuÍ Lkk{Lkk ykhçk ðuÃkkheLkk ÷¾ký «{kýu íkku çku fku{ku ðå[u Mkk{kLÞ ÔÞðnkh níkku. yk¢{ýLkk íkwhtík çkkË ®nËwyku{kt Úkkuzk yk¢kuþLke yÃkuûkk hk¾e þfkÞ, Ãkhtíkw yk÷u¾ku çkíkkðu Au fu íku ÷ktçkk Mk{Þ MkwÄe xõÞku Lknª yLku {trËh rnLËwykuLkk Ãkrðºk MÚk¤ íkhefu Ãkqòíkwt hÌkwt. «ku. ÚkkÃkh yk MktË¼o{kt Mkðk÷ WXkðu Au, “ykÚke «&™ yu WÃkÂMÚkík ÚkkÞ Au fu ÃkhMÃkh Ëw~{Lkkðx ytøkuLkwt yk rðÄkLk fkuýu yLku õÞkhu Vu÷kÔÞwt?”

rçkúrxþhkuyu Mkku{LkkÚkLkk «&™u ®nËw-{wMk÷{kLkku{kt ÃkhMÃkh îu»k Q¼k fhðk{kt ¼qr{fk ¼sðe níke yu MktË¼uo hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhLkku yÇÞkMk ftEf yk{ MÃküíkk fhu Au : “yu hMk«Ë çkeLkk Au fu yuLkku Mkki«Úk{ WÕ÷u¾ ykuøkýeMk{e MkËeLke þYykík{kt ÷tzLk{kt rçkúxLkLke MktMkËLkk øk]nku{kt {nt{Ë yLku Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkhLke [[ko{kt ÚkÞku. MktMÚkkLkðkËe rðîkLkku yu Mkkrçkík fhðk íkíÃkh níkk fu rnLËw yLku {wMk÷{kLkku nt{uþk yufçkeò Mkk{u ðuh¼kð hk¾íkk yLku {nt{ËLkk nw{÷kLke yk ðkík yu{Lku Vkðíke ykðe økE. ¼khíkLkk MktMÚkkLkðkËe RríknkMku {nt{ËLkk yk¢{ýÚke rnLËwykuLku ÚkÞu÷k yk½kík Ãkh ¼kh {qfðkLkwt þY fÞwO. {qtÍðLkkhku «&™ yu Au fu ðeMk{e MkËe{kt hk»xÙðkËe hksfkhýeykuyu y™u RríknkMkfkhkuyu yk fÚkkLkwt íkwfeo-ÃkŠþÞLk íkðkhe¾ku Ãkh ykÄkrhík MktMÚkkLkðkËe ð]¥kktík þk {kxu MðefkÞwO? yu Mk{ÞLkk RríknkMkfkhkuyu çkeò Mkúkuíkku íkÃkkMÞk Lknª, su çkeS s ðkík fnu Au. yk¢{ý ÚkÞwt Lk níkwt yu {wÆku LkÚke, Ãkhtíkw ¾hu¾h þwt


çkLÞwt y™u yuLke rnLËw-{wMk÷{kLkku ðå[u Ëw~{Lkkðx ÚkE fu Lknª yu «&™ Au.”

Mkku{LkkÚk {trËhLke ykMkÃkkMkLkk MktMf]ík rþ÷k÷u¾ku su çkLkkð ÃkAe íkhík s yLku ÃkAeLke ºký MkËeyku MkwÄe ÷¾kÞu÷k níkk íku {nt{ËLkku WÕ÷u¾ fhíkk LkÚke yuðwt «ku. ÚkkÃkhLkwt MktþkuÄLk Au. íkuyku Ëþkoðu Au fu “òufu {trËh yu rþ÷k÷u¾kuLkwt fuLÿ Au. ½ýk LkkLkk rþ÷k÷u¾ku MÚkkrLkf hkòyku fuðe heíku {trËh{kt Ãkqò fhðk ykðíkk Þkºkk¤wykuLku ÷qtxíkk íku{ s íku{Lke ÃkkMkuÚke Þkºkk¤w fhLke {ktøkýe fhíkk íkuLke ðkík fhu Au. [ki÷wõÞ ðneðxíktºku Þkºkk¤wykuLku hkòykuÚke hûký ykÃkðwt Ãkzíkwt. Mkku ð»ko ÃkAe [ki÷wõÞ ðtþLkk hkò fw{khÃkk¤Lkk Mk{Þ{kt {trËh{kt {wÏÞ Ãkqòhe ¼kð çk]nMÃkrík îkhk yuf ÷ktçkku yk÷u¾ «rMkØ ÚkÞku níkku. íku sýkðu Au fu {trËh MÚkkrLkf ðneðxfkhkuLke WÃkuûkkLku fkhýu rçkM{kh nk÷ík{kt níkwt.”

siLk rðîkLk {uhwíkwtøku [kiË{e MkËe{kt økwshkíkLkku RríknkMk ÷ÏÞku níkku su{kt yu [ki÷wõÞ ðtþLkwt rðMíkkhÚke ðýoLk fhu Au yLku íkuLkku {trËh MkkÚkuLkku MktçktÄ ðýoðu Au. VheÚke {nt{ËLkku fkuE WÕ÷u¾ LkÚke. yk RríknkMkLkwt yuf {wÏÞ fuLÿ®çkËw fw{khÃkk¤ îkhk {trËhLkku SýkuoØkh yu Au. Ãkhtíkw yk nuðk÷ siLk árüfkuýÚke ÷¾kÞu÷ku Au. íkuÚke {trËhLkk {wÏÞ Ãkqòhe ¼kð çk]nMÃkríkLkk fÚkLkÚke rðÃkheík Au. {uhwíkwtøk ÷¾u Au fu, ËrhÞkLke Ak÷fkuLku ÷eÄu {trËhLke Sýo Ëþk ÚkE níke, fu{ fu yu ËrhÞkLku ÷økku÷øk yzeLku ykðu÷wt níkwt. yu rðïkMkÃkqðof fnu Au fu fw{khÃkk¤Lkk siLk {tºke, {nkLk rðîkLk nu{[tÿk[kÞuo hkòLku {trËh VheÚke çkktÄðk {kxu Mk{òÔÞk. yk «r¢Þk Ëhr{ÞkLk hkòyu siLk Ä{o ytøkefkh fÞkuo.

hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhLkk yÇÞkMk ykÄkrhík árüfkuýLku Mk{ßÞk ÃkAe yu òýðwt hMk«Ë hnuþu fu ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’Lkk h[rÞíkk ©e fLkiÞk÷k÷ {wLkþe íku{Lkk RríknkMk÷u¾Lk rðþu þwt fnu Au. ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’Lkk yk{w¾{kt (20-5-40) íkuyku LkkUÄu Au : “RMx yuLz ðuMx” Lkk{Lkk ytøkúuS {krMkfLkk 1911 LkðuBçkh-rzMkuBçkhLkk ytf{kt {U ‘Mkku{LkkÚkLke Sík’ Lkk{Lkku yiríknkrMkf ÷u¾ ÷¾u÷ku íÞkhÚke {Lku yk rð»kÞ{kt hMk Au... yk yk¢{ýLkkt {q¤ MkkÄLkku {wÂM÷{ íkðkhe¾ku{kt {¤u Au. Ãký yLkuf Mkk{økúeyku òuÞk ÃkAe yu{kt íkÚÞ ykuAwt Au yu{ {Lku ÷køku Au. Lkð÷fÚkkLkk nuíkw rðþu íkuyku MÃkü Au. Ãký yk ðkíkko{kt {khku RhkËku Mkw÷íkkLk {nt{ËLkwt yk¢{ý

[eíkhðkLkku LkÚke. økwshkíku fhu÷ku «ríkhkuÄ ðýoððkLkku Au. òu yk yk¢{ý ÃkkÞkËkh {kLkeyu íkku yuLkku Mkk{Lkku fhíkkt Mkku÷tfeykuLkk økwshkíkLku çk¤ {éÞwt Au yu{ {kLkðwt Ãkzu Au. yk ðkíkko{kt [eíkhu÷k økwshkíkLkk {nk«ÞíLkLkk yk{w¾ rðLkk -øktøk Mkðo¿k, ¼e{ y™u Mkk{tíkLke ¼e»{ yzøkíkk rðLkk, øktøkkLkk ykí{Mk{Ãkoý Lku [ki÷kLke «kýrðnTð¤ ¼Âõík rðLkk - Ëuð«MkkË, {wtò÷ Lku fkf, {eLk÷ Lku {tsheLkwt økwshkík þõÞ LkÚke.”

B÷uåA yk¢{ýfkhku ({wÂM÷{) Mkk{u økwshkíkLkk ðehkuLkk Mkt½»ko y™u ykí{çkr÷ËkLkLku Wòøkh fhe økkihð çkûkðk {wLkþe ‘½ku½kçkkÃkk’Lkwt r[ºký ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’{kt fhu Au. MkkÚku hsÃkqíkkýeykuLkk çkr÷ËkLkLku (Mkíke) Ãký Mkktf¤e ‘®nËwíð’Lku ðeMk{e MkËeLkk økwshkíke ðk[fku Mk{ûk ÃkehMku Au. ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’{kt yk MktË¼oLkwt ðýoLk òuEyu : “ÃkAe ¼kE, Äúqsíku nkÚku {U {khwt fíkoÔÞ fÞwO. {trËhLkk [kuf{kt {U [tËLkfkcLke r[íkkyku ¾zfe Lku, ¼kE suLku {U Ãkhýkðe, suLkk Mke{tík {U fÞkO, suLkk AkufhktykuLku {U ¼ýkÔÞkt, íku çkÄe Mkwfw{kh ÷kz÷e †eyku ðMºkk¼q»ký MkS çknkh Lkef¤e... ÃkríkykuLku {¤ðk yr¼Mkkrhfk Mk{e íkíÃkh íku ðehktøkLkkykuyu {khwt y[oLk fÞwO. {khe Mkíke Lku ÃkqºkðÄq {khu Ãkøku Ãkzâkt.” Lku LkÂLËË¥ku yuf ÄúqMkfwt ¾kÄwt... “¼kE, yÂøLk ¼z¼z [uíÞku.” †eykuLku ðehktøkLkk fne {wLkþeyu ÃkhtÃkhkøkík rð[khMkhýeLku nfefík MkkÚku Mkktf¤íkk nkuÞ yu{ ÷¾u Au, “yu{ýu (yk¢{ýfkhkuyu) çk¤íke r[íkk òuE, AMkuU ðehktøkLkkLkkt þçk òuÞkt.”

økwshkíkLkk rþrûkíkkuyu Mkku{LkkÚkLkk RríknkMkLku {kÛÞkuu, þkMkfkuyu íkuLku økkihððtíkku fÞkuo y™u Ãkrhýk{u ‘ðeh ®nËwíð’Lkwt ðkíkkðhý MkòoÞwt. hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhu yk RríknkMkLku ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ MktçktÄkuLkk íkkýkðkýk y™u íku{ktÚke rLk»ÃkL™ Úkíkk Mkk{krsf-MkktMf]ríkf {k¤¾kLku ðýoððk hsq fÞkuo.

MktË¼o:1. Yagnik, Achyut, Seth Suchitra (2005), The Shaping

of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindtva and Beyond, Penguin Book India, New Delhi.

2. {wLkþe, f.{k. (2012), sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk, økqsoh «fkþLk, y{ËkðkË.

(Mk{ksþk† rð¼køk, økwshkík ÞwrLkðŠMkxe, Mk{ksrðãk ¼ðLk, y{ËkðkË 380 009. {ku.: 9426068186)


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Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkhLke [zkE rðþu ðkík fhíkkt «ku. hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkhu fÌkwt níkwt fu Ëhçkkhe RríknkMkfkhku hkòLkku {rn{k fhðk{kt «{ký¼kLk ¼q÷e òÞ yu çknw Mkk{kLÞ çkkçkík Au. yk rMk÷rMk÷ku yufðeMk{e MkËe{kt ÷kufþkne Zçku [qtxkÞu÷k LkuíkkLku ‘Ä [kuÍLk ðLk’ økýkðíkk ‘çktÄ çkkhýu AÃÃkLk r{rLkx’ AkÃk fxkh÷u¾fku MkwÄe ÷tçkkÞ, yu Mkq[ðu Au fu RríknkMkçkkuÄ fuð¤ ¼qíkfk¤Lke rLkSoð [es LkÚke. Mkku{LkkÚk y™u ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ MktçktÄkuLke íkðkhe¾ Ãký RríknkMkLkk Sðtík yLkwMktÄkLkLkku Lk{qLkku Au.

«[r÷ík fhkÞu÷e AkÃk yuðe Au fu økÍLkeLkk {n{qËu R.Mk. 1026{kt Mkku{LkkÚk Ãkh [zkE fhe, íÞkhÚke ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[u ðuhLkkt {q¤ Lkt¾kÞk. yux÷u fu ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[uLkku ðuh¼kð yuf Mkn†kçËe sux÷ku sqLkku Au. rntËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[u ‘Mðk¼krðf þºkwðx’Lkk ÃkkÞk Ãkh [k÷íkk fku{ðkËLkk hksfkhýLku yk rÚkÞhe çknw {kVf ykðu yuðe Au. Ãkhtíkw hkur{÷k ÚkkÃkh ykÄkhÃkwhkðk xktfeLku yk {kLÞíkk ¾kuxe Xhkðu Au.

W{kþtfh òuþe M{]ríkÔÞkÏÞkLk{kt ykÃku÷k ykþhu 70 r{rLkxLkk «ð[Lk y™u íkuLkk xqtfk økwshkíke Mkkh{kt «ku. ÚkkÃkhLke hsqykíkLku {wÏÞ ºký ¼køk{kt ðnU[e þfkÞ.

(1) {nu{qËLke Mkku{LkkÚk ÃkhLke [zkELku {wÂM÷{kuLkwt ®nËwyku ÃkhLkwt yk¢{ý fne þfkÞ Lknª. RM÷k{Lkk WËÞ Ãknu÷ktÚke Mkkihk»xÙ MkkÚku ykhçkkuLku ÔÞkÃkkhe MktçktÄ níkk. ykhçkkuyu {wÂM÷{ Ä{o yÃkLkkÔÞk ÃkAe y™u {nu{qËLkk yk¢{ý ÃkAe Ãký yu [k÷w hÌkk. MÚkkrLkf ÷kufku nw{÷k¾kuh-÷qtxkhw íkwfkuo y™u ÔÞkÃkkhe MktçktÄku Ähkðíkk ykhçkkuLku yufMkh¾k ({wÂM÷{) økýíkk Lk níkk. yuðe s heíku, {nu{qËLkk Ëhçkkh{kt y™u íkuLkk MkiLÞ{kt ®nËwyku Ÿ[k nkuÆk Ãkh níkk. MkwL™eÃktÚke {n{qËu hMíkk{kt ykðíkk ®nËw {trËh WÃkhktík rþÞk y™u RM{kRr÷Þk VktxkLkkt fux÷kf Ä{oMÚkkLkku Ãký Lkü fÞkO níkkt.

yk «fkhLke [zkELkku {wÏÞ nuíkw ÷qtxVktx y™u íkuLke ÃkkA¤Lkwt {wÏÞ «uhfçk¤ ÿÔÞ÷k÷Mkk níkwt suLku Ãkhk¢{ íkhefu ¾Ãkkððk {kxu íkuLke Ãkh ÄkŠ{fíkkLkku Zku¤ sYhe çkLÞku. Ëhçkkhe RríknkMkfkhku yu çkkçkík æÞkLk{kt hk¾eLku yk¢{ý¾kuhkuLke «¾h ÄkŠ{f yux÷u fu {qŠík¼tsf-rðÄ{eo Mktnkhf íkhefuLke Açke çkZkðe-[ZkðeLku Q¼khðk «ÞíLkþe÷ hnuíkk. RM÷k{Lke Mktfwr[ík Mk{sý Ähkðíkk fu Mkw÷íkkLkLkk f]ÃkkðktåAwf Ä{oøkwhwykuyu Mkku{LkkÚkLke [zkE ÃkAe {n{qËLku ÄkŠ{f r¾íkkçkkuÚke LkðkßÞku níkku.

(2) {n{qËLke [zkE ÃkAeLkkt Mkku-çkMkku ð»koLkk siLk-MktMf]ík økútÚkku Lku rþ÷k÷u¾ku{kt Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {wÆu ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ ðå[u íktøkrË÷e nkuÞ yuðk fkuE WÕ÷u¾ LkÚke. íkuÚke Q÷xwt, yu{Lke ðå[u Mkk{kLÞ-MkkinkËoÃkqýo MktçktÄkuLkk Ãkwhkðk {¤u Au. íkuLkk ykÄkhu fne þfkÞ fu {n{qËLke [zkE ÃkAe ®nËw {kLkMk Ãkh Ëe½oSðe xÙku{k ([kux) fu økwshkíkLkk ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[u Ÿzku ðuh¼kð-çktLku{ktÚke fþwt ÃkuËk ÚkÞwt Lk níkwt.

(3) Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {wÆu ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ ðuh¼kðLkku ¾Þk÷ MktÃkqýoÃkýu ytøkúuòuLke ¼køk÷kðkËe LkeríkLke ÃkuËkþ Au.

økwshkíke RríknkMkfkh þt¼w«MkkË ËuMkkELkk yÇÞkMkÃkqýo økútÚk ‘«¼kMk y™u Mkku{LkkÚk’ (1965){kt «ku. ÚkkÃkhLkk ºký{ktÚke Ãknu÷k çku {wÆkLku Ãkwrü


{¤u Au, Ãkhtíkw yu ÃkwMíkf{kt {qfkÞu÷e {n{qËLke [zkE ÃkAeLkk nw{÷kykuLke rðøkík «ku. ÚkkÃkhLkk ºkeò {wÆk Mkk{u fux÷kf «&™ku Q¼k fhu Au.

¼qíkfk¤Lkk çkLkkðkuLkku Mk{Þ-MktË¼o ykuøkk¤eLku, íku{Lkku ðíko{kLk fku{ðkËe hksfkhý{kt WÃkÞkuøk fhðk Mkk{u «ku. ÚkkÃkh sux÷ku s þt¼w«MkkËLkku Ãký rðhkuÄ Au. MkkÚkkuMkkÚk, ‘yiríknkrMkf ½xLkk¢{ ÷u¾u íku{ýu LkkUæÞwt Au fu R.Mk. 1026{kt {n{qË økÍLkðeyu Mkku{LkkÚkLkk Ãkrðºk Ëuðk÷ÞLkku æðtMk fÞkuo, íku ÃkAe Ãkkuýk ºkýMkku ð»ko þktrík{kt ÃkMkkh fhe, «òyu R.Mk. 1300{kt y÷kWÆeLk r¾÷SLkk «çk¤ MkiLÞku îkhk Mkku{LkkÚkLkku rðLkkþ òuÞku y™u íku ÃkAe [kh MkËe MkwÄe yu s fkÞo¢{ ðkhtðkh rLknkéÞku.’

yk yðíkhý {n{qËLkk yk¢{ý ÃkAe ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[u fkÞ{e ðuhÍuh Lknª ÚkÞkLke «ku. ÚkkÃkhLke Ë÷e÷Lku Mk{ÚkoLk ykÃku Au. Ãkhtíkw «ku. ÚkkÃkhu «ð[Lk{kt Võík þktríkLkkt Ãkkuýk ºkýMkku ð»koLke y™u íÞkh ÃkAe R.Mk. 1843{kt rçkúrxþ MktMkË{kt ÚkÞu÷e [[koLke s ðkík fhe. yu Mk{Þøkk¤kLke ðå[uLkku, þt¼w«MkkËLkk ÃkwMíkf{kt LkkUÄkÞu÷ku ½xLkk¢{ «ku.ÚkkÃkhu fu{ æÞkLk{kt Lknª ÷eÄku nkuÞ yuðku Mkðk÷ ÚkkÞ. Mkku{LkkÚk Ãkh yu Ëhr{ÞkLk Úkíkk hnu÷k nw{÷kLke rðøkíkku Ãký íku{ýu {qfe nkuík íkku? {n{qËLke [zkELkkt yuf nòh ð»ko ÃkAe Ãký ÷kufM{]rík{kt yk ðkík fuðe heíku xfe? yuLke ykx÷e LkðkE íku{Lku fËk[ Lk ÷køke nkuík.

Lk{qLkk ÷u¾u, R.Mk. 1594{kt yfçkhLkku MkuLkkÃkrík r{Íko fkufk «¼kMk ykÔÞku íÞkhu íÞktLkk fkS y™u MÚkkrLkf ÷~fhe yrÄfkheyu þnuhLkk Mkðo rLkðkMkeyku {qŠíkÃkqsf nkuðkÚke íku{Lke fík÷ fhðe y™u Mkku{LkkÚkLkwt {trËh íkkuze Ãkkzðwt yu {ík÷çkLke yhS fhe níke. yk nfefík MkkÚku þt¼w«MkkËu yu Ãký LkkUæÞwt Au fu yfçkhLke Mkrn»ýwíkkLke LkeríkLku fkhýu r{òoyu yk rðLktíkeLkku yMðefkh fÞkuo.

yuðe s heíku, RMx RÂLzÞk ftÃkLkeLkwt MkiLÞ yV½kLk ÞwØ nkhe økÞwt, íÞkh ÃkAe Lkðk ykðu÷k økðLkoh sLkh÷ yu÷Lkçkhkuyu ½ze fkZu÷e fÚkkLkku ‘«¼kMk

y™u Mkku{LkkÚk’{kt rðøkíku WÕ÷u¾ ykðu Au. {n{qËLkk {fçkhkLku ÷økkzu÷k Ëhðkò Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {trËhLkk Au, yuðe yu÷Lkçkhkuyu R.Mk. 1842{kt WÃkòðu÷e fÚkkLkku nuíkw ftÃkLke {kxu ÷zíkk ®nËw MkirLkfkuLku W~fuheLku fkçkw÷-økÍLke SíkðkLkku íkÚkk yøkkWLke nkhLkku çkË÷ku ÷uðkLkku níkku. yu ÞwØ SíÞk ÃkAe ¼khík ykðu÷k Ëhðkò Mkku{LkkÚkLkk LkÚke, yuðwt þt¼w«MkkËu ËhðkòLkk {kÃk xktfeLku Ãkwhðkh fÞwO Au. Ãkhtíkw R.Mk. 1812Úke Mkku{LkkÚk{kt þY ÚkE [qfu÷e fku{e íkfhkhLke þt¼w«MkkËu ykÃku÷e rðøkíkkuLkku yAzíkku WÕ÷u¾ Ãký «ku. ÚkkÃkhLkk «ð[Lk{kt {¤íkku LkÚke.

yk{, {n{qËLke [zkE ÃkAe ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[u fkÞ{e ðuh¼kð Q¼ku ÚkÞku Lk níkku, yuðe «ku. ÚkkÃkhLke Ë÷e÷ yze¾{ hnu Au, Ãkhtíkw Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {wÆu ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[u ðuh¼kð ytøkúuòuyu Q¼ku fÞkuo, yu Ëkðku ‘«¼kMk y™u Mkku{LkkÚk’Lke rðøkíkkuLkk «fkþ{kt MktËunkMÃkË Xhu Au. y÷çk¥k, ¼khík ßÞkhu hk»xÙ MðYÃku yuf yku¤¾ Ähkðíkwt Lk nkuÞ íÞkhu Mkku{LkkÚk{kt ÚkÞu÷k ®nËw-{wÂM÷{ku ðå[uLkk rð¾ðkËLku ‘çku fku{ ðå[uLkk {q¤¼qík ðuh¼kð’ íkhefu hsq fhe þfkÞ Lknª. yu nfefík Ãkh «ku. ÚkkÃkh sux÷ku s ¼kh þt¼w«MkkË ËuMkkEyu {qõÞku Au y™u íkuLkk ykÄkhu fku{ðkËLkwt hksfkhý ¾u÷ðk Mkk{u [uíkðýeLkku Mkqh Wå[kÞkuo Au.

Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {wÆu ykAeÃkkík¤e rðøkíkku{kt fÕÃkLkkLkk ¼hÃkqh htøk ÃkqhLkkh ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’fkh fLkiÞk÷k÷ {wLkþe rðþu ½ýk yuðwt {kLku Au fu íku{ýu yk Lkð÷fÚkk ÷¾íkkt Ãknu÷kt RríknkMkLkku Ÿzku yÇÞkMk fÞkuo níkku. yux÷u íku{Lkk yk÷u¾LkLku økt¼ehíkkÚke ÷uðwt hÌkwt. ‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’Lke «MíkkðLkk{kt {wLkþeyu {wÂM÷{ RríknkMkfkhku ÃkkMkuÚke {¤íke [zkEMktçktÄe rðøkíkkuLku ÞkuøÞ heíku s ykuAk íkÚÞðk¤e økýkðe Au. yu rðøkíkku Mkk{u A {wÆk Q¼k fheLku íku{ýu ÷ÏÞwt Au, “yk þtfkyku rð[khðk suðe Au. Aíkkt yu yk¢{ý{kt MkíÞ Au yu{ {kLke yk ðkíkko h[e Au... yk ðkíkko{kt {khku RhkËku Mkw÷íkkLk {n{qËLkwt yk¢{ý [eíkhðkLkku LkÚke, økwshkíku fhu÷ku «ríkhkuÄ ðýoððkLkku Au. òu yk


yk¢{ý ÃkkÞkËkh {kLkeyu íkku yuLkku Mkk{Lkku fhíkkt Mkku÷tfeykuLkk økwshkíkLku çk¤ {éÞwt Au yu{ {kLkðwt Ãkzu Au.” (1940) {wLkþeLkk íkfoÚke Mkkð rðhwØLkwt íkkhý ‘yuLk yuzðkLMz rnMxÙe ykìV {kuzoLk RÂLzÞk’ (1965){kt {¤u Au. íkuLkk ÷u¾fku (ykh.Mke. {sw{Ëkh, yu[.Mke. hkÞ[kiÄhe, fkr÷®ffh Ë¥k) LkkUÄu Au fu Mkku{LkkÚk Ãkh {n{qËLke [zkELku fkhýu (íÞkh ÃkAeLkk yhMkk{kt) ®nËw MkiLÞkuLkku swMMkku ¼ktøke Ãkzâku.

{n{qËLke [zkEÚke Mkku÷tfeykuLku çk¤ {éÞkLkku {wLkþeLkku íkfo Mk{sðku y½hku Au, fkhý fu ðkMíkð{kt ¼e{Ëuð Mkku÷tfeyu «ríkhkuÄ fÞkuo s LkÚke. {n{qË ykÔÞku íÞkhu y™u Mkku{LkkÚk ÷qtxeLku ÃkkAku økÞku íÞkhu, yu{ çkççku ðkh íkuLkk {wfkçk÷kLkk «Mktøku hý{uËkLk{kt QíkhðkLku çkË÷u ¼e{Ëuð ¼køke Aqxâku nkuðkLkwt RríknkMk{kt LkkUÄkÞwt Au. Ãkhtíkw {wLkþe íku{Lke fÕÃkLkkLku yLkwMkheLku ¼e{ËuðLku Ãkhk¢{e LkkÞf íkhefu [eíkhu Au.

‘sÞ Mkku{LkkÚk’Lku ðksçke heíku RríknkMk Lk økýíkk «ku. ÚkkÃkh ‘«¼kMk yLku Mkku{LkkÚk’Lke Mkk{økúe rðþu þwt {kLku Au y™u íkuLku fuðe heíku swyu Au yu òýðkLke WíMkwfíkk hnuþu. Ãkhtíkw Mkku{LkkÚkLkwt {trËh MÚkkrLkf ÷kufkuLke {hS rðhwØ AuÕ÷u õÞkhu y™u fkuýu íkkuzâwt nþu? fÕÃkLkk ykðu Au?

sðkçk Au : ykÍkËe ÃkAe, Mkku{LkkÚk xÙMxu. þt¼w«MkkËu ÷ÏÞwt Au, “yLkuf ð¾ík ¾trzík ÚkÞk Aíkkt fk÷ Mkk{u yènkMÞ fhe Q¼u÷k ¼økðkLk {nkfk÷ Mkku{LkkÚkLkk {trËhLku íkkuzeLku íku MÚk¤u LkqíkLk {trËh çkktÄðkLkku rLkýoÞ Mkku{LkkÚk xÙMxLkku níkku. (íkuLkk yæÞûk ò{Mkknuçk níkk y™u {trËhLkk LkðrLk{koýLke ½ku»kýk MkhËkh Ãkxu÷u fhe níke.)... «¼kMkLkk «òsLkku, «¼kMk RríknkMk MktþkuÄLk Mk¼k, Mkkihk»xÙ RríknkMk Ãkrh»kË ðøkuhu MktMÚkkyku y™u ÔÞÂõíkykuyu (sqLkwt {trËh Ãkkzðk Mkk{u) Mk¾ík ðktÄk ÷eÄk. Mkku{LkkÚk xÙMxu yk ðktÄk y{kLÞ fhe Ãkwhkík¥ðLkk y«rík{ Lk{qLkk suðk yk {trËhLku ÃkkÞuÚke íkkuze Lkk¾ðk rLkýoÞ ÷eÄku.”

(÷wnkhðkz, {nu{ËkðkË. {ku.: 9998216706)

>> MktþkuÄLk >>

RM÷kr{f MkkrníÞ{kt Mkku{LkkÚk

ÍuLkk{kçkeçke fkËhe

ÇkkhíkLkk «ÏGkkík sGkkurík‹ÕkøkkuBkkt «ŽBk MŽkLk MkkuBkLkkŽLšt Au. suŽe ykÏkk rÔkïLkk ®nËwykuLke ©æækk íkuLke MkkŽu òuzkGkuÕke Au. MkkuBkLkkŽLšt Bkq¤ BktrËh ©ef]»ÛkLkk fk¤Bkkt MkkuLkkLšt çktækkGšt níšt. íku ÃkAe íkuLkk Ãkh yLkuf yk¢BkÛkku ŽGkk yLkufÔkkh íkqxGšt. Ãkhtíš MkkuBkLkkŽLke íkkuzVkuzLkku EríknkMk ykÃkÛku Bkkºk Žkuzkf Ôk]]¥kktíkkuBkktŽe s òÛke ~kfeyu Aeyu. suBkkt MkkiŽe Ôkæš Bkkrníke BšrMÕkBk EríknkMkfkhkuyu ykÃke Au. MkkuBkLkkŽ Ãkh E.Mk. 10h6 Bkkt «ŽBk yk¢BkÛk fhLkkh BknBkqË økÍLke níkku. íkuLkk MkkuBkLkkŽ ÃkhLkk yk¢BkÛkLke rÔkMík]ík Bkkrníke íkuLke MkkŽu Çkkhík ykÔkLkkh EríknkMkfkh yÕkrçkYLke yLku VYoÏÏkeyu s ykÃke Au. E.Mk. 10Ãk0 ykMkÃkkMk ŽE økGkuÕkk frÔk ækLkÃkk¤u íkŽk BšrLk©e rsLk«ÇšMkwrhyu ‘íkeŽofÕÃkíkÁ’1 Bkkt yk åkzkE rÔk»kuLšt Žkuzwtf ÔkÛkoLk ykÃGšt Au.

yk EríknkMkfkhku fu Ôk]¥kktíkfkhkuyu fkuEfu Lkshu òuELku ÕkÏGšt Au íkku fkuEfu yLGk ÃkkMkuŽe Bkkrníke Bku¤ÔkeLku ÕkÏGšt Au. íkuBkkt ÃkÛk yrík~kGkkurfíkLkku ÇkkÔk Ôkæš òuÔkk Bk¤u Au. Ãkhtíš ykÃkÛke ÃkkMku sGkkhu yu GšøkLkk MkkækLkkuLkku yÇkkÔk nkuGk íGkkhu yk BšrMÕkBk EríknkMkfkhkuLkk ÔkÛkoLkkuLku s MkíGkLke Ôkæš LkSf nkuÔkkLšt BkkLkÔšt Ãkzu íkuBk Au. yu árüLku æGkkLkBkkt hkÏkeLku yk ÕkæšrLkçktækBkkt MkkuBkLkkŽLkk BšrMÕkBk íkÔkkrhÏkfkhkuyu fhuÕkk ÔkÛkoLkkuLku ynª Mkt~kkuækLkkíBkf heíku rLkYrÃkík fhÔkkLkku «GkkMk fhuÕkku Au.

ÇkkhíkBkkt BšrMÕkBk ~kkMkLkLkku «Ôku~k :-

BkntBkË ÃkGkøktçkh Mkknuçku yhçk Ëu~kBkkt EMÕkkBkLke MŽkÃkLkk fhe íkuLkk Lkuò nuX¤ BšrMÕkBk hksGkMk¥kkLkku


E.Mk. 630Bkkt ÃkkGkku LkkÏGkku yu ÃkAeLkk MkÔkkMkku Ôk»koLkk økk¤kBkkt E.Mk. 7Ãk0 Mšæke íkku yhçk ~kkMkLk rÔkï rÔksGke Mk¥kk çkLke åkqfGš níšt.

çkeò ÏkÕkeVk WBkhLkkh ~kkMkLkfk¤ (E.Mk. 634-44) Bkkt Çkkhík WÃkh ÃkkuíkkLkku «ÇkkÔk «MkkhÔkkLke BknuåAk MkkŽu LkkifkË¤ îkhk BštçkE, øšshkík, ®MkækLkk çktËhku Ãkh BšrMÕkBk yhçk MkiLGk ÕkktøkhÔkkBkkt ykÔGšt. E.Mk. 637Lkk yk «ŽBk yk¢BkÛk ÔkÏkíku ®MkækLkk Mkqçkk ‘åkåku’ BšrMÕkBk MkiLGkLku nkh ykÃke íGkkhçkkË ÕkøkÇkøk ºkÛk yk¢BkÛkkuBkkt BšrMÕkBkkuLku nkhLkku MkkBkLkku fhÔkku ÃkzGkku.

E.Mk. 711Bkkt yhçk MkhËkh nsòsu íkuLkk sBkkE BkntBkË-çkeLk-fkrMkBkLku ÇkhÃkqh Õk~fh yLku MkhtòBk MkkŽu ®Mkæk Ãkh yk¢BkÛk fhÔkk BkkufÕGkku. íkuÛku ºkÛk rËÔkMkLkk ækuhkLku ytíku ®MkækLkk hkò (Ëkrnh) Lku nhkÔGkku. íGkkhÃkAe E.Mk. 7h4Bkkt ÏkrÕkVk rn~kkBku swLkkEË LkkBkLkk MkhËkhLku ®MkækLkku nkfuBk rLkBGkku. íkuÛku LkÔk Lkøkhku SíGkk yLku ÔkÕÕkÇkeLkku Lkk~k fGkkuo. íkuÛku SíkuÕkk LkøkhkuBkkt fGkktGk ‘«ÇkkMk’ fu ‘MkkuBkLkkŽ’Lkku WÕÕkuÏk LkŽe. íkuLkku yŽo yu ŽGkku fu E.Mk. 770 ÃknuÕkkt øšóku yLku ÔkÕÕkÇkeykuLkk MkBkGkBkkt MkkuBkLkkŽLke feŠík Çkkhík çknkh VuÕkkE Lk níke.

BšrMÕkBk íkÔkkrhÏkfkhku :-

EMšLke çkkhBke MkËeŽe ykuøkÛkeMkBke MkËe Mšæke ŽE økGkuÕkk yLkuf BšrMÕkBk EríknkMk ÕkuÏkfkuyu BknBkqËLke MkkuBkLkkŽ åkzkE rÔk~ku ÔkÛkoLkku fhuÕkk Au. suBkkt BknBkqË økÍLkeLkk MkBkfkÕkeLk ÕkuÏkf yÕkrçkYLke3 yLku VYoÏÏke BšÏGk Au. yk WÃkhktík ‘íkkheÏšMMkMkçkfíkøkeLk’ Lkku ÕkuÏkf çkEnkfe, ‘rËÔkkLku WLMšhe’ Lkku ÕkuÏkf nMkLk çkeLk ynBkË WLMšhe fu su BknBkqËLkku hksGk frÔk níkku. ‘ÍiLšÕk yÏkçkkh’ Lkku ÕkuÏkf økkhËeÍe, ‘òBku WÕk nefkGkík’ Lkk fíkko BšnBBkË WVe, ‘yÕk fkBkeÕk Veík íkkheÏk’ Lkku ÕkuÏkf EçLk yMkeh, ‘BktríkfwGkíkh’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf ~kuÏk VheËwËeLk yíkkh,4 ‘íkçkfkíku LkkMkehe’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf swÍòLke, ‘MkVhLkkBkk’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf SfrhGkk SfLke, ‘çšMíkkLk’ fkÔGk Mkt„únLkk ÕkuÏkf ~kuÏk MkkËe ‘fwíšn’ y«økx „útŽLkk ÕkuÏkf MkÕkkríkLk, ‘sBkeGšík

íkÔkkheÏk’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf h~keËwËeLk, ‘íkkheÏku øšÍeËk’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf nBkËwÕÕkkn, ‘íkkheÏku BknBkqËe’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf BšnBBkË çkeLk nkBkËÏkkLke, ‘hkiÍ íšMk MkVk’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf Bkeh ÏÔkkLË, ‘ÏšÕkkMkk íšík íkÔkkheÏk’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf ÏÔkkLËBkeh, ‘íkkheÏku yÕVe’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf BšÕÕkk ynBkË ŽkxÔke yLku yMkVÏkkLk, ‘íkçkfkíku yfçkhe’ Lkk fíkko rLkÍkBšËeLk ynBkË, ‘øšÕ~kLku EƒúkneBke’ Lkk fíkko Vrh~íkk, ‘rBkhkíku BkMšËe’ Lkk fíkko yçËwh hnuBkkLk råk~íke, ‘rfMMkyu BktøkÕšhe~kkn’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf ~kuÏk ËeLk ykBk ÔkeMkŽe Ôkæš íkÔkkrhÏkfkhkuyu BknBkqË økÍLkeLke MkkuBkLkkŽLke åkzkE rÔk»kuLke Bkkrníke ÃkkuíkkLkk „útŽkuBkkt ykÃke Au.

yk ÕkuÏkfkuLkk „útŽkuBkkt åkzkELkku MkBkGk, åkzkELkku Bkkøko, MkkuBkLkkŽLšt MŽkLk, MkkuBkLkkŽLke ònkusÕkkÕke, BknBkqËLke ¢qhíkk, ækLkÕkkÕk~kk ÔkøkuhuLke rÔkøkíkku ykÔkhe Õkeæke Au. fuxÕkef søGkkyu íkuBkÛku fhuÕkk ÔkÛkoLkku yrík~kGkkurfík ÇkhuÕkk yLku yMkíGk ÃkÛk sÛkkE ykÔku Au. fuxÕkkf ÇkkhíkeGk yLku GšhkuÃkeGkLk ÕkuÏkfkuyu íkuBkLkk ÔkÛkoLkku MkíGk BkkLke íkuLkk ykækkhu ÕkuÏkku, Ôkkíkkoyku fu frÔkíkkyku ÕkÏke LkkÏGkk Au. ynª ykÃkÛku yk ÕkuÏkfkuyu ÃkkuíkkLkk „útŽkuBkkt ‘MkkuBkLkkŽ’ rÔk»ku fhuÕkk ÔkÛkoLkkuLku yLGk ykækkhku MkkŽu BšÕkÔkeyu.

MkkuBkLkkÚk BktrËhLšt MÚkkLk yLku MkBkGk :-

®ÕkøkkuBkkt sGkkurík‹Õkøk ©uc økÛkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. íkuBkLke MŽkÃkLkkLkku EríknkMk ÃšhkÛkkuBkkt òuÔkk Bk¤u Au. Ãkhtíš yiríknkrMkf árüyu òuíkk sÛkkE ykÔku Au fu sGkkhu BkLš»Gkkfkh r~kÔkLke Ãkqò çktæk ŽE yLku ®ÕkøkÃkqòLkku «khtÇk ŽGkku íGkkhu Îkuh Îkuh yLku økkBku økkBk BktrËhku Lk níkk. ÇkkhíkLkk WíkBk ÃkrÔkºk yLku «rMkØ çkkh MŽkLkkuBkkt su r~kÔk®ÕkøkkuLke MŽkÃkLkk fhÔkkBkkt ykÔke íku sGkkurík‹Õkøk ŽGkkt. íkuBkkt «ŽBk sGkkurík‹Õkøk MkkuBkLkkŽ Au.

sGkkurík‹ÕkøkLke MŽkÃkLkk ŽGkk ÃkAe íkuLkk Ãkh ÇkÔGk BktrËh sYh çktækkGšt n~ku. ÃkÛk íku fkuÛku yLku fGkkhu çkktæGšt íkuLke fkuE Bkkrníke WÃkÕkçæk LkŽe. Ãkhtíš ‘«ÇkkMkÏktz’ Lkk ÕkuÏkf MkkuBkLku ykfk~kLkku [tÿBkkt fÕÃkeLku fŽk ykÃku Au. Ãkhtíš Bkq¤ BktrËh çktækkGkkLšt Ôk»ko fu yLGk rÔkøkíkku ykÃkíkk LkŽe.


yÕkrçkYLkeyu E.Mk. 1031 ykMkÃkkMkLkk MkBkGkBkkt ‘íkkheÏšÕk ®nË’ LkkBkLšt ÃšMíkf ÕkÏGšt. yÕkrçkYLke íkxMŽ ÕkuÏkf níkku. íku Ëhuf çkkçkíkBkkt Ãkqhku yÇGkkMk fheLku s fkuE rÔkækkLk fhíkku nkuÔkkLšt sÛkkE ykÔku Au. íkuÛku ‘MkkuBkÃšhkÛk’Lkku WÕÕkuÏk fheLku íkuLkk ykækkhu «òÃkríkyu åktpLku ykÃkuÕkk ~kkÃk yLku BšrfíkLke Ôkkík ykÕkuÏke Au.Ãk

MkBšÿBkkt Žíke Çkhíke íkŽk ykuxLkk fkhÛku s íGkktLke yu BkqŠíkLku ‘MkkuBkLkkŽ’ LkkBk ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔGšt nkuÔkkLšt íku sÛkkÔku Au. íkŽk MkkuBkLkkŽLšt BktrËh MkhMÔkíkeLkk BšÏkŽe ºkÛk BkkEÕk Ëqh nkuÔkkLšt yLku BknBkqËu su BktrËh ÇkktøGšt íku Bkkºk Mkku Ôk»ko sqLšt nkuÔkkLšt sÛkkÔku Au.

E.Mk. 1169 Lkk ‘ÇkÿfkÕke’ Lkk r~kÕkkÕkuÏk BkktŽe BktrËhLke MŽkÃkLkkLkku yMÃkü EríknkMk òÛkÔkk Bk¤u Au.6 yu yLšMkkh MkkuBkLkkŽLšt ykrËBktrËh MkkuBkhkòyu çktækkÔGšt. ÃkÛk íkuBkkt yk ‘MkkuBk’ yu ykfk~kLkku åktÿBkkt níkku íkuBk sÛkkÔGšt LkŽe. yk MkkuBkhkò fGkktLkku, fGkk Ôkt~kLkku yLku fGkkhu ŽGkku íku rÔkøkíkku ÃkÛk Ë~kkoÔke LkŽe. íkuBkkt yuBk ÃkÛk sÛkkÔGšt Au fu, yk BktrËh MšÔkÛkoLšt níšt. Ãkhtíš fËkåk MšÔkÛkof¤~kkuÔkk¤wt nkuÔkkLšt MktÇkÔke ~kfu. yk MkkuBkhkò yu GkËwfw¤Lkku åktÿÔkt~keGk hkò nkuÔkkLšt MktÇkÔk Au. yk ykrËBktrËh E.Mk.ÃkqÔkuo 600 Lke ykMkÃkkMk çktækkGšt nkuÔkkLšt MktÇkÔk Au.

nkÕk sGkkt MkkuBkLkkŽLšt LkqíkLk BktrËh çktækkGšt Au íku s MŽ¤u ykrËBktrËh níšt. íkuBkkt fkuE ~ktfkLku MŽkLk LkŽe fuBkfu, MkhMÔkíkeLkk BšÏkŽe ºkÛk BkkEÕk Ëqh BktrËh nkuÔkkLšt yÕkrçkYLke ÕkÏku Au Ãkhtíš E.Mk. 10h6Bkkt MkhMÔkíkeLšt BšÏk åkkuffMk fGkk MŽ¤u níšt íku rÔkïkMkÃkqÔkof fne ~kfkGk íkuBk LkŽe. fuBkfu, LkËeykuLkk BšÏk Ëh Ôk»kuo ykækkÃkkAk ŽGkk fhu Au.

sGkkurík‹Õkøk fu BkqŠík ? :-

fuxÕkkf BšrMÕkBk ÕkuÏkfkuyu MkkuBkLkkŽLšt ®Õkøk níšt íku Ôkkík MÔkefkhe Au sGkkhu fuxÕkkf íku BkqŠík níke íkuBk fne rÔkråkºk fŽkyku ykÃku Au.

MkkuBkLkkŽLkk BktrËhLkk ®ÕkøkLku yÕkrçkYLkeyu økku¤ XkuMk ®Õkøk fÌkwt Au, su ®Õkøk WÃkh MkkuLšt yLku hJku szuÕkk níkk. ÃkqŠÛkBkk yLku yBkkMkLku rËÔkMku ®ÕkøkLku rÔk~ku»k MLkkLk fhkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔkíšt níšt. íkuLkk WÃkh ®fBkíke Ôkºkku yLku yÕktfkhku níkk. íkuLkk MLkkLk yLku ÃkqsLk Bkkxu

Ëhhkus øktøkkS Že øktøkks¤ yLku fk~BkehŽe VqÕkku ykÔkíkk níkk.

íku ÕkÏku Au fu “BknBkqËu yuÔke yk¿kk ykÃke fu ®ÕkøkLkk WÃkhLkk ÇkkøkLku íkkuze LkkÏke LkeåkuLkku Çkkøk yLku íkuLke WÃkhLkk ®fBkíke ykÇkq»kÛkku yLku Ôk†ku økÍLke BkkufÕke ËuÔkk.” ®ÕkøkLkk ~ku»kÇkkøkLku åk¢MÔkkBke LkkBkLke fktMkkLke BkqŠík MkkŽu LkøkhLke htøkÇkqrBkBkkt VUfe ËuÔkkBkkt ykÔGkku. MkkuBkLkkŽLkk ®ÕkøkLkku Çkkøk økÍLkeLke BkrMsËLkk ËhÔkkò MkkBku ÃkzGkku Au. suLkk Ãkh Õkkufku ÃkøkBkkt åkkuxuÕkk BkrÕkLk ÃkËkŽkuo yLku ÇkeLkk~kLku Ëqh fhÔkk ÃkkuíkkLkk Ãkøk ½MGkk fhu Au.7

EçLk yMkeh ÕkÏku Au fu ‘BkqŠík’ (®Õkøk) Lke ôåkkE Ãkktåk nkŽ yLku økku¤kE ºkÛk nkŽ níke. çku nkŽ suxÕke ÇkqøkÇkoBkkt níke yLku fkuEyu Îkze fkZe nkuGk íkuÔšt Õkkøkíšt Lk níšt. íku MÔkGktÇkq nkuÔkkLkku rLkËuo~k ykÃku Au.

E.Mk. 1h63Bkkt Çkkhík «ÔkkMku ykÔkuÕkku8 SfrhGkk SfLke ÃkkuíkkLkk ‘MkVhLkkBkk’ LkkBkLkk „útŽBkkt ÕkÏku Au fu “MkkuBkLkkŽLke BkqŠík BkLš»GkLkk BkkÃkLke níke. BkqŠíkLkku htøk híkk~k Ãkzíkku ~GkkBk níkku íkuLke yktÏkkuBkkt nehkyku szuÕkk níkk. yk BkqŠíkLke Lkeåku fu WÃkh fktE ykækkh Lk níkku Aíkkt BkqŠík Õkxfíke hnuíke. BknBkqËu yk rLkhkækkh Õkxfíke BkqŠíkLke MkíGkíkkLke Ïkkíkhe fhÔkk WÃkhLke AíkBkktŽe çku ÃkÚŽhku fkZe LkkÏkÔkkLke yk¿kk ykÃke. AíkBkkt ÕkkunåštçkfLkku ÃkíŽh szuÕkku nkuÔkkŽe ÃkÚŽhku fkZe LkkÏkíkk BkqŠík nÕkÔkk Bkktze yLku sBkeLk WÃkh rMŽh ŽE økE.”

Vrh~íkk ÕkÏku Au fu “BktrËhLke BkæGkBkkt MkkuBkLkkŽLke Ë~k nkŽ Ÿåke ÃkÚŽhLke BkqŠík níke. BknBkqËu «ríkBkk ÃkkMku sELku íkuLkk Lkkf WÃkh øšsoLkku «nkh fGkkuo yLku íkuLkk LkkfLku Çkktøke LkkÏGšt.”

~kuÏk VheËwËeLk yíkkh ÕkÏku Au fu, BknBkqËu MkuÔkfkuLku BkqŠíkLke ykMkÃkkMk yrøLk «sÔkrÕkík fhÔkk yk¿kk ykÃke yLku íkkÃkŽe MkkuBkLkkŽLke BkqŠík ækzkfk MkkŽu Vkxe yLku íkuLkk Ãkuxk¤BkktŽe ÔkeMk BkÛk suxÕkk ÔksLkLkk çknwBkqÕGk hJku Lkef¤e ÃkzGkk.

VYoÏÏke MkkuBkLkkŽ ÃkhLke åkzkE ÔkÏkíku BknBkqËLke MkkŽu níkku Ãkhtíš íkuÛku ®ÕkøkLkk ÃkkuÕkk nkuÔkk ytøkuLkku fu íkuBkktŽe hJku LkeféGkk nkuÔkk ytøku fkuE LkkUæk fhe LkŽe.

yk çkækk BkíkBkíkktíkhkuLku ytíku E.Mk. 1939Bkkt X¬wh LkkhkGkÛk rÔkMkLkSyu ‘sGkkurík‹ÕkøkLke MkkuBkLkkŽLke


BkqŠík’ LkkBkLkku rÔkîíkkÃkqÛko ÕkuÏk ÕkÏke yu BkqŠík Lk®n ÃkÛk ®Õkøk níšt yLku íku ÃkkuÕšt Lk níšt yuBk Mkåkkux ÃkÛku Mkkrçkík fhe ykÃGšt Au.

BknBkqËLke MkkuBkLkkÚk Ãkh åkzkE :-

BknBkqË økÍLkeyu E.Mk. 1000 Že 10h7 MšækeBkkt Çkkhík Ãkh Mkíkh ÔkÏkík åkzkE fhe. íkuÛku E.Mk. 10h6 Bkkt øšshkíkBkkt ykÔkuÕkk yrík«rMkØ MkkuBkLkkŽ BktrËh Ãkh åkzkE fhe íkuLku ÇkktøGšt. íkuLke BknuåAk ‘MkkuBkLkkŽLkku ækLkfku»k «kó fhe søkíkLkk fkuE hkòLkk ÏkòLkkBkkt Lk nkuGk íkuxÕšt ækLk «kó fhÔkkLke níke.’ íkuLkk òMšMkkuyu MkkuBkLkkŽLkk yZ¤f ækLkÇktzkhLke çkkíkBke ykÃke íkuLke ÕkkuÇkÔk]r¥kLku WíkuS níke.9 íku Õkqtxe ÕkuÔkk íku íkíÃkh çkLGkku yLku yk fkGkoLku ækkŠBkf htøku htøkÔkk ‘sunkË’Lšt LkkBk ykÃGšt.

18/10/10hÃk Lkk hkus MkkuBkÔkkhu ºkeMk nòh ækkuzuMkÔkkhku ÕkE BšÕkíkkLk ŽE ŽhLšt hÛk yku¤tøke øšshkík ykÔke ÃknkUåGkku. íkuÛku økÍLkeŽe «ÇkkMkLšt ytíkh Bkkºk 80 rËÔkMkkuBkkt fkÃke LkkÏGšt.

VYoÏÏke BknBkqËLkku Ëhçkkhe frÔk níkku. íku BknBkqËLke MkkuBkLkkŽLke åkzkE ÔkÏkíku Çkuøkku ykÔGkku níkku. íku ÕkÏku Au fu BkkøkoBkkt MšÕkíkkLku ÎkÛkk rfÕÕkkyku yLku ~knuhku fçksu fhe íkuLku sBkeLkËkuMík fGkko níkk. íkuÛku BkkuZuhk yLku ËuÕkÔkkzkLšt ÔkÛkoLk fGšo Au. yu MkBkGku øšshkíkLkku hkò ÇkeBkËuÔk yÛkrnÕkÔkkzŽe ÃkÕkkGkLk ŽE økGkku yLku BkkuZuhkBkkt ÔkeMk nòh ®nËwykuyu BknBkqËLke VkusLkku MkkBkLkku fGkkuo yLku ~kneËe Ônkuhe. íGkktŽe BkktzÕk, fåALšt LkkLšt hÛk, ÔkZÔkkÛk Ôkøkuhu Bkkøkuo MkkuhXBkkt ËkÏkÕk ŽGkku. WLkk ÃkkMku ykÔkuÕšt ËuÕkÔkkzk Õkqtxe MkkuBkLkkŽ ÃknkUåGkku. òLGšykhe 10h6Bkkt íku MkkuBkLkkŽ ÃknkUåGkku íku rËÔkMku økwhwÔkkh níkku. MkkuBkLkkŽBkkt fkuE MkiLGk níšt Lkrn, su níkk íku Bkkºk hûkfku s níkk. íkuBkÛku BknBkqËLkku «ríkfkh fGkkuo. çkeò rËÔkMku ~š¢Ôkkhu BknBkqËu ÃkkuíkkLkk MkirLkfkuLku W~fuGkko. BšrMÕkBkkuLku MkkuBkLkkŽLkku æÔktMk fhe ækLk ÕkqtxÔkkLke yLku økkÍeÃkË Bku¤ÔkÔkkLke íkBkLLkk níke íkku ®nËwykuBkkt íkuBkLkk ækBkoMŽkLkLkk hûkÛk Bkkxu Bkhe VexÔkkLkku yzøk rLkùGk níkku.

BknBkqËLke Vkusu ÃkåkkMk nòh hûkfkuLšt çkrÕkËkLk ÕkE, BktrËhLkku fçkòu Õkeækku, sGkkurík‹ÕkøkLke Ãkk»kkÛkBkqŠíkLku Çkktøke LkkÏke yLku ÕkkfzkLkk BktrËhLku çkk¤e LkkÏGšt.10

BknBkqË MkkuBkLkkŽŽe ÃkkAku VGkkuo íku rÔkþu økkhËeÍe ÕkÏku Au fu BknBkqËLku çkef Õkkøke fu ®nËw hkò ÃkhBkkh ËuÔk BkkøkoBkkt ykÔk~ku yLku íkuŽe íkuÛku «kó fhuÕkku BknkLk rÔksGk çkhçkkË s~ku íkuŽe íkuÛku Mkeækku hMíkku Lk Õkuíkkt BkLMšhkLkk Bkkøkuo fqåk fhe yLku íkuBk fhíkkt fhíkkt BšÕíkkLk ÃknkUåGkku. íkuLkk MkirLkfku hÛkLkk ~š»fÃkÛkkLku fkhÛku íkŽk òxkuLkk ºkkMku çknw Ëw:Ïke ŽGkk. ÎkÛkk Ãk~šyku yLku MkirLkfku BkkøkoBkkt Bk]íGš ÃkkBGkk.11

íkçkfkíku LkkMkeheBkkt swÍòLke ÕkÏku Au fu “MkkuBkLkkŽŽe BknBkqË ‘BkLkkík’ LkkBkLke su BkqŠík ÕkkÔGkku níkku íkuLkk åkkh Çkkøk fGkko. yuf Çkkøk hksBknuÕkLkk ®Mknîkhu, çkeòu Çkkøk økÍLkeLke òBku BkrMsËBkkt, ºkeòu Çkkøk Bkffk yLku åkkuŽku Çkkøk BkËeLkkBkkt hkÏkÔkk «çktæk fGkkuo.”1h ynª swÍòLke ftEf yÕkøk s LkÔkeLk Ôkkíkko fne òGk Au.

BkqÕGkktfLk :-

MkkuBkLkkŽ rÔk~ku su - su fkuE BšrMkÕkBk íkÔkkrhÏkfkhkuyu ÔkÛkoLkku fhuÕkk Au yk íkBkkBk ÔkÛkoLkkuLke yiríknkrMkfíkk yLku rÔkïMkrLkGkíkk íkÃkkMkíkkt yuBk sÛkkGk Au fu ykBkkLkk Bkkuxk ÇkkøkLkk EríknkMkfkhkuyu ækkŠBkf árüŽe «uhkELku Ôkæš Ãkzíšt ykÕkuÏkLk fGšo Au. BknBkqËLke «~ktMkk fhÔkk Bkkxu yrík~kGkkurfíkŽe ÇkhÃkqh ÕkÏkkÛkku fhÔkk òÛku fu MÃkækko fhe nkuGk íkuBk sÛkkGk Au. íkuBkÛku BknBkqËLkk yk fkGkoLku LGkkGke XhkÔkÔkk fÕÃkLkkíkeík Ôkkíkkoyku ÃkÛk ÕkÏke Au. Ãkhtíš BknBkqËLkk yk æk]rÛkík fkGkoLke rÔkÃkheík yMkh yu ŽE fu, EMÕkkBk ÕkqtxkhkykuLšt MÔkYÃk Au. yuÔke ÕkkøkÛke ®nËwykuBkkt QÇke ŽE yLku EMÕkkBk Bkkxu íkeðú rækffkh WíÃkLLk ŽGkku.’

òu yÕkrçkYLke fu VYoÏÏkeyu yk åkzkELke rÔkøkíkku Lk Ë~kkoÔke nkuík íkku ykÃkÛku yk ÎkxLkkŽe yòÛk nkuík. fuBkfu, ÇkkhíkeGk EríknkMk ÕkuÏkfu rÔkÔkuf Ïkkíkh fu ÃkrÔkºk ækBkoMŽkLkLke yËçk Ïkkíkh yk ~khBksLkf «MktøkLkku WÕÕkuÏk fGkkuo LkŽe.

yk EríknkMkfkhkuLkk íkBkkBk ÔkÛkoLkkuLku yuf MkkŽu íkÃkkMkíkkt íkuBkktŽe yktr~kf MkíGk sYh íkkhÔke ~kfkGk Au. fkuEÃkÛk EríknkMk Mkt~kkuækfkuyu MkkuBkLkkŽ rÔkþuLkk yk ÔkÛkoLkkuLku swËk-swËk árüfkuÛkŽe íkÃkkMke, BkqÕkÔkeLku ÕkÏkÔkk òuEyu.


ykBk E.Mk. 10h6Bkkt BknBkqËLkk MkkuBkLkkŽ Ãkh «ŽBk yk¢BkÛk çkkË MkBkGku MkBkGku íkuLšt ÃšLkhwØkh Žíkku hÌkku yLku Auf ykuhtøkÍuçkLkk MkBkGk Mšæke ÔkkhtÔkkh yk¢BkÛkfkheykuLkku Çkkuøk çkLkíšt hÌkwt.

ynª yu ÃkÛk yÔk~Gk ÕkÏkÔšt s òuEyu fu yu GšøkBkkt yBšf ÔGkÂõíkykuyu s íkuBkLke ~krfík MkkBkÚGko yLku MktÃkríkLkku WÃkGkkuøk ykÔkk Ëw»f]íGkku ÃkkA¤ fGkkuo . yuxÕku yu Bkkxu íkuykuyu su ækBkoLšt yLšMkhÛk fhíkk níkk, íkuBkÛku ækBkoLkk LkkBku ykÔkk f]íGkku fGkko. íku ækBkoLke ®LkËk ÃkÛk fhe ~kfkGk Lknª. íkuÔkk f]íGkku Bkkxu íku ÔGkrfík s sÔkkçkËkh níke. íkuÔšt yŽoÎkxLk Ôkksçke yLku ÔkkMíkrÔkf Au.

ÃkkËLkkUæk :-

1. ËuMkkE ~ktÇš«MkkË n., ‘«ÇkkMk yLku MkkuBkLkkŽ’, çkeS ykÔk]r¥k, «ÇkkMkÃkkxÛk, E.Mk. 1998 Ãk]. 398

h. yççkkMke Bknuçkqçk nwMkuLk yu. ‘EMÕkkBkLkku WËGk yLku rÔkfkMk’ «ŽBk ykÔk]r¥k, yBkËkÔkkË, 1981, Ãk]. 68

3. fGkkBšËeLk ynBkË (MktÃkkrËík) ‘Çkkhík yÕk-rçkYLke’ LkÔke rËÕne, çke.yk., 1997, Ãk]. 1h

4. ËuMkkE ~ktÇš«MkkË n., Ãkqðkuoõík, Ãk]. 360Ãk. Ïkkåkh (zku.) «ãwBkLk Çk., ‘«kåkeLk ÇkkhíkLkk rÔkËu~keGkkºke’,

«.yk., hksfkux, E.Mk. h000 Ãk]. 91 6. ÇkÿfkÕke {trËhLkku r~kÕkkÕkuÏk - MkkuBkLkkŽ7. MkÏkkW yuzÔkzo Mke., ‘ yÕkçkuYLkeMk ErLzGkk’, Ôkku. 1

ÕktzLk, E.Mk. 1910, Ãk]. 10h,1038. ËuMkkE ~ktÇš«MkkË n., Ãkqðkuoõík, Ãk]. 3649. ~kkºke (zku.) nrh«MkkË økt., ‘øšshkíkLkku «k[eLk

EríknkMk’ çkeS ykÔk]rík, yBkËkÔkkË E.Mk. 1973 Ãk]. 188

10. yusLk - Ãk]. - 18911. òLke (zku.) yuMk. Ôke., BkkÛkuf fÕÃkk, ‘MkkihküÙLke

yrMBkíkk’ «ŽBk ykÔk]r¥k, hksfkux, E.Mk. h011 Ãk]. 461h. ËuMkkE ~ktÇš«MkkË n., Ãkqðkuoõík, Ãk]. 36313. øšshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk h7Bkk yrækÔku~kLkBkkt ÔkÕÕkÇk

rÔkãkLkøkh Ïkkíku hsq fhuÕk ~kkuækÃkºk.

(ykrMk. «kuVuMkh, EríknkMk, BknkËuÔk ËuMkkE „úkBkMkuÔkk BknkrÔkãkÕkGk, hktækuò, rs. økktÄeLkøkh)

{÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkwt MkwhíkLkk rðfkMk{kt «ËkLk

ËeÃkf¼kE yu{. Ãkxu÷1

{Lke»kkçkuLk fu. Ãkxu÷2

økwshkíkLkk MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk{kt yLkuf árüyu Mkwhík þnuhLkwt MÚkkLk {n¥ðLkwt Au. MkwhíkLke «k[eLkíkk çkeò çktËhku sux÷e fne þfkÞ Lknª Aíkkt íkkÃke LkËe yLku MkqÞoÃkwh Lkk{Lku su Ãkkihkrýf MðYÃk {éÞwt Au íku òuíkkt {wMk÷{kLk Mk{ÞLke þYykík{kt yu MÚk¤Lku {qfe þfkÞ.1 økwshkíkLkk {æÞÞwøk Ëhr{ÞkLk Mkwhík ònkus÷k÷eLke xku[u níkwt. MkÕíkLkíkfk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk íkuLke Mk{]rØ xku[u níke.2 fux÷kf ÷u¾fkuLkk {íku Mkwhík LkkLkwt økk{zwt níkwt íku {wÍ^Vhþkn-2Lkk Mk{Þ{kt {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚku ðÄkÞwO yLku Mk{]Ø fÞwO. Mkwhík Lkk{ {kxu Ãký rðr[ºk ðkíkku òuzkÞu÷e Au. Ãkkihkrýf Lkk{ çkkswyu hk¾eyu íkku Ãký Mkwhík Lkk{ rð.Mk. 1512 E.Mk. 1456{kt ÷¾kÞkLkwt fkLnzu «çktÄ{kt òuðk {¤u Au. yux÷u Mkw÷íkkLk {wÍ^Vh þkn-2Lkk Ãknu÷kt yÄeo MkËe Ãknu÷kt Mkw÷íkkLk fwíçkwÆeLkLkk Mk{Þ{kt níkwt yux÷wt s Lknª Ãký økwshkíkLkk Mkkhkt þnuhku «çktÄku{kt sýkÔÞkt Au íku{kt hktËuhLke MkkÚku MkwhíkLkwt Lkk{ Au; íku çkíkkðu Au fu þnuh{kt økýe þfkÞ íkuðe ÂMÚkrík MkwhíkLke nkuðe òuEyu.3 {iºkffk÷ Ëhr{ÞkLk íku «ËuþLkwt ðzwt {Úkf ftíkkhøkk{ (fíkkhøkk{) níkwt. Mkwhík þnuhLke íkuLke Ërûkýu ðnu÷k{kt ðnu÷wt Mkku÷tfe fk÷Lkk ytík{kt yÚkðk MkÕíkLkíkLkk «kht¼u ðMÞwt nkuÞ yu{ ÷køku Au. 15{e MkËeÚke yu þnuhLkk rLkrùík rLkËuoþku ÚkÞu÷k Au.4 Mkwhík þnuh økwshkíkLkk Lkøkhku{kt MkÕíkLkíkfk¤Úke {n¥ð ÃkkBÞwt níkwt. {w½÷fk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk Mkwhík økwshkíkLkk çktËhku{kt yrøkú{MÚkkLk Ähkðíkwt níkwt.

{÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkwt ðíkLk yLku ¿kkrík:

yk ®nËw y{eh fkuý yLku õÞktLkku ðíkLke níkku yuLkku MÃkü yLku ykËkh¼qík WÕ÷u¾ {¤íkku LkÚke.

>> MktþkuÄLk >>


r{hkíku rMkftËheyu íkuLkku su WÕ÷u¾ fÞkuo Au íku íkuLke [zíkeLku çkË÷u ÃkzíkeLkku rðþu»k fÞkuo Au. Ãkhtíkw ÃkkuxwoøkeÍ WÕ÷u¾ku ÃkhÚke Mkwhík{kt yuLkwt Lkk{ yksu r[htSð Au y™u yuLku yu þnuhLku þýøkkhe hBÞ çkLkkððk{kt økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkku Vk¤ku çknw {n¥ðLkku Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkwt ½h Mkwhík{kt níkwt yLku yuLke Ëefhe fu fkuE MkøkeçkkE íÞkt hnuíke níke yuLkku WÕ÷u¾ {w½÷ Mk{Þ Ëhr{ÞkLk ykðu÷k {wMkkVhkuyu fhu÷ku Au. ÃkkuxwoøkeÍ yu÷[eykuLku ÃkkuíkkLkk ½h{kt Wíkkhku ykÃÞku níkku yLku yuLkku ¼kE r{Þkçkkçkw yu{Lkku Mkífkh fhðk hkufkÞu÷ku níkku. Ãkhtíkw ykx÷k MÃkü WÕ÷u¾ku Aíkkt {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚk yMk÷ MkwhíkLkku ðíkLke níkku yu{ rMkØ Úkíkwt LkÚke. [ktÃkkLkuh, ðzkuËhk yLku y{ËkðkË{kt Ãký íkuLkk ½h níkkt yLku [ktÃkkLkuhLke ÃkkMku íkÚkk y{ËkðkË{kt Ãký økkuÃkeÃkhkt níkkt yuðk WÕ÷u¾ku {¤u Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk ðíkLk yLku ¿kkrík {kxu WÕ÷u¾ fhðku {w~fu÷ Au.

Mkwhík{kt økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk M{hý r[Lnku Au íku WÃkhktík fux÷kf ÞwhkuÃkeÞLk {wMkkVhkuLkk MkwhíkLkk WÕ÷u¾ku ÃkhÚke Ãký yu MkwhíkLkku níkku yu{ fnuðk ÷÷[kÞk Au. E.Mk. 1623{kt ÃkexÙkuzu÷kðk÷u ÷¾u Au fu økkuÃkeík¤kð Mkk{kLÞ ÷kufðkÞfk «{kýu yuf ¾kLkøke ÄLkðkLk øk]nMÚku çkktæÞwt Au. MkwhíkLkku WÕ÷u¾ fhíkkt yu ÷¾u Au fu yk ík¤kðLkku çkktÄLkkh Mkwhík þnuhLkku níkku, yk ÃkhËuþe WÕ÷u¾ku ÃkhÚke íku MkwhíkLkku ðíkLke níkku yu{ rMkØ Úkíkwt LkÚke. y{ËkðkËLkk «rMkØ rËðurxÞk fwxwtçkLkk ¼ku¤kLkkÚk Mkkhk¼kELkk [rhºk{kt Mkkhk¼kEyu ÷¾u÷e WËqo LkkUÄkuLkk ykÄkhu yu{ Mk{òÞ Au fu yu{Lkk fwxwtçkLkk {kuMkk¤ Ãkûk{kt E.Mk. 1508{kt yuf økkuÃkeLkkÚk Lkk{u {kuxku {kýMk ÚkE økÞku yLku {n{qË çkuøkzkLkk Mk{Þ{kt yu {÷uf økkuÃkeLkk Lkk{u yku¤¾kíkku níkku íkuýu ðzLkøkhÚke [ktÃkkLkuh{kt ðuÃkkh yÚkuo ðMkðkx f÷kuo yLku [ktÃkkLkuh íkÚkk ðzkuËhk{kt {fkLkku çktÄkðu÷k. yk{ ðuÃkkh {kxu økkuÃkeLkkÚk Mkwhík{kt ðMku÷k yuðe MkwhíkLke ÃkhtÃkhkLku yk ðkíkÚke xufku {¤u Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚk ðuÃkkh yÚkuo ðzLkøkhÚke LkeféÞku nkuÞ yLku nkurþÞkheÚke ÄLkðkLk çkLke hksËhçkkh{kt Ÿ[e ÃkËðeyu ÃknkUåÞku níkku yu{kt ftE yMkt¼ð LkÚke. yk çkÄwt òuíkkt {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚk Mkwhík{kt ðMÞku Aíkkt yMk÷ ðzLkøkhLkku ðíkLke yLku Lkkøkh níkku yu{ {kLkðk{kt fkuE ðktÄku LkÚke.5

Mkwhík{kt LkðMkkhe çkòh rðMíkkh{kt E.Mk. 1516 Ãknu÷kt økkuÃkeík¤kð çktÄkÞwt níkwt. yk ík¤kð çktÄkðLkkh {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚk {q¤u ðzLkøkhLkku ðíkLke Lkkøkh çkúkñý níkku.6 økkuÃkeLkkÚk {q¤ ðzLkøkhLkku Lkkøkh çkúkñý níkku yLku ðuÃkkh yÚkuo 15{e MkËeLke ytrík{ Ãk[eMke Ëhr{ÞkLk Mkwhík ykðeLku ðMÞku níkku.7 «k[eLk Mk{ÞÚke ¼khík{kt Lkkøkh çkúkñý ¿kkríkyu ÃkkuíkkLke çkwrØ{¥kk, rðîíkk yLku {wíMkËeøkeheÚke hksËhçkkh{kt {tºke, fkh¼khe, {nky{kíÞ, ðSh yLku yu÷[e suðk {n¥ðLkk Wå[ ÃkËku Ãkh MÚkkLk {u¤ÔÞwt níkwt íkuÚke Mkt¼ðu Au fu økkuÃkeLkkÚk {q¤ ðzLkøkhLkku ðíkLke yLku yMk÷ Lkkøkh çkúkñý nkuÞ yu{ {kLke þfkÞ. økkuÃkeLkkÚk þið Ä{eo níkku íkuLkku Ãkwhkðku íkuýu Mkwhík{kt çktÄkðu÷ økkuÃke ík¤kð{kt yuf rþð {trËhLkwt rLk{koý fhkÔÞwt níkwt. ðzLkøkh{kt yksu Ãký Lkkøkh çkúkñýkuLkk EüËuð ¼økðkLk nkxfuïhLkwt «k[eLk {trËh rðã{kLk Au íkuÚke Ãký Mkt¼ðu Au fu økkuÃkeLkkÚk {q¤ ðzLkøkhLkku yMk÷ Lkkøkh çkúkñý nkuÞ yLku ÃkkuíkkLkk EüËuðLke M{]rík{kt økkuÃkeLkkÚku MkwhíkLkk økkuÃkeík¤kð{kt rþð{trËhLkwt rLk{koý fhkÔÞwt nkuÞ.

{÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚk ðÍeh íkhefu:

økwshkíkLkk Mkw÷íkkLkkuLkk Mk{Þ{kt ®nËwykuLku hksËhçkkh{kt fu ðneðxe íktºk{kt Wå[ ÃkËðeyku {¤íke Lknª. Ãkhtíkw Mkw÷íkkLk {nt{Ë çkuøkzkLkk Mk{Þ{kt «ÄkLk{tz¤{kt Ÿ[wt MÚkkLk «kÃík fhLkkh økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk [krhºÞÚke ®nËwykuLku {kuxe ÃkËðeyku {¤íke níke. íkuLkk þkMkLkLkk ytík Mk{Þ{kt {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚk ÷øk¼øk {wÏÞ«ÄkLk suðe Mk¥kk Ähkðíkku níkku. økwshkíkLkk MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk{kt yk ®nËw y{ehLkwt {n¥ðLkwt MÚkkLk Au. yuLkwt Lkk{ økkuÃkeLkkÚk Au. {n{qË çkuøkzkLkk Mk{Þ{kt yuLke [zíke ÚkE íkuLke Mkwhík yLku ¼Y[Lkk økðLkoh íkhefu rLk{ýqf ÚkE. Mkw÷íkkLk {wÍ^Vhþkn-2Lkk y{÷{kt hksfkhý{kt {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚku ¼sðu÷ku ¼køk {kuxe ÃkËðe «kÃík fhe níke. yk ®nËw y{eh íku Mk{Þu {n¥ðLkwt MÚkkLk Ähkðíkku níkku.8 r{hkíku-rMkftËhe {÷uf økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkku WÕ÷u¾ fhu Au. íku {wÍ^Vhþkn-2Lkk Mk{Þ{kt fhu Au. ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku íkuLkwt Lkk{ rðr[ºk heíku ÷¾u Au. {e÷u økkuÃkeLk, {÷ufkuÃke yLku {e÷ufkuÃke9


yLku økkuÃkefkfk yuðk Lkk{ {¤u Au. ð]ØkðMÚkkyu ÃknkU[u÷k yk y{ehLku ÷kufku økkuÃkefkfk fnuíkk nkuÞ yLku ðuÃkkheykuLkk MktÃkfo{kt ykðíkkt yuðwt Lkk{ Mkkt¼éÞwt nkuÞ yu Mkt¼rðík Au. rMkftËhe MÃkü heíku økkuÃke fu fkuÃke ÷¾u Au, ßÞkhu íkçkfkík fkuçke swLLkkhËkh ÷¾u Au yk çktLku íkðkhe¾fkhku yu çkúkñý níkku yux÷wt íkku MÃkü ÷ÏÞwt Au.

çkkçkkuoMkk suðku Mk{fk÷eLk íkÚkk RríknkMk÷u¾f çkuhkuhLkk ÷¾ký ÃkhÚke yu {kºk MkwhíkLkku økðLkoh níkku yu{ MÃkü ÚkkÞ Au. Mkwhík{kt «[r÷ík økwshkíke yLku WËqo ÷¾kýkuyu LkkUÄu÷e ÃkhtÃkhk «{kýu 15{e MkËeLkk ytík ¼køk{kt økkuÃkeLkkÚk fu økkuÃkeLkkÞf Lkk{u ÄLkðkLk ðuÃkkhe níkku yLku Mkwhík{kt ðMkeLku þýøkkheLku økkuÃkeLkkÚku hktËuhÚke Mkkhk {kuxk ðuÃkkheykuLku Mkwhík{kt ðMkkÔÞk níkk. Mkwhík yu ð¾íku Mkk{kLÞ þnuh níkwt. økwshkíkLkk Mkw÷íkkLk {wÍ^Vhþkn-2yu íkuLku {÷ufLkku r¾íkkçk ykÃÞku níkku. yLku yuLke †e hkýe fnuðkíke yu WÃkhÚke Mkwhík{kt hkýe [f÷wt yLku hkýeík¤kð Ãký níkkt.10 Mkw÷íkkLk {wÍ^Vhþkn-2 (1511 Úke 1526)Lku økkuÃkeLkkÚku hksøkkËe {u¤ððk{kt {ËË fhe íkuLkk çkË÷k{kt íkuLkwt LkkÍe{ ÃkË [k÷w hÌkwt yLku {wÏÞ ðÍeh yLku {wÏÞ y{eh íkhefu [k÷w hÌkku. Mkw÷íkkLku íkuLku {÷fuLkku r¾íkkçk ykÃÞku. økkuÃkeLkkÚk yk Mk{Þ Ëhr{ÞkLk yuf rðïkMkw yLku ÷køkðøk ÄhkðLkkhku ðÍeh níkku. økkuÃkeLkkÚku çku Mkw÷íkkLkkuLkk Mk{Þ{kt Mk¥kk ¼kuøkðe níke.11

økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLkwt Mkw÷íkkLk {wÍ^Vhþkn-2Lkk Mk{Þkt íkuLkk hksËhçkkh{kt {n¥ðLkwt MÚkkLk níkwt yu ðkíkLkku ÏÞk÷ yu WÃkhÚke ykðu Au fu EzhLkk hksðe hkýk¼e{u Mkkçkh{íke LkËeLkk Ãkqðo rfLkkhkLkk ¼køk Ãkh ÷qtxVkx fhíkkt Mkw÷íkkLku Ezh íkhV fq[ fhe hkýku ¼e{ Ezh Akuze øk¼hkELku rðsÞLkøkhLkk støk÷ku{kt ¼køke økÞku. Mkw÷íkkLku EzhLkk {nu÷ku, {fkLkku íkÚkk {trËhkuLkk Lkkþ fhðkLkku nwf{ ykÃÞku.12 hkýk ¼e{u Mkw÷íkkLkLkk çkúkñý «ÄkLk økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷uf {khVíku Mkw÷un fhðk {kxu «ÞíLkku fÞko yLku íkuýu økkuÃkeLkkÚk {khVíku Mkw÷íkkLkLku yhS fhe.

økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷uf yLku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku:

økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷fu yuf hksfkhýe fhíkkt ðuÃkkhe rðþu»k níkku. íkuLkk SðLkLke [zíke Ãkzíke MkwhíkLke ðuÃkkhe «ð]r¥kyku MkkÚku MktçktÄ Ähkðu Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk fkÞofk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk ®nËLkk Ãkrù{fktXu ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLke ðuÃkkhe «ð]r¥k ðÄe níke. E.Mk. 1498{kt ðkMfku-Ë-økk{kLkk fk÷efx ykøk{Lk ÃkAe ®nË ykððkLkku s¤{køko íku{Lku {¤e økÞku. E.Mk. 1503{kt fku[eLk, E.Mk. 1510{kt økkuðk yLku E.Mk. 1511{kt yÂøLk yurþÞkLkk {÷¬k WÃkh íku{Lkwt ðuÃkkhe Mkk{úkßÞ MÚkÃkkE [qõÞwt níkwt. økwshkíkfktXu íku{Lkwt ÷ûk ËeðLkku ðuÃkkh nMíkøkík fhðkLkwt níkwt. E.Mk. 1509{kt xÙeMxkyku zuøkk yLku yLÞ Ãkkt[ ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuyu Ëeð{kt fkuXe Ãký þY fhu÷e. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkku {wÏÞ rðËuþ ÔÞkÃkkh yÂøLk yurþÞkLkk Ëuþku MkkÚku níkku yLku íku íkhVLke ðuÃkkhe «ð]r¥k òuíkkt íku{s íku{Lke Lkkifkíkkfkík òuíkkt rLkýoÞ heíku ðnkýkuLke yðhsðh {w~fu÷ çkLke þfu íku{ níkwt. [uð÷ yLku Ëeð ÃkkMku ÃknkU[u÷ku íku{Lkku Lkkifk fkV÷ku òuíkkt ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkÚku íku{Lke fkÞ{e Ëw~{Lkkðx Ãkku»kkÞ íku{ Lk níke. Ãkrhýk{u økkuÃkeLkkÚkLke RåAk ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLku økwshkíkLkk fktXu ðuÃkkhe «ð]r¥k {kxu MkwrðÄk Ãkqhe ÃkkzðkLke níke. yk fkhýÚke s íku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkÚku MktrÄ fhkððk íkÚkk {iºkeÃkqýo MktçktÄku MÚkkÃkðk {kxu Mkw÷íkkLk {n{qË çkuøkzkLku Mk{òÔÞku níkku. ÃkkuxwoøkeÍ økðLkoh ykÕçkwffo MkkÚku E.Mk. 1510{kt økkuÃkeLkkÚkLku su ÃkºkÔÞðnkh ÚkÞku íku îkhk økkuÃkeLkkÚk yLku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍ ðå[uLkk MktçktÄku rðþu òýfkhe {¤u Au.14

økkuÃkeLkkÚkLke rðLktíkeLku {kLk ykÃkeLku økwshkíkLkk Mkw÷íkkLk {n{qË çkuøkzkyu E.Mk. 1510{kt ÃkkuíkkLkku yuf ¾kMk Ëqík ykÕçkwffo ÃkkMku fkLkkLkqh {kufÕÞku níkku, íÞkhu økkuÃkeLkkÚku íkuLke MkkÚku yuf ytøkík Ãkºk ÷¾eLku Ãký {kufÕÞku níkku. yk Ãkºk{kt sýkÔÞk «{kýu økwshkíkLkk ËrhÞk rfLkkhu ÃkfzkÞu÷k 50 Úke 60 ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLku rMkVkhMk fheLku AkuzkÔÞk níkk yLku íku{Lku [ktÃkkLkuh hkÏÞk nkuðkLke rðøkík ÷¾e níke. WÃkhktík ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkÚku Mkw÷íkkLkLku Mkkhk MktçktÄku çktÄkÞ íku {kxu çkLkíkwt fhðkLke RåAk ÔÞõík fhe níke. økwshkík yLku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLke {iºkeÚke økwshkíkLkk çktËhku Mk÷k{ík


hnuþu yLku ðnkýku Mk{wÿ{kt rLk¼oÞ heíku AqxÚke Vhe þfþu.15 íkuðk WÆu~ÞÚke økkuÃkeLkkÚku Mkw÷íkkLkLku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkÚku {iºke MktçktÄ çkktÄðk Mk{òÔÞku níkku. íkuLke Ãkqðo¼qr{fkYÃku økkuÃkeLkkÚku WÃkhkuõík Ãkºk{kt ykÕçkwffoLku sýkÔÞwt fu yuf rðïkMkw ËqíkLku Mkw÷íkkLk {kxu ¼ux-MkkuøkkË MkkÚku Mkwhík ÚkELku þkne Ëhçkkh{kt [ktÃkkLkuh {kuf÷þku. E.Mk. 1510Lkk MkÃxuBçkh{kt ykÕçkwffuo WÃkhkuõík ÃkºkLkku sðkçk økkuÃkeLkkÚk Ãkh {kuf÷e ykÃÞku níkku. íku{kt íkuýu økkuÃkeLkkÚkLke Mkq[Lkk «{kýu ËqíkLku {kuf÷ðkLke yLku Mkw÷íkkLkLku {¤ðkLke RåAk ÔÞõík fhe níke. Ëhr{ÞkLk Mkw÷íkkLk {n{qË çkuøkzkLkwt yðMkkLk Úkíkkt (23-11-1511) yk fkÞo Úkkuzwt rð÷tçkkÞwt. ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLke RåAk Ëeð{kt rfÕ÷ku çkktÄðkLke níke yLku íku {kxu økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷uf {ËË fhe hÌkku níkku, Ãkhtíkw økwshkíkLkku LkkifkMkuLkkÃkrík yLku ËeðLkku økðLkoh {r÷f yÞkÍ íkuLkku rðhkuÄe níkku. yk {r÷f yÞkÍLkku Ëeð{kt ¾kLkøke ðuÃkkh Ãký níkku yLku ðuÃkkhe «ð]r¥k{kt Ëeð yLku Mkwhík ÃkhMÃkh nheV níkkt. ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLkku rfÕ÷ku Ëeð{kt çktÄkÞ íkku ykÃkkuykÃk yk nheVkELkku ytík ykðe òÞ yLku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkkuÚku r{ºkíkk MÚkÃkkíkkt yÂøLk yurþÞkLkk Ëuþku MkkÚkuLkku økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkku ðuÃkkh rLkŠðæLku [k÷w hne þfu. E.Mk. 1512Lkk rzMkuBçkh{kt ykÕçkwffuo økkuÃkeLkkÚkLke rðLktíke «{kýu xÙeMxkykuzuøkkLku økwshíkLkk þkne Ëhçkkh{kt {kufÕÞku níkku suÚke Ëeð{kt rfÕ÷ku çkktÄðkLke hò {¤e þfu. økkuÃkeLkkÚk {r÷fu yk xÙeMxkykuzuøkk MkkÚku Ãký yuf Ãkºk {kufÕÞku níkku. su{kt WÃkhkuõík çkkçkík sýkðkE níke.16

økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLku yuf Ãkºk{kt ykÕçkwffuo ¾kMk yk¼kh {kLÞku yLku Ãkkuxwoøk÷ MkkÚku {iºkeLkwt ð÷ý çkíkkððk {kxu çkË÷ku ðk¤e ykÃkðkLke ykþk ÔÞõík fhe níke. {r÷f økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk SðLkLkk ytrík{ ðð»ko{kt 15 {k[o 1514{kt zeyuøkku VLkkoÂLzÍ yLku xufMkehkLkk Lkuík]íð Lke[u yuf ÃkkuxwoøkeÍ yu÷[e {tz¤ økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷fuLke rðLktíkeÚke Mkwhík WíkÞwO íÞkhu økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk ½hu íkuLkku Wíkkhku níkku. økkuÃkeLkkÚku íku{Lkk WíkkhkLke ¾kðk-ÃkeðkLke W¥k{ ÔÞðMÚkk fhe níke. VLkkoÂLzÍu økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLku ykÕçkwffoLkku Ãkºk íku{s íkuLku {kxu {kuf÷u÷u ¾kMk ¼ux ykÃke níke.17 íku Mk{Þu ËMíkwh¾kLk MkwhíkLkku økðLkoh níkku. Ëqík{tz¤Lkk Mkwhík

hkufký Ëhr{ÞkLk yuf ¾kMk ÔÞÂõík Ãkuhkõðe{uzku [ktÃkkLkuh sE ykÔÞku íkuýu Ëqík{tz¤Lku yuðe {krníke ykÃku÷e fu økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLku Mk¥kk MÚkkLkuÚke Ëqh fhkÞku Au yLku Mkw÷íkkLkLke íkuLkk Ãkh {nuhçkkLke LkÚke. yu÷[e{tz¤ {k[o 1514Lkk hkus MkwhíkÚke hðkLkk ÚkÞwt yLku yur«÷Lke 4 íkkhe¾u [ktÃkkLkuh ÃknkUåÞwt íÞkhu Mkw÷íkkLk y{ËkðkË níkku. økkuÃkeLkkÚk, Mk¥kk¼úü ÚkÞu÷ku nkuðk Aíkkt íkuýu yu÷[e{tz¤Lku ÞkuøÞ Mk÷kn-Mkq[Lkku ykÃke y{ËkðkË {kufÕÞwt. òufu Mkw÷íkkLku Ëeð{kt rfÕ÷ku çkktÄðkLke ÃkhðkLkøke ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLku Lk ykÃke.18

ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkÚku økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufu fhu÷ ÃkºkÔÞðnkh yu Ëþkoðu Au fu íku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLkku ÃkûkÃkkíke yLku r{ºk níkku ßÞkhu {r÷f yÞkÍLke Lkerík rVhtøkeyku rðhkuÄe níke.19 økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLkku rVhtøkeyku íkhVLkku ÃkûkÃkkík yLku r{ºkíkkÚke yuðwt Lk {kLke þfkÞ fu íku hk»xÙÿkune níkku. yk Mk{Þ Ëhr{ÞkLk VhtøkeykuLke LkkifkþÂõíkLkku ÏÞk÷ økkuÃkeLkkÚkLku níkku. yk Lkkøkh çkúkñýLkku WÆu~Þ økwshkíkLkku ðuÃkkh rVhtøkeyku ¾kuhðe Lkk¾u Lknª, çktËhku Mk÷k{ík hnu yLku ðuÃkkh rLk¼oÞÃkýu [k÷u íku{ nkuE þfu. íkuLkk ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku MkkÚkuLkk MktçktÄku íkuLke hksfeÞ fwLkun yLku íkuLke {wíMkËeøkeheLkwt «íkef níkk.

økkuÃkeík¤kð, hkýeík¤kð, hkýe[f÷wt yLku økkuÃkeÃkhwt:

økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkwt Lkk{ Mkwhík þnuhLkk rðfkMk MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷wt Au. ykŠÚkf «ð]r¥kLke MkkÚku MkwhíkLkøkhLkk MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk{kt Ãký íkuLkwt {n¥ðLkwt ÞkuøkËkLk níkwt. Mkwhík{kt ykðu÷k yiríknkrMkf ÞkËøkkh økkuÃkeÃkwhk ðMkkðLkkh, økkuÃkeík¤kðLkku çktÄkðLkkh økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷uf Mkw÷íkkLk {n{qË çkuøkzkLkk þkMkLkfk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk ¼Y[ yLku MkwhíkLkku Ëhkuøkku íkÚkk {wíMkËe hÌkku níkku yLku yu ÃkAeLkk ð»kkuo{kt ðÍeh MkwÄe ÃknkUåÞku níkku.20 Mkwhík þnuhLkku økkuÃkeÃkwhk rðMíkkh íkuLkk Lkk{ MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷ Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkwt rLkðkMÚkkLk yLku ðuÃkkhe ÃkuZe yk rðMíkkh{kt níkkt. yk rðMíkkhLku yzeLku MkwhíkLke Ërûký íkhV økkuÃkeyu þnuhLke þku¼kYÃk MkwtËh ík¤kð çktÄkÔÞwt níkwt su íkuLkk Lkk{u økkuÃkeík¤kð íkhefu yku¤¾kÞwt íkuLke ÃkíLke Lkk{u hkýeík¤kð çktÄkÔÞwt. íkuLke †e hkýe fnuðkíke íku ÃkhÚke Mkwhík{kt hkýe [f÷wt yLku hkýe ík¤kð Ãký níkkt. ðíko{kLk Mk{Þ{kt íkku økkuÃkeLkkÚku


çktÄkðu÷k ík¤kðLkk yðþu»kku Ãký {¤ðk {w~fu÷ Au. yk ík¤kðLkk çkktÄfk{ yLku h[Lkk rð»kÞf {krníke rðËuþe {w÷kfkíkeyku, ðuÃkkheyku Þk yrÄfkheykuyu ykÃke Au. siLk yk[kÞo rðLkÞ rðsÞ WÃkkæÞkÞu íku{Lkk RLÿË¥k fkÔÞ{kt ík¤kðLke «þÂMíkYÃk &÷kuf {wõÞku Au. xku{Mk hkì, zuÕ÷kðk÷u, Úkku{Mk nçkox, {uLzuM÷ku, ßnkuLk ykuSÕçke, ÍTÞkt-Ë-ÚkuðLkku, zkì. VkÞh, yu÷uõÍkLzh nur{ÕxLk rðr÷Þ{ r£L[, su.yuMk. MxuðkuheLkMk ðøkuhuyu økkuÃkeík¤kð rðþu WÃkÞkuøke LkkUÄ ÷¾e Au. íku{Lkk ÷¾kýkuLkku yÇÞkMk fhðkÚke ík¤kðLkk çkktÄfk{ yLku íkuLke rðþk¤íkkLkku ÏÞk÷ ykðu Au. f÷kí{f s¤kþÞku çktÄkððkLke økwshkíkLkk Mkku÷tfe hkòykuLke ÃkhtÃkhk níke su MkÕíkLkík fk¤{kt Ãký [k÷w hne níke. økkuÃkeLkkÚku Mkwhík{kt su ík¤kðLkwt rLk{koý fhkÔÞwt níktwt íku MÚkkÃkíÞLke árüyu [ki÷wõÞ þi÷eLkk çkktÄfk{Lkku Lk{qLkku níkku. yk ík¤kðLkku ½uhkðku ÷øk¼øk yuf {kE÷Lkku níkku. Mkwhík BÞwrLk. fkuÃkkuohuþLk{kt yk ík¤kðLkku ½uhkðku 58 yufh (23.477 nuõxh) ËþkoÔÞku Au. yk rðMíkkhLku æÞkLk{kt ÷Eyu íkku ík¤kðLkku ½uhkðku 1 {kE÷ sux÷ku s nþu. zkì. VkÞhu Ãký ík¤kðLkku ½uhkðku ykx÷ku s çkíkkÔÞku Au. ßÞkhu ÚkuðLkku yLku rðr÷Þ{ rVL[u íku{Lke LkkUÄ{kt Ãkkuýku {kE÷ økýkÔÞku Au. ík¤kð Mkku¤ ¾qýk yLku çkkswyku ðk¤wt níkwt. WÃkhÚke íkr¤Þk MkwÄe Wíkhðk {kxu yÄko Vqx Ÿ[kEðk¤kt ÃkøkrÚkÞkt níkkt. ßÞkhu þnuh íkhVLke çkksw ÃkøkrÚkÞkt ðøkhLkk ºký Zk¤ níkk. su Ãkkýe ¼hðk yLku ½kuzkykuLku Ãkkýe ÃkkðkLkk WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðkíkk ÷¤kðLkk ík¤eÞu Ãký ÃkÚÚkh szu÷k níkk. ík¤kðLke {æÞ{kt çkfMÚk¤ níkwt yLku yuLke WÃkh rþð{trËh níkwt íÞkt sðk {kxu nkuzeykuLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku.

økkuÃke ík¤kð{kt [kuÏ¾wt Ãkkýe [ku{kMkk Ëhr{ÞkLk ¼hkíkwt. Ãkkýe ík¤kð{kt ykðíkkt Ãknu÷kt yuf y÷øk çkLku÷k LkkLkk ík¤kð{kt yufrºkík Úkíkwt ßÞkt f[hku {kxe íkr¤Þu Xhe síkk yLku WÃkhLkwt [kuÏ¾wt Ãkkýe ík¤kð{kt yuf {kuxe Lkef îkhk ÷ðkíkwt. ík¤kð fktXu ÃkkýeLkk «ðuþ {kxu 4 Vex ÔÞkMkLkk ºký økhLkk¤kt níkkt. ÃkkýeLkk rLkfk÷ {kxu Ãký ÔÞðMÚkk níke. ÃkkýeLke yk Lkef nk÷Lkk {kAeðkzLkk fktXu fktXu ÃkMkkh Úkíke. 17{e MkËe Ëhr{ÞkLk yk ík¤kð ËwhMíkeLkk y¼kðu

Ãkwhkðk {ktzâwt níkwt. E.Mk. 1666{kt ÚkuðLkku Mkwhík{kt níkku íÞkhu ík¤kðLkk íkr¤Þu 6 Vqx fkËð ò{e økÞku níkku. E.Mk. 1689{kt zkì. VkÞhu yk ík¤kðLku MktÃkqýo heíku ÃkwhkÞu÷e yðMÚkk{kt òuuÞwt níkwt. VkÄh yuLxkurLkÞku {kuLMkuhkíku íku{Lke Mkwhík {w÷kfkík Ëhr{ÞkLk íku{ýu økkuÃke ík¤kðLkwt 200 Vqx Ãknku¤k yLkuf rð¼køkku{kt ðnU[kÞu÷k ÃkøkrÚkÞkt MkkÚku ðýoLk fÞwO Au.21 Mkh xku{Mk hkìyu íkuLke Mkwhík {w÷kfkík Ëhr{ÞkLk (E.Mk. 1615) íkuLke LkkUÄ{kt økkuÃke ík¤kð rðþk¤íkk yLku MkwtËh R{khíkLke árüyu yËT¼wík fk{ Au.22

Mkwhík þnuhLkk MÚk÷ku søkík¼hLkk MkwtËh MÚk¤ku sux÷k s ykLktËËkÞf Au yu{ sýkðeLku {uLzuM÷ku yuf ycfkuýfkh yLku ¼qfhk ÃkÚÚkhLkk çkLku÷k ík¤kðLke {krníke ykÃku Au, su «rMkØ økkuÃke ík¤kð Au íku yk¾k þnuhLku WLkk¤kLkk {rnLkkyku{kt Ãký Ãkkýe Ãkqhwt Ãkkzu Au. íkuLkk ðýoLk{kt økkuÃke ík¤kð WÃkh çkktÄðk{kt ykðu÷k {LkkuhtsLk øk]nLkku WÕ÷u¾ fheLku fnu Au fu ÷kufku {kxu yu s {kus {ò hðkLkwt MÚk¤ níkwt. xku{Mk nçkox sýkðu Au fu LkËeLkwt Ãkkýe Ãkeðk {kxu Lkfk{wt çkLke òÞ Au íÞkhu ÷kufku økkuÃke ík¤kðLkk ÃkkýeLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. E.Mk. 1640{kt MkwhíkLke {w÷kfkíku ykðu÷k ÚkuðLkkuxu økkuÃkeík¤kðLke çkktÄýeLkwt yLku ÷kufku {kxu ík¤kð fuðwt WÃkøkkuÞe níkwt íkuLkwt ðýoLk fÞwO Au.23 ík¤kð Äehu Äehu ÃkwhkELku MktÃkqýo Lkü ÚkE [qõÞwt Au. MkwhíkLkk Lkðkçk niËh fw÷e¾kLku (1715-17) þnuhLku Vhíkku fkux çkktæÞku íÞkhu økkuÃke ík¤kðLkk ÃkÚÚkhku W¾kzeLku fk{{kt ÷eÄk Ãkrhýk{u ík¤kðLkk MÚkkLku {kºk {uËkLk s hÌkwt.

økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLkwt yðMkkLk:

økkuÃkeLkkÚku MkÕíkLkíkLkk hksfkhý{kt ¼sðu÷k ¼køkÚke íkuLkwt [rhºk Mk{òÞ Au. yuLke Mk¥kk yLku WzkW heíku hnuðkLke heíkÚke {wMk÷{kLkku íkuLke yËu¾kE fhíkk nþu yu{ rMkftËhe íkÚkk çkeò WÕ÷u¾ku ÃkhÚke sýkÞ Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkku ÃkkuxwoøkeÍku «íÞuLkku ÃkûkÃkkík {wMk÷{kLk Mkw÷íkkLk yLku y{ehkuLku ÃkMktË Lknª nkuÞ yu Ãký økkuÃkeLkwt Ëhçkkh{kt yr«ÞíkkLkwt fkhý nkuE þfu. yk økkuÃkeLkkÚk Lkk[økkLk, {kusþku¾ íkÚkk ËçkËçkk ¼hu÷e r{sçkkLkeyku {kxu òýeíkku níkku. r{hkíku rMkftËhe ÷¾u Au fu íkuýu MkwtËh ðkhktøkLkkyku ¼uøke fhe


níke yLku Lkk[økkLk yLku r{sçkkLke þku¾Úke fhíkku. yu{kt Äkh Lkk{Lke yuf ðkhktøkLkk íkku ½ýe MkwtËh níke. Lkk[ yLku r{sçkkLke nkuÞ íÞkhu íkuLkk ½h{kt økw÷kçkLkk yux÷k Zøk÷k Úkíkk fu þnuh{kt økw÷kçkLkk Vq÷ {¤íkk Lknª. Mkw÷íkkLkLkku yuf Mkøkku yn{Ë¾kLk íku yk Äkh ðkhkøktLkkLku òuÞk rðLkk yuLke WÃkh {kurník ÚkÞku níkku. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk ½h{kt Lkk[Lke r{sçkkLke Mk{Þu yuLku òuðk {kxu rLk{tºký Lk nkuðk Aíkkt {þk÷[eLkku ðuþ ÷ELku økÞku yk ðkíkLke økkuÃkeLkkÚkLku òý Úkíkkt yuLku {kh {hkÔÞku Ãký rððuf{kt fÌkwt fu Ãknu÷uÚke ¾çkh {kuf÷kðe nkuík íkku rLk{tºký ykÃke {kLkÚke çkku÷kðík. økkuÃkeLkkÚku Ãkk÷¾e{kt yn{Ë¾kLkLku ½uh ÃknkU[kzâku Ãký {khÚke yuLkwt yðMkkLk ÚkÞwt íkuLkk Mkøkkykuyu Mkw÷íkkLkLku VrhÞkË fhe. yuf hkºku hMíkk{kt økkuÃkeLkkÚkLku ½uhe {khk{khe fhe ½kÞ÷ fÞkuo. yk ðkík fkuxðk÷u Mkw÷íkkLkLku fhe. Mkw÷íkkLku y{ehkuLke fkLk¼t¼uhýeÚke íkuLkwt ½çkkh ÷qtxe ÷E Ëhçkkh{kt nksh fhðk nwf{ fÞkuo. økkuÃkeLkkÚku yhs fhe fu nwt íkku økheçk çkúkñý Awt yLku ík{khk rÃkíkkLke yk ÂMÚkríkyu ykÔÞku Awt, Ãkhtíkw Mkw÷íkkLk yux÷ku çkÄku AtAuzkÞku níkku fu økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk þçËkuLke íkuLkk Ãkh fkuE yMkh ÚkE Lknª yLku íkuýu yk¿kk fhe fu yk ®nËwÚke {wMk÷{kLkkuLku ½ýku ºkkMk ÚkÞku Au {kxu yuLku {khe Lkk¾ðku yu ÃkAe íkuLku fqíkhkLkk {kuíku {khe Lkk¾ðk{kt ykÔÞku.24 çkkçkkuoMkk økwshkíkLkk rðÏÞkík ®nËw y{eh økkuÃkeLkkÚk rðþu LkkUÄu Au fu Mkwhík{kt {r÷f økkuÃkLkkÚk Lkk{u yuf LkkÂMíkf Mk¥kk{kt Au yLku ¾t¼kíkLkk hkò (økwshkíkLkku Mkw÷íkkLk) yu yuLku {kxu ¾hkçk ðkíkku Mkkt¼¤íkkt {hkðe Lkt¾kÔÞku Au, òufu yu ÃkkuxwoøkeÍkuLkku r{ºk níkku.25 E.Mk. 1515Lke ykMkÃkkMk økwshkíkLkk Mkw÷íkkLkLke ¾VøkeLkku ¼kuøk çkLkðkÚke íkuLku {khe Lkk¾ðk{kt ykÔÞku.26 yk «{kýu Mkw«rMkØ ®nËw «ÄkLkLkk SðLkLkku ytík ykÔÞku.

økwshkíkLkk MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk{kt yk ®nËw y{eh økkuÃkeLkkÚk {÷ufLkwt {n¥ðLkwt MÚkkLk Au íku yuf rðïkMkw ÷køkðøk ÄhkðLkkhku ðÍeh níkku. íku yuf hksfkhýe fhíkkt ðuÃkkhe rðþu»k níkku. íkuLkk SðLkLke [zíke Ãkzíke MkwhíkLke ðuÃkkhe «ð]r¥k MkkÚku MktçktÄ Ähkðu Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚku Mkwhík{kt økkuÃkeÃkhwt, økkuÃke ík¤kð, yLku íkuLke ÃkíLkeLkk Lkk{u hkýeík¤kð çktÄkðeLku þnuhLke þku¼k

ðÄkhe. íkuýu MkwhíkLkwt ðneðxe íku{s ðuÃkkhe {n¥ð ðÄkÞwO yLku Mk{]Ø fÞwO. MkwhíkLkk MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk{kt {n¥ðLkwt ÞkuøkËkLk ykÃÞwt Au. økkuÃkeík¤kð Lkkþ ÃkkBÞwt Ãkhtíkw nk÷{kt LkðMkkhe çkòh ÃkkMkuLkku yuf rðMíkkh su økkuÃke ík¤kðLkk Lkk{Úke òýeíkku Au. økkuÃkeLkkÚkLkk yðMkkLk ÃkAe MkwhíkLkk {wÏÞ ðneðxËkh íkhefu fkuE ®nËwLke rLk{ýqf ÚkE LkÚke.ÃkkËLkkUÄ:1. skuxu,h.¼e., økwshkíkLkku MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk ¼køk-3

EM÷k{Þwøk, Ãk]. 8232. hks„kuh,rþð«MkkË , ¼khíkLkkt çktËhku, Ãk] .1323. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 8234. økwshkíkLkku hksfeÞ yLku MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk økútÚk -6,

{w½÷fk¤, Ãk]. 2785. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 686, 687, 6896. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk]. 67. yusLk Ãk]. 828. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 684, 6859. Commissariat, M.S. , Studies in the History of

Gujarat, P. 101

10. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 68811. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk]. 8212. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 62413. ™kÞf,Akuxw¼kE, økwshkík{kt EM÷k{e MkÕíkLkíkLkku

RríknkMk, Ãk]. 15814. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk]. 8315. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 688, 67316. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk]. 8317. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 67918. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk].8319. økwshkíkLkku hksfeÞ yLku MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk økútÚk-5,

Ãk]. 14020. yusLk Ãk]. 21621. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk]. 84, 13522. økwshkíkLkku hksfeÞ yLku MkktMf]ríkf RríknkMk økútÚk-5,

Ãk]. 49723. yusLk Ãk]. 499, 50124. òuxu, WÃkÞwofík, Ãk]. 69125. ykuÍk,Eïh÷k÷, «k[eLk y™u {æÞfk÷eLk økwshkíkLkk

RríknkMkLke ÷u¾Lk «ð]r¥k, Ãk]. 10626. økwshkík hkßÞ MkðoMktøkún, Mkwhík rsÕ÷ku, Ãk]. 721.

(1. S.ze. {kuËe fkì÷us ykuV ykxTMko, Ãkk÷LkÃkwh. 2. yuLk.Ãke. Ãkxu÷ {rn÷k ykxTMko fkì÷us, Ãkk÷LkÃkwh)


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(Mk{økú Ëuþ{kt fkÞËkLkk rþûkýLke Mkðo«Úk{ çkUøk÷kuhÂMÚkík LkuþLk÷ ÷kì Mfq÷ ykìV EÂLzÞk ÞwrLkðŠMkxeLkk MktMÚkkÃkffw÷Ãkrík zkì. yuLk.ykh. {kÄð {uLkLku ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkh ÃkÄkheLku ykÃku÷wt {LkLkeÞ ÔÞkÏÞkLk ynª «Míkwík Au.)

yk fBkoÇkqrBk Au MkhËkh ÔkÕÕkÇkÇkkE ÃkxuÕkLke. zkì. MkLLke ŽkuBkMk yLku zkì. yhwÛkkåkÕkBk MkkŽuLke ÔkkíkåkeíkBkkt BkLku òÛkÔkk BkéGšt fu, íkuyku MkhËkhLke yk ÇkqrBk Ãkh fkBk fhÔkkLkku fuÔkku økÔko yLšÇkÔke hnGkk Au. MkhËkh ÃkxuÕk yuf yuÔke ÔGkrfík Au fu suÛku ÇkkhíkLku yuf yÏktz yLku MÔkíktºk ÇkkhíkBkkt çkËÕGšt suLkku ykÃk MkÔkuo yksu økÔko yLšÇkÔkku Aku. íkBkkhkBkktŽe ÎkÛkkLku ÏGkkÕk n~ku fu MÔkíktºkíkkLke ÕkzkE ÔkÏkíku Çkkhík BšÏGkíÔku yt„ús ~kkMkLk Lkeåku níšt yLku ÇkkhíkBkkt 600 Že Ôkækkhu yÕkøk-yÕkøk «fkhLkkt hsÔkkzkt níkkt. Ëhuf hsÔkkzkLke fkGkËkfeGk ÃkØrík ÃkÛk yÕkøk níke. íku MkBkGku nwt ÃkÛk yuf rÔkãkŽeo níkku yLku fuxÕkef MktMŽkykuLkk Mknkhu yk åkBkífkh ŽE ~kfGkku.

ºkkÔkÛkfkuhLkk BknkhkòLku ÃkkuíkkLšt hksGk òíku s åkÕkkÔkÔšt níšt. íku Çkkhík fu ÃkkrfMíkkLkBkkt òuzkÔkk Bkktøkíkk Lk níkk. ºkkÔkÛkfkuhLkk BknkhkòLkk ÏGkkíkLkkBk ËeÔkkLk fkGkËkLkk òÛkfkh yLku Mš«rMkØ r~kûkÛkrÔkËT Mkh Mke.Ãke. hkBkkMÔkkBke yiGkhu BknkhkòLku MkÕkkn ykÃke fu òu ykÃk Ôkækkhu MkBkGk hfÍf fh~kku íkku fËkåk íkBkLku ÃkÛk fk~BkehLkk BknkhkòLke suBk Ôkækkhu Mkkhe MkøkÔkzku yLku ~khíkku Bk¤~ku. íkBku yÏktz ÇkkhíkBkkt òuzkÔkk Bkkxu GkkuøGk ~khíkkuLke BkktøkÛke fhe ~kfku Aku. MkhËkhLkk yk„únLku Ôk~kBkkt ŽÔkkLke WíkkÔk¤ Lkk fh~kku. íkuBkÛku ÎkÛkku MkBkGk hfÍf fhe ÃkÛk MkhËkh ÃkxuÕku MkBkGkMkqåkfíkk ÔkkÃkheLku ÎkÛkk çkækk hkòyku yLku BknkhkòykuLku ÃkkuíkkLke fwLkunŽe MkBkòÔke yÏktz ÇkkhíkBkkt òuzGkk. MkhËkhLku ºkkÔkÛkfkuh ÃkkuÕkeMkLke BkËË ÕkuÔkkLke sYh Lkk Ãkze suÔke íkuBkLku niËhkçkkËBkkt sYh Ãkze.

MkhËkh ÃkxuÕkLkk áZ rLkùÞ, MkBkGkMkqåkfíkk, ËqhtËu~keÃkÛkk yLku ÃkkuíkkLkk Ëu~k Bkkxu yLknË ÕkkøkÛke yLku MkBkÃkoÛkð]r¥kLku fkhÛku ºkkÔkÛkfkuhLkk Bknkhkò Ïkkuxk Mkkrçkík ŽGkk íkuÔke heíku ÎkÛkk Bknkhkòyku yLku rLkÍkBk MkhËkh ÃkxuÕkLku MkBksÔkkBkkt Ïkkuxk Mkkrçkík ŽGkk níkk.

nwt MkhËkhLkkt ÔkÏkkÛk yuxÕkk Bkkxu fhwt Awt fkhÛk fu BkU nBkÛkkt s MkhËkhLkk fhBkMkËLke BšÕkkfkík Õkeæke Au. sGkkt BkU òuGšt fu MkhËkh suÔkk BknkLk Lkuíkk fuxÕke MkkËøke yLku rÔkLk{úíkkŽe SÔGkk yLku íkuBkLkk ÃkAe íkuBkLkk yLšGkkGkeyku suÔkk fu ©e. Mke.yuÕk. ÃkxuÕk ÃkÛk íkuxÕke s rÔkLk{úíkk yLku MkkËøkeŽe SÔkLk SÔke hÌkk Au.

ÃkkuíkkLkk Ëu~k yLku íkuLkk rÔkfkMk yLku MkÕkkBkíke Bkkxu ÃkkuíkkLšt SÔkLk ÎkMke LkktÏGš. ÃkkuíkkLkk SÔkLkLkkt íkBkkBk MšÏkLku ÇkqÕkeLku ÃkkuíkkLkk Ëu~kLkku WØkh fGkkuo. Ôk¤íkh YÃku f~ke s yÃkuûkk Lk hkÏke. ykLku s Mkkåke «uhÛkk fne ~kfkGk. íkuÔke s «uhÛkk BkLku zkì. yhwÛkkåkÕkBk yLku MkLLke ŽkuBkMkBkkt ÃkÛk òuÔkk Bk¤u Au. íkuykuyu yuf Ôkkík ÃkÛk fçkqÕke Au fu íkuykuLku Ëhhkus MkhËkh ÃkxuÕkBkktŽe yÔkLkÔke «uhÛkk Bk¤íke s hnu Au. nwt EåAe~k fu ÇkkhíkLkk Ëhuf GšÔkkLkLku MkhËkh ÃkxuÕkBkktŽe «uhÛkk Bk¤u yLku íkuLkk Bkkxu ykÃkÛku EríknkMk ÔkktåkÔkku Ãkz~ku. ykÃkÛku yu òÛkÔšt Ãkz~ku fu MkhËkh ÃkxuÕku su fkBk íku MkBkGku fGšO íku fuxÕšt yÎkhwt níšt íku MkBkGkøkk¤ku yksLkk fhíkkt ÎkÛkkus yÕkøk níkku. ÇkkhíkBkkt íku MkBkGku ækBkoLkk LkkBku ÇkkøkÕkk ÃkzuÕkk níkk. åkkhu çkksw ÕkkuneLke nku¤e ÏkuÕkkíke níke. fkU„úuMk ÃkûkBkktŽe s MkhËkhLku su Mknkhku Bk¤Ôkku òuEyu íku BkéGkku Lk níkku. yt„úòu ÇkkøkÕkk ÃkkzÔkkLke LkeríkŽe ~kkMkLk fhíkk níkk. Ëhuf hkò, Bknkhkò yLku rLkÍkBk ÃkkuíkÃkkuíkkLke heíku ~kkMkLk fhíkk níkk. íku MkBkGku Äehs yLku rËøkporü hkÏke níke. yk íkBkkBk Õkkufku ÃkkMkuŽe fkBk fhkÔkÔšt fuxÕšt yÎkhwt ŽE ÃkzGšt n~ku ? ykÔkk níkk Õkkun Ãšhw»k MkhËkh ÃkxuÕk. MkËTLkMkeçku ykÃkÛku íkuBkLku fxkufxeLkk MkBkGku øšBkkÔke Ëeækk. Ãkhtíš suxÕkku MkBkGk íku SÔGkk íkuxÕkku MkBkGk íkuBkÛku yÏktz Çkkhík yLku íkuLkk Ëhuf Lkkøkrhf Bkkxu ÃkkuíkkLkku ®Mkn Vk¤ku ykÃGkku. òu íkuyku yíGkkhu nkuík íkku ÇkkhíkLke ÃkrhrMŽrík ftEf yÕkøk s nkuík.

Ôkækkhu MkBk]Ø yLku Ïkqçk rÔkfMkeík Ëu~kBkkt ykÃkÛku økÔkoŽe MkkBkuÕk ŽE ~kfGkk nkuík. yksu yk Îkzeyu


yk søGkkyu QÇkk hne nwt MkhËkh ÃkxuÕkLku Bkkhe ©Øktsr÷ yÃkoÛk fhwt Awt. BkLku økÔko Au fu nwt yksu yuBkLkk MÔk¡YÃke MktMŽk MkBkûk QÇkku Awt.

zkì. yhwÛkkåkÕkBku BkLku ynet çkkuÕkkÔGkku íkuLkku BkLku ykLktË Au. nkÕkBkkt nwt yBkËkÔkkËBkkt r~kûkfkuLku íkkÕkeBk ykÃkÔkk ykÔGkku Awt. fkGkËkLšt r~kûkÛk fuÔke heíku ykÃkÔšt íku rÔk»kGk Ãkh Bkkhu íkkÕkeBk ykÃkÔkkLke Au. fkGkËkLkkt Mkt~kkuækLk fuÔke heíku ŽE ~kfu. LkÔke fkGkËkLke fkuÕkuòu fuÔke heíku çkLkkÔke ~kfkGk. yk íkBkkBk rÔk»kGkku Ãkh nwt æGkkLk ykÃkÔkkLkku Awt. su heíku ÔkirïfhÛk ŽE hÌkwt Au íku «BkkÛku ykÃkÛku fkGkËkLke òÛkfkhe hkÏkÔke sYhe ƒLku Au.hÃk Ôk»ko sqLkk fkGkËk yLku íkuLkk Bkk¤Ïkk yíGkkhu ÎkÛkkt sqLkk ŽE økGkk Au suLku çkËÕkÔkkLke sYh Au. òu ykÃkÛku ÇkkhíkLku rÔkfrMkík Ëu~k çkLkkÔkÔkk Bkktøkíkk nkuEyu íkku ykÃkÛku fkGkËkLke fkuÕkusLku «kækkLGk ykÃkÔšt Ãkz~ku. yk MktrÔkækkMkBkkt ÎkzÔkiGkkykuLke Ëe½oárü «BkkÛku ykÃkÛku nÔku ÎkÛkkt VuhVkhLke sYh Au. økheçke yu ÇkkhíkLkku MkkiŽe Mk¤økíkku «§ Au. ykÃkÛkkt MktrÔkækkLkLke òuøkÔkkE yLšMkkh Ëhuf ÔGkrfíkLku GkkuøGk MkBkGku GkkuøGk LGkkGk Bk¤~ku s yuÔke su Ïkkíkhe ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔke Au íku «BkkÛku ykÔkk Õkkufku ËçkkGkuÕkk, fåkzkGkuÕkk yLku ÇkuËÇkkÔkLkku Çkkuøk çkLGkk Au. ÇkkhíkBkkt ÃkAkík òríkLkk Õkkufku, ËrÕkík MkBkks yLku yÃktøk çkk¤fkuLku GkkuøGk íkf yLku MšrÔkækk Bk¤íke LkŽe. íkuLkkŽe íkuyku Ôktråkík hne òGk Au. ykÔkk ÕkkufkuLku ÔGkrfíkøkík LGkkGk yLku Ãkqhíke íkf Bk¤Ôke òuEyu. suŽe íkuyku ÃkkuíkkLke ÔGkrfíkøkík AkÃk QÇke fhe ~kfu.

MkkBkkrsf yLku hksfeGk ÇkkhíkŽe íkuyku y¤økk hne òGk Au ykíBk MkLBkkLkŽe yÕkøk ŽE òGk Au. su íkuykuLku Bk¤Ôkk Ãkkºk Au.

BkLku nS yu LkŽe MkBkòíšt fu økktækeS yu fuÔke heíku ©eBktík yLku økheçk ÔkøkoLku yuf hkÏkeLku yt„úuòu MkkBku

ykÍkËeLke ÕkzkE Õkze níke. yks çkkçkíkku ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛke òíkLku ÃkqAÔkkLke Au. su ykÃkÛku fkGkËkLkku yÇGkkMk fhíke ÔkÏkíku ÃkkuíkkLke òíkLku fneyu Aeyu. ykÃkÛku su MkÃkŽ ÕkEyu Aeyu íkuBkkt ykÃkÛku ËhufLku MkBkksLku nf Bk¤u íkuLke Ôkkík fheyu Aeyu ÃkAe íku ÇkÕkuLku íku Ër÷ík fu ÃkAkík òríkLkku fuBk Lkk nkuGk. íkËTWÃkhktík ÇkkhíkLke yufíkk yLku yÏktzíkk MkÔkkuoÃkhe Au. Ëhuf ÇkkhíkÔkkMkeyu ykÃkÛkkt MktrÔkækkLkLš MktÃkqÛko ÃkkÕkLk yLku yBkÕk fhÔkku òuEyu. ÏkhuÏkh íkku yk MkBk„ú ÇkkhíkLkku MkkBkkrsf BkuLkeVuMxku Au. ykÃkÛku 130 fhkuz Çkkhíkeyku yuxÕku fu Ãk]ÚÔkeÔkkMkeykuLkku Aêku Çkkøk. Ëhuf 60Bkku BkkÛkMk ÇkkhíkeGk Au. fuxÕke sçkhËMík Ôkkík fnuÔkkGk. su Knowledge Society Bkkt ykÃkýu hneyu Aeyu. íkuBkkt 60 fhkuz GšÔkkLkkuLku GkkuøGk r~kûkÛk yLku fw~k¤íkk ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku íkku Çkkhík Ëhuf ûkuºkBkkt MkÔkkuoÃkhe çkLke ~kfu Au. fkhÛk fu ¿kkLk s MkÔko ~krfíkBkkLk Au. íku s BkkÛkMkLšt MkÔko©uc ÃkkMšt Au. Çkkhík rMkÔkkGkLkk çkeò Ëu~kkuLke Ôkkík fheyu íkku yBkurhfk fu GšhkuÃk suÔkk Bkkuxk ÇkkøkLkk Ëu~kkuBkkt Ôk]ØkuLke MktÏGkk ykÃkÛkk fhíkk ÎkÛke Ôkækkhu Au. sGkkhu ÇkkhíkBkkt Mkhuhk~k ÔkGkLke Ôkkík fheyu íkku 18 Že 30-40 ÔkååkuLkk GšÔkkLkkuLke MktÏGkkLkku yktfzku yLkuf ÎkÛkku Au. Ãkhtíkw çkËLkMkeçkeLke Ôkkík yu Au fu Çkkhíku MkkiŽe ©uc EsLkuhku, zkufxhku, ÔkfeÕkku yLku ÔkneÔkxe fw~k¤íkkÔkk¤k BkkÛkMkku ËwrLkGkk Bkkxu s íkiGkkh fGkko Au. ykÃkÛšt GšÔkkækLk yBkurhfk yLku GšhkuÃkBkkt sELku

Ëuþ{kt Mkik «Úk{ fkÞËk™e Þwr™ðrMkoxe ƒut„÷kuh ¾kŒu MÚk…kŒkt Œu™k MÚkk…f fw÷…rŒ hnu÷k y™u yíÞkhu ¼khŒ Mkhfkh™k fkÞËk …t[™k MkÇÞ zku. {kÄð {u™™ Mkeðeyu{Mkt[kr÷Œ ykh.yu™.…xu÷ RÃfkuðk÷k Mfq÷ ykuV ÷kì yuLz srMxMk™e {w÷kfkŒu …ÄkÞko íÞkhu yæÞûkMÚkk™uÚke MktƒkuÄ™ fhe hnu÷k Mkeðeyu{™k yæÞûk zkì. Mke.yu÷.…xu÷.{t[ …h zkì. {kÄð {u™™(yufË{ s{ýu) y™u ÷kì Mfq÷™k yk[kÞo zkì. yhwýk[÷{.


ÔkMÞwt Au. òu ykÔkk s ÕkkufkuLku ÇkkhíkBkkt s ÃkkuíkkLke ûkBkíkk çkíkkÔkÔkkLkku yLku rÔkfMkÔkkLke íkf Bk¤u íkku ËkÏkÕkk íkhefu øšshkík hksGkkuLkku su heíku rÔkfkMk ŽE hnGkku Au, íku s heíku Ër÷ík yLku ÃkAkík òríkykuLkku ÃkÛk rÔkfkMk ŽE ~kfu Au.

yk yuf Bkn¥ðLkku «§ Au. Bkkhwt fnuÔšt yu s Au fu yíGkkhu ykÃkÛku yuf yuÔkk íkçkffu ykÔkeLku QÇkk Aeyu fu sGkkt ykÃkÛšt MktrÔkækkLk ÇkkhíkLku nS ÃkÛk 100 Že h00 Ôk»ko ykøk¤ ÕkE sE ~kfu Au. íkBku íkBkkhe òíkLku ÇkkhíkeGk fuBk fnku Aku ? ~št íkBku ÇkkhíkBkkt sLkBGkk Aku yuxÕku ? ~št íkBkLku ÇkkhíkLšt LkkøkrhíÔk BkéGšt Au yuxÕku ? fkuE ÃkÛk BkÿkMke, Ãktòçke, hksMŽkLke, øšshkíke fuÔke heíku ÇkkhíkeGk çkLku Au ? ~št ykÃkÛke MktMf]rík ykÃkÛkLku ÇkkhíkeGk çkLkkÔku Au ? òu íkuBk nkuGk íkku ~št ÃkkrfMíkkLk yLku çkktøÕkkËu~kLke MktMf]rík ykÃkÛkkt fhíkk yÕkøk Au? ykBk, òuEyu íkku ykÃkÛku çkækkt s ÃknuÕkk yuf níkk íkku ykÃkÛke MktMf]rík ÃkÛk yuf s ŽE fnuÔkkGk. MktMf]ríkŽe ykÃkÛku ÇkkhíkeGk LkŽe çkLkíkk. Ãkhtíš ykÃkÛkk MktrÔkækkLkŽe ykÃkÛku ÇkkhíkeGk çkLkeyu Aeyu. Lkneíkh ykÃkÛku ÃkÛk GšøkkuMÕkkrðGkkLke suBk s Ëhuf hksGkBkkt ÔknUåkkGkuÕkk nkuík. òu MkhËkh ÃkxuÕk Lkk nkuík íkku ykÃkÛku fGkkhLkkGk LkkLkk - LkkLkk ÇkkøkBkkt ÔknUåkkE økGkk nkuík. fkhÛk fu ykÃkÛkku Ëu~k rÔkÇkLLk ækBkkuo yLku Mkt«ËkGkLkku çkLkuÕkku Au. ykÃkÛku Ëhuf çkkçkíkBkkt yufçkeòŽe yÕkøk Aeyu Çkk»kk, Ïkkuhkf, ækBko, ÔkíkoÛkqf Ëhuf çkkçkíkBkkt ykÃkÛku yufçkeòŽe yÕkøk Aeyu. rÔkËu~keykuLku yu s ÔkkíkLšt íkku ykùÞo Au fu ykÃkÛku ykxÕke çkæke rÔkÇkLLkíkk nkuÔkk Aíkkt yufíkkŽe fuBkLkk SÔkeyu Aeyu. íkuŽe s íkku yt„úòuLku yuÔšt ÕkkøGš fu ykÍkËe ÃkAe ÃkÛk ykÃkÛku yÕkøk-yÕkøk ÇkkøkBkkt rÔkÇkkSík ŽE sE~št. íkuŽe íkku åkåkeoÕku fÌkwt níšt fu Çkkhík ykÍkËeLku ÕkkGkf LkŽe. ykÃkÛku ykBk ÃkÛk yufçkeòŽe rçkÕkfwÕk yÕkøk Aeyu.

Õkkufku ækkŠBkf «ŽkLku ÃkÛk ÃkhtÃkhk økÛku Au. fkhÛk fu ykÃkÛkk Ëu~kBkkt Ëhuf Lku çkæke s çkkçkíkLke MÔkíktºkíkk Au. ykÃkÛkLku yuf çkeòLke òuzu su òuze hkÏku Au íku Au ÇkkhíkeGk MktrÔkækkLk Au, yLku íku s yuf BkÿkMkeLku Ãktòçke MkkŽu òuzu Au. ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk MÔkíktºk MkuLkkLkeyku yLku MktrÔkækkLkLkk ÎkzÔkiGkkykuLkku ykÇkkh BkkLkÔkku òuEyu fkhÛk fu íkuBkLku fkhÛku s ykÃkÛku íGkkt rÔkrÇkLLkíkkBkkt ÃkÛk yufíkk hnuÕke Au.

yk Ôk»koŽe ykÃkÛke yk Õkkì fkuÕkus ~kY ŽE Au. íkuLkk Bkkxu yrÇkLktËLk, yLku íkBku çkækk LkMkeçkËkh Aku fu íkBku yk Õkkì fkuÕkusBkkt ÇkÛkku Aku. fkhÛk fu yk Õkkì fkuÕkusLkk MŽkÃkf ©e ÃkxuÕk Mkknuçk, r«rLMkÃkkÕk, MkBkks yLku Bktz¤ çkækkLke Lksh íkBkkhk WÃkh Au. íkBku s ykÔkLkkhk ÇkrÔk»GkLkk Lkuíkkyku Aku. íkBku Õkkufku s yk Õkkì fkuÕkus, ykh.yuLk. ÃkxuÕk EÃfkuÔkkÕkk MfqÕk ykuV Õkkì yuLz sÂMxMkLku Ëu~k yLku ËwrLkGkkÇkhBkkt ykøk¤ ÕkE s~kku. íkuŽe íkBkkhe Ôkækkhu MktÇkk¤ hkÏkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. Ëhuf r~kûkf íkBkkhwt Ôkækkhu æGkkLk hkÏk~ku. íkBkLku Ëu~kLkkt MkÔko©uc fkGkËkrÔkËT çkLkkÔkk BkkxuLkk íkuBkLkk «GkJku hnu~ku. Ãkhtíšt òu íkBku íkuBk fhkÔkBkkt rLk»V¤ økGkk íkku yk fkuÕkusLšt LkkBk yLku ÏGkkrík Lke[e ykÔke s~ku. fkhÛk fu íkBku yk fkuÕkusLke «ŽBk çkuåkLkkt rÔkãkŽeoyku Aku. íkBku yk fkuÕkusŽe yku¤Ïkk~kku. íkBkkhu íkBkkhe sÔkkçkËkhe Ãkqhe heíku rLkÇkkÔkÔke òuEyu. íkBkkhu MkhËkh ÔkÕÕkÇkÇkkE ÃkxuÕk yLku íkuBkLke fBkoÇkqrBkLku æGkkLkBkkt hkÏkÔke òuEyu. MkhËkh ÔkÕÕkÇkÇkkE ÃkxuÕk íkuBkLkk fw~k¤ ÔkneÔkx yLku Ëe½oárüLku Õkeæku òÛkeíkk Au. íkuŽe Bkkhe EåAk Au fu yk fkuÕkus MfqÕk ykuV Õkkì yuLz sÂMxMkLku çkËÕku MfqÕk ykuV ÷kì yuLz økðLkoLMkŽe yku¤ÏkkGk. fkhÛk fu yksu ÇkkhíkBkkt su WÛkÃk Au íku Mkkhe ÔkneÔkxe MkqÍ yLku Mkkhk ÔkneÔkxe fw~k¤ LkuíkkykuLke Au.ykÃkÛkk fkGkËk BkkxuLke òÛkfkheLke WÛkÃk Au. Ëu~kLkku fw~k¤ ÔkneÔkx fhÔkku yu fkuE Mkh¤ çkkçkík LkŽe. yLku ÏkkMk fheLku ÇkkhíkBkkt yLkufrÔkæk rÔkrÔkækíkk hnuÕke Au. ykÃkÛkk Ëu~kLkk hksfkhÛkŽe íkku ykÃk MkÔkuo ÔkkfuV Aku s.

ykÃkÛku fkGkËkyku yLku fkGkËkLke MktMŽkyku çkLkkÔkÔke Au. su Ëu~kLku GkkuøGk ÃkØríkŽe åkÕkkÔke ~kfu yLku LkkøkrhfkuLku Ãkqhíke MkøkÔkz yLku MkÕkkBkíke Ãkqhe Ãkkze ~kfu, ykBk fhÔkkBkkt fuxÕkef çkkçkíkkuLšt æGkkLk hkÏkÔšt ÃkÛk sYhe Au. suÔke fu fuLÿ yLku hksGk ÔkååkuLkk Ôkiåkkrhf BkíkÇkuËku WÃkhktík fkuEÃkÛk hksfeGk ÔkneÔkxe ÃkØríkBkkt ºkÛk ÕkuÔkÕk nkuGk Au. suÔkk fu fuLÿ, hksGk yLku „úkBGk ÕkuÔkÕku yk heíku fkBk fhÔšt yu yuf Ãkzfkh MkBkkLk Au. yk «fkhLke fkGkËkLke fkuÕkuòu rÔkãkŽeoykuLku yk «fkhu fkBk fhÔkkLke heíkku ~keÏkÔkkz~ku. rÔkãkŽeoykuLku fkGkËkBkkt Ôkækkhu Mkt~kkuækLk fhÔkk «urhík fh~ku. WÃkhktík MktrÔkækkrLkf heíku Ôkíkoíkk ~keÏkÔk~ku. suŽe fheLku sGkkhu LkËeLkkt ÃkkÛke çkkçkíku BkkŽkfqx ŽkGk íkku yufçkeòLkkt BkkŽkt VkuzÔkkLku çkËÕku MkBksÛkŽe Bš~fuÕkeLšt rLkhkfhÛk ÕkkÔke ~kfkGk.


WËknhÛk íkhefu fkÔkuhe LkËeLkkt ÃkkÛke Bkkxu íkkBkeÕkLkkzw yLku fÛkkoxf Ôkååku ÎkÛke çkæke BkkŽkVkuz ŽE níke. yufçkeò MkkBku fhuÕkk fkuxo fuMkLku ÕkzÔkk Bkkxu fhkuzku YrÃkGkkLšt hktækÛk fhe åkqfGkk Aeyu. yLku LkËeLšt ÃkkÛke ÔkneLku yhçk MkkøkhBkkt Çk¤e hÌkwt Au. fuxÕke BkqÏkoíkk ÇkhuÕšt fkGko fnuÔkkGk. ~št ykÃkÛku yk Bš~fuÕkeLšt GkkuøGk heíku çšrØŽe rLkhkfhÛk ÕkkÔkÔkk ykÃkÛku MkûkBk LkŽe? íkuŽe s ÔkneÔkxBkkt fkGkËkLkku çknw s Bkn¥ðLkku Çkkøk Au. fuÔke heíku sYhe yuÔkk MkúkuíkLkku GkkuøGk WÃkGkkuøk ŽE ~kfu fu suŽe ËhufLku íkuLkku ÕkkÇk Bk¤u. GkkuøGk MktMŽkyku MŽkÃkÔkkLke sYh yuxÕkk s Bkkxu Au fu suŽe ykÔke Ëhuf çkkçkíkkuLšt GkkuøGk heíku rLkhkfhÛk ykÔke ~kfu. suLku fkhÛku ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk LkkøkrhfkuLku øšÛkÔk¥kkMkÇkh yLku MŽkGke SÔkLk ykÃke ~kfeyu.

yk Ëe½oárüLke çkkçkík Au yk çkÄwt s fhÔkk Bkkxu çkkirØfíkk fu¤ÔkÔkkLke sYh Au. íkuLkkŽe s WsÔk¤ ÇkrÔk»Gk Bku¤Ôke ~kfkGk. yu Ëe½oárü ykÃkÛkk MktrÔkækkLkBkkt çkíkkÔkuÕke s Au. Bkkhk BktíkÔGk yLšMkkh ykÃkÛku MfqÕk ykuV ÷kì yuLz økðLkoLMkLke sYh Au. fËkåk Žkuzwt Bkkuzwt ŽGšt n~ku íkuBk Aíkkt íkuLšt fkhÛk yu Au fu òu ykÔke fkuE fkuÕkusLke MŽkÃkLkk Ž~ku íkku íkuLkku yÇGkkMk¢Bk ÃkÛk íkuLku Õkøkíkku s n~ku. ÇkÛkkÔkÔkkLke ÃkØrík yLku r~kÏkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔkíkk ÃkkXku ÃkÛk íkuÔkk s n~ku. íkuLku Õkøkíkk rÔk»kGkku Ãkh Mkt~kkuækLkku Ž~ku yLku íkuLkk ÃkrhÛkkBkYÃku yLkuf LkÔkk Mke{kr[nTLkku «çk¤ ŽE ~kfu.

økEfkÕku zku. yhwÛkkåkÕkBku ykÃkuÕke yk fkuÕkusLke Bkkrníke ÃšÂMíkfkŽe BkLku òÛkÔkk {éÞwt fu MkhËkh ÃkxuÕku MÔkíktºk yLku MkBk]Ø ÇkkhíkLšt MÔk¡ òuGšt níšt suLku Bkkxu íkuBkÛku fuxÕkef ÃkØríkyku rÔk~ku ÃkÛk rÔkåkkGšo níšt. suLku {U yk fkuÕkusLke Bkkrníke ÃšrMíkfkBkktŽe òÛke. MkhËkh ÃkxuÕku rÔkåkkGšO níšt fu ÇkkhíkLkku ykæšrLkf rÔkfkMk fhÔkk Bkkxu økkBkzkLkku rÔkfkMk sYhe Au. økktækeSyu ÃkÛk yk Ôkkík fhe níke. íkuBkÛku ÃkÛk økkBkzkLkku rÔkfkMk fhÔkkLke Ôkkík fhe níke. ykæšrLkf ~kiûkrÛkf MktMŽkyku MŽkÃkÔke, ¿kkLk Ôkøkh ykæšrLkf ËwrLkGkkBkkt f~št s Bku¤Ôke ~kfkíšt LkŽe. sGkkhu ykÃkÛku ðirïf ËwrLkGkkLke Ôkkík fhíkk nkuEyu íkku ¿kkLk ÃkÛk ðirïf nkuÔšt òuEyu. r~kûkÛk yuxÕku çkeòLku hkusøkkhe yÃkkÔke ~kfu, Lknª fu Vfík ¿kkLk Ãkqhwt ÃkkzÔšt yLku òu ykÔšt ŽkGk íkku ykÃkÛkkBkkt hnuÕke ~krfíkykuLkku ÔGkGk ŽGkku fnuÔkkGk. Wååk r~kûkÛku ÕkkufkuLku fw~k¤íkk yLku fu¤ÔkÛke ykÃkÔkkLke nkuGk Au. fnuÔkkLkku yŽo yu Au fu

íkBkkhkBkkt hnuÕke fw~k¤íkkLku íkBkkhu çkòhBkkt ÔkuåkÔkkLke Au. ËwrLkGkkLkk fkuEÃkÛk ÏkqÛku òÔk íkku íkBkkhe fw~k¤íkk yLku fu¤ÔkÛkeŽe íkBkLku GkkuøGk rË~kk [ªæke ~kfu. íkuŽe s Wååk øšÛkÔkíkk MkÇkh r~kûkÛk yLku fu¤ÔkÛke sYhe Au. ÃkAe òu fkuE rÔk»kGk nkuGk, BkurzfÕk, EsLkuhe, Õkkì, rVÕkkuMkkuVe fu EríknkMk. f]r»kLkku rÔkfkMk ÃkÛk yuxÕkku s sYhe Au. ÃkÛk fGkku ÔkfeÕk f]r»k rÔk~kuLke Ôkkík fh~ku? fGkk ssLku Ïkuíke MkkŽu Mkçktæk Au ? fkGkËkLkk rLk»ÛkkíkkuLku Ïkuíke rÔk~ku MkBks Au Ïkhe ? ÇkøkÔkkLkLkku ykÇkkh fu ykÃkÛku Ïkuíke yLku íkuLke WÃks Bkkxu sYhe yuÔšt ækkLGk Wøkkzeyu Aeyu Lknª íkku 130 fhkuz ÇkkhíkeGkkuLku fuÔke rÔkfx ÃkrhrMŽríkLkku MkkBkLkku fhÔkku Ãkzík. ~št ykÃkÛku íkuLke ykGkkík fhe ~kfGkk nkuík. Ïkuíke îkhk íkuÕkLšt WíÃkkËLk Lk ŽE ~kfu ÃkÛk çkkGkkuøkuMk yu ÏkuíkeLke s WÃks Au. íkuŽe s MkhËkh ÃkxuÕk økkBkzkLkk rÔkfkMkLke MkkŽu MkkŽu ÏkuíkeBkkt ykæšrLkfhÛkLku ÃkÛk «kuíMkkrník fGšO. íkËTWÃkhktík MkhËkh ÃkxuÕk Mknfkhe «ð]r¥kLkk ÃkÛk rnBkkGkíke níkk.

yksfkÕk ykŠŽf rÔkfkMkLkku Ëkuh åkkÕke hÌkku Au yLku ykŠŽf rÔkfkMkLkku ykækkh Ïkqçk s Bkkuxe MÃkækko Ãkh hnuÕkku Au. MkhËkh ÃkxuÕku MÃkækkoíBkf rÔkfkMkLku çkËÕku nfkhkíBkf rÔkfkMkLke Ôkkík fhe níke. Ãkhtíš sGkkhu ykÃkÛke ËwrLkGkk MÃkækkoBkkt Çkkøk Õkuíke nkuGk íkku ykÃkÛkkŽe fuÔke heíku ÃkkA¤ hnuÔkkGk. ykÃkÛku su çkkçkíkkuBkkt Mkkhk MÃkækkoíBkf nkuEyu íkuBkkt íkku ykÃkÛku ykøk¤ ÔkækÔšt s òuEyu Ãkhtíš sGkkhu ykÃkÛku su „úkBk rÔkfkMkLke Ôkkík fheyu, f]r»krÔkfkMkLke Ôkkík fheyu yLku MkfkhkíBkf MkBkksLke Ôkkík fheyu íGkkhu ykÃkÛku ykÛktËLku fuÔke heíku ÇkqÕke ~kfeyu Õkkufkuyu ykE.ykE.yuBk, yBkËkÔkkË rÔk~ku MkktÇkéGš n~ku. ÎkÛkk Õkkufkuyu EhBkk rÔk~ku òÛGšt n~ku. MknfkhkíBkf ÃkØríkŽe WíÃkkËLk ûkBkíkkBkkt Ôkækkhku ŽE ~kfu Au. BkkÛkMkkuBkkt hnuÕke ûkBkíkkBkkt Ôkækkhku ŽE ~kfu Au. yk Ëhuf çkkçkík ykÛktËBkkt Mkkåke Mkkrçkík ŽE Au. suLku ËwrLkGkk MkVuË ¢ktríkŽe yku¤Ïku Au.

BkLku yuÔšt Õkkøku Au fu òu ykÃkÛku MknfkhkíBkf ÃkØríkŽe zuheLkku rÔkfkMk fhe ~kfeyu Aeyu. fwÃkku»kÛkŽe ykÃkÛkk çkk¤fkuLku rÔkfkMk YtækkGkku Au íkksuíkhBkkt «ækkLkBktºke©eyu yuf ynuÔkkÕkBkkt sÛkkÔGšt Au fu ÇkkhíkBkkt 33% çkk¤fkuBkkt fwÃkku»kÛkLke Bš~fuÕke Au. yk ÏkhuÏkh Çkkhík Ëu~k Bkkxu ~khBksLkf fnuÔkkGk. fwÃkku»kÛkLku ~št MkBks~kku ? íkBkkhkBkkt hnuÕke ûkBkíkk yLku ~krõíkykuLkku yÄqhku rÔkfkMk yuxÕku fwÃkku»kÛk. Ãkktåk Ôk»koLke ôBkhu


ÃknkUåkíkkt ÃknuÕkkt s yÔkMkkLk ŽÔšt. fwÃkku»kÛk yuxÕku yÄqhwt r~kûkÛk yLku òu ykÃk Ãkktåk Ôk»koŽe Ôkækkhu SÔke økGkk íkku ÃkÛk r~kûkÛk yLku yÇGkkMk Bkkxu fkuE «GkJ LkŽe fhe ~kfGkk, ÃkkA¤Že ykÃkÛku Ãkqhíšt Ãkku»kÛk ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku íkku ÃkÛk ykÃkÛkku rÔkfkMk Lk ŽE ~kfu. ykLšt fkhÛk ~št nkuE ~kfu Au. ykÃkÛku ÃkkMku Ãkqhíkk Mkúkuík LkŽe fu suLke ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk çkk¤fkuLku Ãkqhíkwt Ãkku»kÛk ÃkÛk LkŽe ykÃke ~kfíkk. ~št çkk¤fkuLku yuxÕkk Bkkxu ~kk¤kyu BkkufÕkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au fu íkuBkLku íGkkt BkæGkknLk ÇkkusLk ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au ? ykÃkÛke LkkuÕkus MkkuMkkGkxeLkku WÃkGkkuøk õÞkt ŽkGk Au? ~št ykÃkÛku BkkLkÔk MkúkuíkBkkt ykÃkÛšt hkufkÛk fheyu Aeyu ? nk íkuŽe fkGkËkLšt fkBk Au fu MktrÔkækkLkBkkt su fkuE ÃkÛk Ôkkík fhÔkkBkkt ykÔke nkuGk íku «BkkÛku fkBk ŽkGk Au fu Lkne íkuLke íkfuËkhe hkÏkÔkk nwt nt{uþkt ònuhBkkt s fnwt Awt. suLkku ÎkÛkkt Õkkufku yLku Mk{qnLkku rÔkhkuæk ÃkÛk fhu Au. Ãktrzík sÔkknhÕkkÕk LknuYyu sÛkkÔGkk yLšMkkh MÔkíktºkíkkLkk 10 Ôk»koBkkt s (ykŠxfÕk 44) ÇkkhíkLkkt íkBkkBk çkk¤fkuLku 14 Ôk»koLke ôBkh Mšæke VhrsGkkík BkVík r~kûkÛk ykÃkÔšt yLku íku ÔkÏkíku çkk¤fkuLke MktÏGkk ¾qçk s ykuAe yuÔke ÕkøkÇkøk 130 ÕkkÏk suÔke s níke. Ïkqçk s LkSÔkk hkufkÛkLke BkËËŽe yk fkBk ŽE ~kfGšt nkuík. Ãkhtíš yksu Çkkhík ËwrLkGkkBkkt MkkiŽe Ôkækkhu rLkhûkhku ækhkÔkíkku Ëu~k Au. rLkhûkhíkk yLku fwÃkku»kÛkLke BkËËŽe ykÃkÛku ~št fhe ~kfe~št. ykBk ~kk Bkkxu ŽGšt. rLkhûkhíkk LkkçkqË fuBk Lkk ŽE ~kfe ? íku MkBkGku Ãktrzík Lkunhw zuBk yLku ÃkkÔkh ÃÕkkLx çkLkkÔkÔkk Bkktøkíkk níkk íkuBkk f~št Ïkkuxwt Lk níšt Ãkhtíš íkuBkÛku MktrÔkækkLkBkkt sÛkkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔkuÕk Bkn¥ðLke çkkçkík Ãkh Ãkqhíšt æGkkLk Lknkuíšt ykÃGšt.

AuÕÕkk 6Ãk Ôk»koŽe ykÃkÛku r~kûkÛk yu ykÃkÛkku Bkq¤Çkqík yrækfkh Au íkuLke ÕkzkE Õkze hÌkk Aeyu yLku ykÃkÛkk Mš«eBkfkuxoLke yLkuf çkkçkíkLke ËÏkÕkøkeheLku fkhÛku s ~kfGk çkLGšt Au. ÇkÛkuÕkk økÛkuÕkk Õkkufku ÃkkuíkkLke çšrØLkku WÃkGkkuøk fheLku s BkíkËkLk fhu Au. íkuBkLku íkBku íkBkkhe Ôkkux çkuLfLkk økÛke ~kfku. yk çkkçkíku ÎkÛkku rÔkhkuækkÇkkMk «Ôkoíku Au. yks fkhÛku ÕkkufkuLku rLkhûkh yLku yÇkÛk hkÏkÔkkBkkt ykÔkíkk. íkuŽe s ykÃkÛkk ©e ÃkxuÕk Mkknuçk su fhe hÌkk Au íku Ïkqçk s WBkËk fkGko Au. økkBku økkBk yk fkGko rÔkMíkhÔšt òuEyu. íkku s rLkhûkhíkk LkkçkqË Ž~ku. r~kûkÛk yu Bkq¤Çkqík yrækfkh Au yLku íku ËhufLku GkkuøGk heíku Bk¤Ôkku s òuEyu. MkBkksu yk çkkçkíku Mkr¢Gk fkBk fhÔšt Ãkz~ku. òu øšshkíkBkkt 10% Õkkufku ÃkÛk

yÇkÛk yLku rLkhûkh n~ku íkku ÃkAe ÔkkEƒúLx øšshkík MkV¤ fuÔke heíku ŽE ~kfu.

BkU zkì. yhwÛkkåkÕkBkLku sÛkkÔGšt Au fu ykÃkÛku çkeS Õkkì fkìÕkus suÔke fu nkÔkzo Õkku MfqÕkLku æGkkLkBkkt Lk Õkuíkkt ykÃkÛke sYrhGkkík «BkkÛkuLkkt MksoLkkíBkf Mkt~kkuækLkkíBkf yLku MkBkks WÃkGkkuøke ŽE ~kfu íkuÔkku yÇGkkMk¢Bk çkLkkÔkÔkku òuEyu. suŽe fheLku ykÃkÛku yzækkŽe Ôkækkhu ÇkkhíkLku BkËËYÃk ŽE ~kfeyu, su AuÕÕkk 68 Ôk»koŽe ÃkAkík hÌkwt Au. su rÔkãkŽeoyku BkLku yíGkkhu MkktÇk¤e hÌkk Au íku fËkåk yuÔšt íkku LkŽe s MkBksíkkLku fu nwt íkuBkLku økkBkzk{kt sELku hnuÔkkLkku yk„ún fhe hÌkku Awt. íkuyku fËkåk yÔšt rÔkåkkhíkk n~ku fu ~kk Bkkxu íkuyku fkuÃkkuohux ûkuºkBkkt fkBk fheLku YrÃkGkk Lkk fBkkE ~kfu. fkhÛk fu çkeò yk s fkBk fhe hÌkk Au íkku yBku ~kk Bkkxu ÃkAkík hneyu. íkuBkLke rÔkåkkhMkhÛke Ïkkuxe LkŽe. Õkkufku økheçk yuxÕkk Bkkxu Au fkhÛk fu íkuBkLku GkkuøGk MkBkGku sYhe LGkkGk BkéGkku LkŽe. ykÔkk Õkkufku nt{uþkt Ä]ÛkkLkku r~kfkh çkLGkk Au. Õkkufku LGkkGk ÍtÏku Au. LGkkGkæke~kku yLku ÔkfeÕkku Vfík «ríkrLkrækyku Au, su fkGkËkLke BkËË ÕkE ÕkkufkuLku LGkkGk yÃkkÔke ~kfu Au. òu íkBku yswoLk MkuLkøšókLkku heÃkkuxo Ôkktåk~kku íkku íkuBkkt yuBkÛku sÛkkÔGšt Au fu ÕkøkÇkøk 70% Õkkufku økheçke huÏkk Lkeåku SÔku Au. Ãkhtíš økheçke huÏkk fGkktŽe ËkuhÔke íku ÃkÛk Mk¤økíkku «§ Au. òu ykÃkÛke ÃkkMkuLkk suxÕkk Mkúkuík Au íkuLke BkËËŽe ~št ykÃkÛku ÕkkufkuLku «kŽrBkf MšrÔkækkyku ykÃke ~kfeyu. SÔkLk SÔkÔkkLke íkf Lk ykÃke ~kfkGk. BkkÛkMkLkk SÔkLk SÔkÔkkLke «kŽrBkf sYrhGkkíkku suÔke fu r~kûkÛk ykÃkÔkkLke «Ôk]r¥k sYhe Au. ~št ykÃkÛku fkGkËkLke BkËËŽe ykÃkÛkk ÇkkhíkÔkkMkeykuLku «kŽrBkf sYrhGkkíkku Lkk Ãkqhe Ãkkze ~kfeyu? fu ÃkAe ykÃkÛku ¢ktrík fhÔkkLke sYh Au; suÔke BkkykuÔkkËeyku ÕkkufkuLku BkkheLku fhu Au. fuxÕkktf Õkkufku yrík~kGk økheçke yLku ~kku»kÛkBkkt fuÔke heíku SÔke ~kfu Au. ykÔke ÃkrhrMŽrík nkuÔkk AíkktGk íkBkkhk Ëu~kBkkt ®nMkf¢ktrík fuBk LkŽe Žíke. BkU íkuBkLku fÌkwt fu ÇkkhíkeGkku ÇkøkÔkkLkŽe zhu Au. sGkkhu ÃkÛk íkuBkLkk SÔkLkBkkt fkuE Bš~fuÕke ykÔku Au íGkkhu íkuyku yuÔšt rÔkåkkhu Au fu ÃkkAÕkk sLBkBkkt íkuBkÛku fkuE ÃkkÃk fGšO n~ku íkuLkk ÃkrhÛkkBku s íkuyku yíGkkhu Ëw:Ïke ŽE hÌkk Au. yk sLBkBkkt çkækkt s Ëw:Ïkku ÇkkuøkÔke ÕkE~št íkku ykÔkíkk sLBkBkkt MšÏkuŽe SÔke ~kfe~št. çkMk ykÔšt s ykÃkÛkLku BkkLkíkk fhe ËuÔkkBkkt ykÔGkk Au. íkuŽe s nwt nt{uþkt fnwt Aw fu fkGkËkLkk rÔkãkŽeoykuLku Ïkqçk s Bkn¥ðLšt fkBk fhÔkkLšt Au. nwt yu s LkŽe fnuíkku fu Bš~fuÕkeLšt rLkhkfhÛk nkuE ~kfu Ãkhtíš íkBkkhe ÃkkMku ÎkÛkk Mkkhk r~kûkfku Au su íkBkLku


nt{uþkt «kuíMkkrník fh~ku. WÃkhktík ©e ÃkxuÕk Mkknuçk yLku íkuBkLkk MkkŽeyku íkBkLku nt{uþkt BkËËYÃk Žíkk hnu~ku.

sGkkhu zku. yktçkuzfhu MktrÔkækkLkLku ÕkkufMkÇkkBkkt hsq fGkkuo íGkkhu íkuBkÛku fÌkwt níšt fu ykÃkÛku hksfeGk LGkkGk Bku¤Ôke Õkeækku Au. fkhÛk fu MÔkhksŽe ykÃkÛku Ëhuf ÔGkrfíkLšt GkkuøGk BkqÕGk yktfeyu Aeyu Ëhuf ÔGkrfíkLku Bkík ykÃkÔkkLkku yrækfkh BkéGkku Ëhuf ÔGkrfíkLku [qtxÛke ÕkzÔkkLkku yrækfkh BkéGkku. Ëhuf ÔGkrfík Mkzk Bku¤Ôke ~kfu Au. íkuŽe ykÃkÛku fne ~kfeyu fu ykÃkÛkLku hksfeGk LGkkGk BkéGkku Au. íkuBkÛku ÔkæšBkkt sÛkkÔGšt fu òu ykÃkÛku suxÕke çkLku íkuxÕke ÍzÃkŽe ykŠŽf LGkkGk yLku MkkBkkrsf LGkkGk Lknª Bku¤Ôkeyu íkku ykÃkÛkk hksfeGk LGkkGkLšt yÔkBkqÕGkLk Ž~ku. yuBkLkku fnuÔkkLkku BkíkÕkçk yu níkku fu BkkuxkÇkkøkLkk ÕkkufkuLku «kŽrBkf sYrhGkkíkkuŽe Ôktråkík hkÏkÔkk suŽe íkuyku fwËhíke heíku BkkuíkLkkt BšÏkBkkt ækfuÕkkGk. ykÃkÛku yk ykÍkËe yLku «òMk¥kkfLku Õkktçkku MkBkGk ò¤Ôke Lknª ~kfeyu. íkuBk Aíkkt ykÃkÛku Mkkhe heíku ykøk¤ Ôkæke ~kõÞk Aeyu íkku íkuLkku MktÃkqÛko ©uGk ÇkkhÔkkMkeykuLku s òGk Au. Ãkhtíš fkGkËkLkk òÛkfkhLke heíku ykÃkÛkkŽe ykBk Lkk ŽE ~kfu; Lknª íkku Õkkufku fnu~ku fu òu fkGkËkBkkt yLGkkGk ŽE ~kfu íkku çkeò Ëhuf ûkuºkBkkt yLGkkGk Žíkku níkku. LGkkGk yu fuxÕkkf BšêeÇkh ÕkkufkuLke òøkeh LkŽe fu íku Õkkufku fkGkËkLku ÏkheËe ~kfu ÇkkhíkBkkt fkGkËku yLku íkuLkk îkhk Bk¤íke MkøkÔkzkuLku «kó fhÔkk Bkkxu ykÃkÛku sÂMxMk ÇkøkÔkíkeyu ykÃkuÕkk ºkÛk ‘yu’ Lku æGkkLkBkkt hkÏkÔkk sYhe Au. (1) Awareness - òøk]ríkyu ËhufLkku yrækfkh Au íku ËkLkBkkt Bk¤íke ÔkMíš LkŽe. Ëhuf Lkkøkrhf íkuLku Bku¤Ôke ~kfu Au, Bkktøke ~kfu Au. ÕkkufkuBkkt òøk]rík LkŽe. ÎkÛkk økkBkzkLkkt ÕkkufkuLku yu ÃkÛk Ïkçkh LkŽe fu Çkkhík ykÍkË ŽE økGkku Au. ykÔke ÃkrhrMŽríkBkkt Ãkqhíke òÛkfkhe yLku òøk]rík Ôkøkh ykÃkÛkLku yu ÃkÛk LkŽe MkBkòíšt fu ykÃkÛku ÃkrhrMŽríkLkku Çkkuøk çkLke hÌkk Aeyu. òu íkBku fkuE fBkoåkkheLku ÕkÎš¥kBk ÔkuíkLk åšfÔkíkk LkŽe fkhÛk fu ykÃkÛkk MkBkksBkkt çkufkhe VuÕkkGkuÕke Au yLku h0 YrÃkGkk Bkkxu fkuE ÃkÛk ÔGkrfík ykÏkku rËÔkMk fkBk fhÔkk íkiGkkh ŽE s~ku íku n¤kn¤ yLGkkGk fnuÔkkGk. íku ÔGkrfíkLku Ïkçkh LkŽe fu íku yòÛkíkkLkku Çkkuøk çkLke hnGkku Au. íkuLku yu ÃkÛk Ïkçkh nkuíke LkŽe fu íkuLku íkku ÏkhuÏkh 60 fu 70 YrÃkGkk ÕkÎš¥kBk ÔkuíkLkYÃku Bk¤ÔkkÃkkºk Au. yk ÃkrhrMŽríkBkkt ÔGkrfík fkGkËkŽe yòÛk Au Bkkxu íkuLšt ~kku»kÛk ŽkGk Au. ykÃkÛke ÃkØríkBkkt fkGkËkŽe yòÛk

hnuÕkk Bkkxu fkuE MkøkÔkz LkŽe. WÃkhktík òu íkBkLku íkBkkhk Bk¤ÔkkÃkkºk nfkuLke òÛkfkhe nkuGk íkku ÃkÛk íku nfku fGkktŽe yLku fuÔke heíku Bku¤ÔkÔkk íkuLkkŽe yòÛk nkuGk Au. ykLkku yŽo yu ŽGkku fu LGkkGk Bku¤Ôkk BkkxuLke ÕkkGkfkík fu¤ÔkÔke Ãkzu.

nwt ykÃkÛkk MktrÔkækkLkLkk nuíšyku rÔk~ku Ôkkík fhwt íkku íku Vfík fkGkËkLke BkËËŽe s «kó ŽE ~kfu Au yŽÔkk íkku ¢ktríkŽe íku nuíšyku «kó ŽE ~kfu. ÇkkhíkLkkt 1Ãk0 SÕÕkkyku BkkykuÔkkËeykuLkk Lkuò nuX¤ Au íku ÏkhuÏkh ~khBksLkf fnuÔkkGk. Çkkhík Ëu~kLke ykÍkËeLkkt 60 Ôk»ko ÃkAe ÃkÛk íGkkt fkGkËkLkku yBkÕk ŽE ~kfíkku LkŽe. yk fuBk ŽGšt? fkhÛk fu íGkkt fkuE rÔkfkMk LkŽe LGkkGk yLku fkGkËkuÔGkÔkMŽk LkŽe íkku Õkkufkuyu ÎkÛke hkn òuE n~ku. òu ykÃkÛke òuzu ÃkÛk ykÔšt ŽGšt nkuík íkku ykÃkÛku ÃkÛk hkn òuíkk nkuík. ykÔkku BkkÛkMkLkku MÔkÇkkÔk Au. yk çkkçkíku ykÃkÛku ÕkkufkuLku Ëku»k Lkk ËE ~kfeyu. ÃkkuÕkeMk ÃkÛk íkuBkLkk Ãkh ËBkLk Lkk fhe ~kfu. ykÃkÛkk íku Õkkufku Bkhe hnGkk Au íkku ÃkAe Õkzíkkt - Õkzíkkt BkhÔš Mkkhwt. òu íkBku ykÃkÛkk Ëu~kBkkt fkGkËku yLku ÔGkÔkMŽk, Õkkuf~kkne yLku BkkLkðkrækfkhLku ò¤Ôke hkÏkÔkk Bkktøkíkk nkuGk íkku yk çkæke s çkkçkíkku Ãkh æGkkLk ykÃkÔšt Ãkz~ku. Lknªíkh AuÕÕkk 60 Ôk»koŽe ykÃkÛku su fktE ÃkÛk Bku¤ÔGšt Au íkuLkku Lkk~k Ž~ku.

ykÃkÛkk MktrÔkækkLkLke «MíkkÔkLkkBkkt sÛkkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔkuÕk ÔkÏkíkku ÔkÏkíkLkk VuhVkhLku æGkkLkBkkt ÕkuÔkk sYhe Au. ykÃkÛkk hksfkhÛkeyku fu suyku åkqtxÛkeBkkt SíGkk ÃkAe ÃkkuíkkLke Vhòu ÇkqÕke òGk Au.suBkkLkk BkkuxkÇkkøkLkk Lkuíkkykuyu ÇkkhíkeGk MktrÔkækkLk fGkkhuGk ÔkktåGšt nkuíšt LkŽe. ykBk íkku íkuyku ÇkkhíkeGk MktrÔkækkLkLku æGkkLkBkkt hkÏkeLku Mk¥kkLkk ~kÃkŽ Õku Au Ãkhtíkw fuxÕkkf hksfkhÛkeyku ÇkkhíkLke ykÍkËe ÃkAe sLkBGkk nkuGk Au. suykuLku ÇkkhíkeGk MktrÔkækkLk rÔk~ku fkuE s òÛkfkhe nkuíke LkŽe. Çkkhík Ëu~ku ykÍkËe fuÔke heíku Bku¤Ôke íkuLkkŽe íkuyku yòÛk nkuGk Au íkuykuyu Lkk íkku EríknkMk ÔkktåGkku nkuGk Au Lkk íkku ÇkkhíkeGk MktrÔkækkLk. fkhÛk fu íkuyku Vfík YrÃkGkk Çkuøkk fhÔkkBkkt s ÔGkMík nkuGk Au. íkuŽe nwt ÇkkhÃkqÔkof fnwt Awt fu fkGkËkLkk rÔk»kGkLkk rÔkãkŽeoyku yLku íkuLku MktÕkøLk ÕkkufkuLke yu sÔkkçkËkhe çkLku Au fu íku ykÔkk hksfkhÛkeykuLku ¿kkLk Ãkqhwt Ãkkzu. BkLku LkŽe Ïkçkh fu çkkh fkWLMkeÕk ykuV ErLzGkk yk fkGko fhÔkk MkûkBk Au fu Lknª? ~št íkuyku fkGkËkLkk yÇGkkMk¢BkBkkt ftE fhe ~kf~ku su ykÔkLkkhk ÇkkhíkLku BkËËYÃk ŽE ~kfu. íkuŽe s


nwt Çkkhík MkhfkhLku rÔkLktíke fhwtt Aw fu íkuykuyu ÕkeøkÕk yusGšfu~kLk yufx ÃkMkkh fheLku ykBk fhÔkkLke su Mk¥kk çkkh fkWLMkeÕk ykuV ErLzGkk òuzu Au íku ÃkkuíkkLke ÃkkMku hkÏkÔke òuEyu. suÚke yuf ÔkfeÕkLku ÕkÎš¥kBk ÕkkGkfkík fuxÕke nkuÔke òuEyu íku íkuyku Lkffe fhe ~kfu. ykÃkÛku ÔkfeÕk fu LkkuxheLku yuf MkkBkkLGk Lkkøkrhf, hksfkhÛke fu Ãkkur÷Mke yufx íkhefu yLkufrÔkæk hkuÕkBkkt òuEyu Aeyu. çkkh fkWLMke su MkBksu Au íkuLkkŽe rÔk~ku»k fkBkku yuf ÔkfeÕk fu Lkkuxheyu fhÔkkLšt Au. su Õkkufku fkuxo Mšæke LkŽe ÃknkUåke ~kõÞk íkuykuLkku ~št Ôkktf ?

Bkkhwt yuÔšt BkkLkÔšt Au fu ykÃkÛku fkGkËkLku rçkÕkfwÕk yÕkøk árüfkuÛkŽe rÔkåkkhÔkkLke sYh Au fu su yuÔkk ÕkkufkuLku BkËËYÃk ŽE ~kfu fu su íku MkBkGku fkGkËkŽe yLku LGkkGkŽe Ôktråkík hne åkqfGkk nkuGk. fkGkËkLke BkËËŽe MkkBkkrsf WíŽkLk ŽE ~kfu Au ykÃkÛku yuÔkk ÔkfeÕkkuLke sYh Au. suyku WíMkknÃkqÔkof yLku ÏktíkŽe ÃkkuíkkLke Vhòu rLkÇkkÔku Lknª fu MkkBkkLGk ÔkfeÕkkuLke suBk fuMkLku økBku íkuBk fheLku ykøk¤ ÏkuåGkk fhu. ykÃkÛkku ÇkrÔk»GkLkk ÔkfeÕkku rÔk~kuLkku ykÃkÛkku rÔkåkkh çkËÕkÔkkLke sYh Au. BkLku yuÔšt Õkkøku Au ykÔkLkkhk 10 Že h0 Ôk»koBkkt fkuxoBkkt ykuAkBkkt ykuAk ÔkfeÕkku òuÔkk Bk¤~ku. yLku ÔkæšLku Ôkæš ÔkfeÕkku MkÕkknfkh íkhefu, ykGkkusf íkhefu MkhfkhLku MkÕkkn ykÃkÔkkLkk fkBkBkkt n~ku. WÃkhktík çkeò yLkuf fkGkkuo n~ku suLku fkhÛku íkuBkLku fkuxoBkkt ÔkfeÕkkík fhÔkk sÔkkLke sYh Ãkz~ku Lknª. òu íku «r¢GkkBkkt fkuE Bš~fuÕke WËTÇkÔk~ku íkku yk yu s ÔkfeÕkku n~ku su fkuxoLke çknkh MkBkkækkLk yLku MšÕkun fhkÔk~ku. suŽe fheLku fkuxo fuMkLkk åk¬hBkktŽe MkkBkkLGk BkkÛkMk çkåke ~kfu. yLku ËuÔkkËkh Žíkk yxfe ~kfu. ykBk ÃkÛk ykÃkÛke fkuxoBkkt 3 fhkuz fuMk Ãkzâk Au yLku Õkkufku fnu Au fu yk çkækk fuMkLkku rLkfkÕk fhíkkt çkeò 300 Ôk»ko Õkkøk~ku. yuBkkt ÃkkAku ykÃkÛku Ôkækkhku fheyu Aeyu. ÕkkufkuBkkt LGkkGk BkkxuLke Ïkkuxe BkkLGkíkk yLku rÔkïkMk hkÏkÔkku yu ÃkÛk LGkkGkLšt yÃkBkkLk fGkko çkhkçkh Au. rÃkíkkLkk Bk]íGš ÃkAe Ëefhk fuMkLku ykøk¤ åkÕkkÔku Au.

yBkurhfkLkk ÔkfeÕkkuLke Ôkkík fheyu íkku h0% ÔkfeÕkku fGkkhuGk fkuxoBkkt fuMk ÕkzÔkk síkk LkŽe yk yuf s yuÔkku ÔGkÔkMkkGk Au suBkkt ÃkiMkk, «rMkrØ yLku Mk¥kkk Bk¤íke nkuGk Au. íkku ykÔkk h0% ÔkfeÕkku Au fGkk ? íkuyku fkuÃkkuohux ykurVMkkuBkkt fkGkËkfeGk MktMŽkyku çkeòLkk ÔGkÔkMkkGkBkkt MkÕkknfkh íkhefu fkBk fhu Au íkuyku Ëhuf «fkhLkkt ÔkneÔkxe fkGkkuo fhu Au. íkuyku MkBkksBkkt, ÔGkÔkMkkGkBkkt

Ëhuf søGkkyu fkBk fhu Au. BkLku Ïkkíkhe Au fu su heíku ÇkkhíkLkku rÔkfkMk ŽE hÌkku Au. ykÔkLkkhk Ôk»kkuoBkkt yk «fkhu ÇkkhíkLkk ÔkfeÕkku ÃkÛk fkGko fh~ku. WÃkhktík ÇkrÔk»GkLkk ÔkfeÕkkuBkkt su íku rÔk»kGkLke rLkÃkqÛkíkk nkuÔke sYhe Au. sqLkk sBkkLkkBkkt ykÃkÛkkt fkixwtrçkf zkufxh níkk yLku íku ykÃkÛkLku íkBkkBk ËËoLke ËÔkk ykÃkíkk Ãkhtíš yksLkk sBkkLkkBkkt Ëhuf zkufxh yÕkøk - yÕkøk ûkuºkLkk rLk»Ûkkík nkuGk Au. su «fkhLke íkfÕkeV nkuGk íkuÔkk s zkufxh òuzu sÔšt Ãkzu. BkLku yuÔšt Õkkøku Au fu ykÔkLkkhk 10 Že h0 Ôk»koBkkt yk s ÃkrhrMŽrík ÔkfeÕkku Bkkxu ÃkÛk ykÔk~ku. ykÃkÛku fkGkËuMkhLke MktMŽk çkLkkðÔke Ãkz~ku. Mknfkhe MktMŽkLke ËhBGkkLkøkeheŽe yLkuf fuMkkuLkku rLkfkÕk ykÔke ~kfu Au.

BkU ÇkkhíkLke yLkuf Õkkì fkìÕkusLkku yÇGkkMk¢Bk òuGkku Au. Ãkhtíš BkU yuf ÃkÛk fkuÕkusLkk yÇGkkMk¢BkBkkt çkk¤fkuLkk nfku rÔk~ku fkuE rÔk»kGk òuGkku LkŽe. fkhÛk fu íkuBkkt YrÃkGkk LkŽe. çkk¤ yËkÕkíkBkkt fkuÛk fkBk fhÔkk s~ku. ÇkkhíkLkku ºkeò ÇkkøkLkku rnMMkku çkk¤fkuLkku nkuÔkk Aíkkt ykÃkÛku íkuBkLkk n¬kuLku «kækkLGk LkŽe ykÃkíkk. ykBk íkku çkk¤fku Bkkxu MktrÔkækkLkBkkt ÎkÛke òuøkÔkkEyku Au. nk, yu Ôkkík íkku Mkkåke Au fu òu fkuE çkk¤f ~knuhLkku nkuGk yLku Mkkhk fwxwtçkBkktŽe ykÔkíkku nkuGk íkku íku Auf Mšr«Bk fkuxo Mšæke Õkze ~kf~ku. Ãkhtíš BkkuxkÇkkøkLkk çkk¤fkuLku ~kku»kÛkLkku MkkBkLkku fhÔkku Ãkzu Au. fuxÕkktf Bkk-çkkÃk íkku çkk¤fkuLku Ôkuåke Ëu Au. çkk¤fkuLku økuhÔkíkoÛkqtfLkku MkkBkLkku fhÔkku Ãkzu Au. çkk¤Bksqheyu yksLkku MkkiŽe fxkufxeÇkGkkuo «§ Au yLku yks çkk¤fku ykÔkLkkh ÇkrÔk»GkLkkt Lkkøkrhfku çkLk~ku. yks çkk¤fku Ëu~kLku ykøk¤ ÕkE s~ku. yk Ïkqçk s øktÇkeh MkBkMGkk Au.

Ãkktåk Ôk»ko ÃknuÕkkt fuLÿ Mkhfkhu yuf Ïkhzku ÃkMkkh fGkkuo Au, suLku „úkBkeÛk LGkkGkkÕkGkŽe yku¤ÏkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. økkBkzktLke MkkBkkLGk çkkçkíkkuLkk fuMk Bkkxu økkBkzkLkk ÕkkufkuLku Auf ~knuh Mšæke Lknª síkkt ÃkkuíkkLkk økkBkBkkt s fuMkLkku rLkfkÕk fhÔkkLke MkøkÔkz Ãkqhe ÃkkzÔkk Bkkxu fuLÿ Mkhfkhu „úkBkeÛk LGkkGkkÕkGkLkku Ïkhzku ÃkMkkh fGkkuo níkku. økkBkzkLkk ÔGkrfíkLku ÃkkuíkkLke hkusøkkhe çkøkkzeLku ~knuhBkkt fuMk ÕkzÔkk Lkk sÔšt Ãkzu íku s Bkq¤Çkqík yk~kGk Au. ÃknuÕkkt yBkËkÔkkË fu ykÛktËLke rsÕÕkk yËkÕkíkkuBkkt fuMk åkkÕkíkk. su íku rËÔkMku fuMkLkku rLkfkÕk Lk ŽkGk íkku çkeS BšËík Ãkzíke yLkuf ÔkÏkík ykÔšt Žíkkt ÔGkrfík ÃkkuíkkLke hkusøkkhe çkøkkzeLku Ëhuf ÔkÏkíku fkuxoBkkt


ykÔkíkku Lknª íkuŽe „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkLke håkLkk fhÔkkBkkt ykÔke Au. ÃkkÕkkoBkuLxBkkt ÃkMkkh ŽGkuÕkk Ïkhzk yLšMkkh LGkkGkkæke~kkuLku su íku økkBkLke „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkBkkt sÔkkLšt MkqåkLk ÃkÛk fhÔkkBkkt ykÔGšt Au. fuxÕkkf Ïkqçk s MkkBkkLGk «fkhLkk BšÆkykuLku suÔkk fu ®MkåkkE çkkçkíkkuLkku fuMk, BknuMkqÕk çkkçkíkkuLkku fuMk ÔkøkuhuLku su íku økkBkBkkt s rLkfkÕk fhÔkkBkkt ykÔku. „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkLku Ôkækkhu «kækkLGk ykÃkÔkk Bkkxu fuLÿ Mkhfkhu ònuh fGšO Au fu ykÔkíkk 6 Ôk»kkuo Mšæke su hksGk Mkhfkh „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkku åkÕkkÔk~ku íkuBkLku yÕkøk yÕkøk «fkhLke „úktx ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔk~ku. BkLku yu òÛkeLku Ëw:Ïk ŽGšt fu ykÏkk ÇkkhíkBkkt Vfík Ãk7 „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkku fkGkohík Au. MkhfkhLke rÔkåkkhMkhÛke «BkkÛku ykuAkBkkt ykuAe Ãk00 „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkku fkGkohík nkuÔke òuEyu. ÔkfeÕkLku økkBkzktBkkt sÔšt økBku Au fGkkt, LGkkGkkæke~kLku økkBkzkBkkt sELku fkBk fhÔkkLšt yLšfq¤ ykÔku Au ? ykLšt fkhÛk yu Au fu „úkBkeÛk LkkøkrhfLkku ykÃkÛkku ÏGkkÕk s Ïkkuxku Au. 40% ÇkkhíkeGkku ~knuhefhÛkÔkk¤k rÔkMíkkhkuBkkt hnu Au. øšshkíkBkkt ÃkÛk „úkBkeÛk LGkkGkkÕkGk fkGkohík LkŽe. íkuLšt fkhÛk fËkåk yu nkuE ~kfu fu Mk¥kk ÃkhLkk ÕkkufkuLku „úkBkeÛk ÕkkufkuLke Bš~fuÕkeykuBkkt hMk Lk nkuGk. fËkåk íkuBkktŽe Ôkækkhu YrÃkGkk Lk fBkkE ~kfkGk. Vur{÷efkuxo sGkkt ÔkfeÕkkuLšt fkuE fkBk hkufíšt LkŽe. íkuBkLku Vr{÷efkuxoLke çknkh hkÏkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. suBkkt òríkLkk ÇkuËÇkkÔkLku Bkn¥kBk LGkkGk ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. ÎkhLkkt Ëhuf çkk¤fkuLku GkkuøGk LGkkGk ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. ÏkkLkøkeBkkt ykÔkk fuMkku åkkÕku Au, ÍzÃkŽe íkuLkku rLkfkÕk ÃkÛk fhÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. fwxwtçkyu ÇkkhíkeGk MkBkksLke MktøkrXíkíkkLšt «íkef Au. yk «fkhLku fkuxoBkkt fkixwtrçkf çkkçkíkkuLkk fuMkkuLkku ÍzÃke rLkfkÕk fheLku fwxwtçkLku rÔkÇkkSík Žíkkt yxfkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au yLku çkk¤fkuLkkt SÔkLkLku çkåkkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. yksfkÕk Vur{÷efkuxoLke ÃkrhrMŽrík ËGkLkeGk ŽE økE Au.

fkGkËkLkk yÇGkkMk¢BkBkkt f]r»kLku Õkøkíkk fkuE fkGkËk ÇkÛkkðÔkkBkkt LkŽe ykÔkíkk. íkËTWÃkhktík Ïkkíkh yLku Ïkuík ÃkuËk~kLku Õkøkíkk fkGkËk, Mknfkhe Bktz¤eLku Õkøkíkk fkGkËk yLku åkk suÔkk yLkuf fkGkËk fkuEÃkÛk Õkkì fkìÕkusBkkt ÇkÛkkÔkÔkkBkkt LkŽe ykÔkíkk. fkGkËkBkkt yÇGkkMk¢BkBkkt ykLkk WÃkhktík yLkuf fkGkËk ÇkÛkkÔkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. Ãkhtíš su ÃkkGkkLke sYrhGkkíkÔkk¤k fkGkËk Au, íku s ykÃkÛkk yÇGkkMk¢BkBkkt LkŽe. íkuŽe s ÔkfeÕkku økkBkzkBkkt fkBk fhÔkkLku çkËÕku ~knuhBkkt fkuÃkkuohux MkufxhBkkt fkBk fhÔkkLšt

ÃkMktË fhu Au fkhÛk fu íkuBkLku yk «fkhLkk fkGkËkLšt ¿kkLk nkuGk Au. íkBku fkuE ÃkÛk fkuÕkusLkku yÇGkkMk¢Bk òuE Õkku íkuBkkt Õkktåkhwïík rÔk~ku f~št s ÇkÛkkÔkÔkkBkkt LkŽe ykÔkíšt. yktíkfÔkkË rÔk~ku f~št s ¿kkLk LkŽe ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔkíšt. ¿kkríkÔkkË rÔk~ku f~št s MkBkòÔkkBkkt LkŽe ykÔkíšt. Çkkhík yíGkkhu yk ºkÛk çkkçkíkkuŽe nuhkLk ŽE hÌkwt Au. Õkktåkhwïík (Corruption), ykíktfÔkkË (Terrorism) yLku ¿kkríkÔkkË(Casteism) ykBkktŽe yuf ÃkÛk çkkçkík ÇkkhíkLke yuf ÃkÛk Õkku fkuÕkusBkkt ÇkÛkkÔkðBkkt ykÔkíke LkŽe. ÇkkhíkLke Õkkì fkìÕkus Bkkxu íkku yk rÔk»kGkku Ãkh„úne MkBkkLk Au. Bkkhku fnuÔkkLkku yŽo yu Au fu ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk ÇkkrÔk ÔkfeÕkkuLku yu s ~keÏkÔkkzeyu su nkÔkozo GšrLkÔkŠMkxe íkuLkk yBkurhfkLkk rÔkãkŽeoykuLku ~keÏkÔkkze hnGšt Au. yuf ÔkÏkík ÃkkÕkÏkeÔkk¤k yu fÌkwt níkwt fu ÇkkhíkBkkt Ôkækkhu Lku Ôkækkhu fkGkËkyku Au yLku ykuAkBkkt ykuAku LGkkGk Au. íku ÏkhuÏkh Mkk[wt Au yuBkkt nwt Žkuzwt WBkuhíkkt fnwt Awt fu ykÃkÛke ÃkkMku Ôkækkhu Lku Ôkækkhu ÔkfeÕkku Au yLku ykuAkBkkt ykuAku LGkkGk Au.

~št ykÃkÛku yuÔšt f~št fhe ~kfeyu fu su ykÃkÛkk MktrÔkækkLkBkkt fnuÔkkBkkt ykÔÞwt Au íkuLku s Mkk[wt Mkkrçkík fhe ~kfeyu ~št ykÃkÛkku LkÔkku ÕkeøkÕk yusGšfu~kLk yufx çkLkkÔke ~kfeyu. suLkk îkhk MktrÔkækkLkLkk nuíšykuLku ykÃkÛku LGkkGkBkkt ÃkrhðŠíkík fhe ~kfeyu ? LkÔkrLkŠBkík Çkkhík Bkkxu ykÃkÛku yÕkøk «fkhLkku ©ØkLkku yÇGkkMk¢Bk çkLkkÔke ~kfeyu? ~št ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk ÔkfeÕkkuLku MkkBkkrsf sÔkkçkËkhe rLkÇkkÔkíkk fhe ~kfeyu. ÔkfeÕkku ÃkÛk LGkkGkæke~kku fuxÕkk MkkBkkrsf heíku sÔkkçkËkh nkuGk Au. ~št ykÃkÛku Ëhuf ÔkfeÕkLku íkuLke fkhrfËeoLkku 10% Çkkøk MkkBkkLGk BkkÛkMkLku BkËËYÃk ŽÔkk ÔkkÃkhíkk fhe ~kfeyu ? yLku òu yuBk Lk ŽkGk íkku íkuLšt ÕkkGkMkLMk hË çkkíkÕk økÛkÔšt. ~št ykÃkÛku ÔkfeÕkkuLku yuf Ôk»ko „úkBkeÛk yËkÕkíkkuBkkt fkBk fhÔkk ËçkkÛk fhe ~kfeyu ? Bkkhe árüyu yk Ëhuf çkkçkík ~kfGk çkLke ~kfu. ykÃkÛku íkuLku GkkuøGk yLku sYhe BkkLkeyu íkku yk ~kfGk Au. BkLku íkku yuÔkku rÔkåkkh ykÔku Au fu ykÃkÛku ÕkeøkÕk yusGšfu~kLkLku s sÂMxMk yusGšfu~kLk çkLkkÔke ËuÔšt òuEyu. suÔke heíku zkufxhLkku Mktçktæk BkkÛkMkLkk MÔkkMÚÞ MkkŽu Au, Lknª fu hkuøk MkkŽu. íkuÔke s heíku ÔkfeÕkLkku Mktçktæk LGkkGk MkkŽu nkuÔkku òuEyu, Lknª fu ÍÎkzk fu BkíkÇkuË MkkŽu. yLku òu ykBk ŽkGk íkku ÕkeøkÕk yusGšfu~kLkLkku Bkq¤Çkqík nuíš Au íku s sÂMxMk yusGšfu~kLkLkku nuíš çkLke òGk.


yksLkk yk ykæšrLkf yLku MÃkækoíBkf sBkkLkkBkkt „úkBkeÛk rÔkMíkkhLku Akuze ~knuh íkhV Ôk¤Ôšt sYhe çkLke økGšt Au. ykÃkÛku yuÔkk ÔkfeÕkkuLšt Îkzíkh fhÔšt òuEyu su Ôkirïf heíku fuMk Õkze ~kfu. ÇkkhíkeGkkuyu rÔkïÇkhBkkt ÃkkuíkkLkk ÔkuÃkkh æktækkLke ~kYykík fhe Au. nwt rLkhBkk GšrLkÔkŠMkxeLkk åkuhBkuLkLku fnuíkku níkku fu yksu ÇkkhíkLkku MkkiŽe Bkkuxku ÔGkkÃkkh suLke òuzu òuzkE hÌkku Au fu suBkktŽe ykÃkÛkk ÕkkÏkku fhkuzkuLkku ÔGkkÃkkh fhe hÌkk Aeyu íku Ëu~k åkeLk Au. Ãkhtíš fBkLkMkeçke yu Au fu ykÃkÛkLku åkeLkLkk fkGkËk yLku íkuBkkt hnuÕke yktxeÎkqtxeLšt f~št ¿kkLk LkŽe. fkuE ÃkÛk ÔkfeÕkLke Ôkkík fheyu íkku, MkkihkçkS, ÔkuÛšøkkuÃkkÕk, LkheBkLk fu suXBkÕkkÛke suÔkk fkWLMkeÕkLkk Lkuíkkyku ÃkkMku ÃkÛk åkeLkLkk fkGkËk yLku LGkkGkLke ÃkØríkLšt ¿kkLk LkŽe. ÇkkhíkLkk ÔkuÃkkheyku åkeLkBkkt fuMk ÕkzÔkk Bkkxu EøÕkuLzLkk ÔkfeÕkkuLkku Mknkhku Õku Au. yLku íkuBkLku Ve Ãkuxu ÃkkWLzBkkt åkqfÔkÛke fhu Au. yk yuÔšt çkíkkÔku Au fu ÇkkhíkLkk ÔkfeÕkkuBkkt fkuE s xuÕkuLx LkŽe òu ykÃkÛku åkeLk òuzu ÔkuÃkkh yLku ÔkkrÛksGkLkku ÔGkÔknkh hkÏkÔkku nkuGk íkku ykÃkÛku íkuLke fkGkËkLke ÃkØríkyku òÛkÔke s Ãkz~ku. ykÃkÛkk ÔkfeÕkkuBkkt åkeLkLkk fkGkËkLke yktxe ÎkqtxeLke òÛkfkhe yLku rLkÃkqÛkíkk fu¤ÔkÔke s Ãkz~ku. yk ÔkkíkLke rLkhBkkLkk åkuhBkuLk Ãkh yuxÕke MkhMk yMkh ŽE fu nkÕkBkkt åkkÕke hnuÕkk ÔkkEƒúLx øšshkíkBkkt rLkhBkk åkeLkLke ÎkÛke GšrLkÔkŠMkxe MkkŽu ÔkkxkÎkkxku fheLku åkeLkLke fkGkËkLke Bkkrníke yufºk fheLku LkÔkku yÇGkkMk¢Bk sYh ~kY fh~ku. fuxÕkkf ÔkfeÕkku yuÕk.Ãke.yku. fhe hÌkk Au. yuÕk.Ãke.yku. yuxÕku ÷eøkÕk «kuMkesh ykWxMkku®Mkøk yk ÏkhuÏkh Ïkqçk s Mkkhe çkkçkík fnuÔkkGk. Ãkhtíš yk fkBk íkuyku yBkurhfk, EøÕkuLz fu ykuMxÙur÷GkkLkk ÔkfeÕk fu íkuLke ftÃkLke Bkkxu fhu Au. ~št ykÃkÛku yk fkBk ÇkkhíkBkkt Lkk fhe ~kfeyu ? nwt yk MktMŽkLku ÃkqAwt Awt fu ~št íkBku yk «fkhLkk yÇGkkMk¢BkLku yBkÕkBkkt {qfe ~kfku Aku ? ~št íkBku yuÔkk ÔkfeÕk íkiGkkh fhe ~kfku fu suyku fkuÃkkuohux ÕkkuGkh fu xÙkLMkyuf~kLk ÕkkuGkh íkhefu ftÃkLkeyku ÔkååkuLke MkBksqíkeLkk fhkh fhkÔke ~kfu ? MkkGkLMk yLku xufLkkuÕkkuSLku ykÃkÛku ÔkfeÕkkík MkkŽuLkk òuze ~kfeyu ? ykE.Mke.xe yLku MkkEçkh ¢kEBk Bkkxu yk «fkhLkk ÔkfeÕkkuLke Ïkqçk s sYh Ãkzu Au. MkkEçkh Bš~fuÕkeyku Bkkxu ÔkfeÕk ÃkkMku fkuE s sÔkkçk nkuíkku LkŽe. EÂLzGkLk RÂLMxxâqx ykuV xufLkkuÕkkuS, ÏkzfÃkwhu ÃkÛk LkÔke Õkkì fkìÕkus ~kY fhe Au. íkuBkkt Vfík ‘çke.E.’ fu ‘çke.

xuf.’Lkk rÔkãkŽeoykuLku s «Ôku~k ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku Au. íGkkt Ëh Ôk»kuo Ãk0 ÔkfeÕkLku ÃkuxLx, çkktækfkBkLku Õkøkíkk, VkBkkoMkeLku Õkøkíkk fuMk ÕkzÔkk Bkkxu ykÃkÔkkBkkt ykÔku íkku yksLkk ÔkfeÕkku ~št fh~ku. çkktækfkBkLku Õkøkíkk fuMkkuBkkt yuÂLsrLkÞh Ôkækkhu Mkkhe heíku fkBk fhe ~kf~ku.

yk WÃkhktík MÃku~k Õkku, yuLkSo Õkkì, BkkELkªøk Õkkì, ÃkuxÙkur÷GkBk Õkkì, xÙkLMkÃkkuoxu~kLk Õkkì,þeÃkªøk Õkkì ÔkøkuhuLku yÇGkkMk¢BkBkkt MkBkkÔkÔkkLke sYh Au. xurÕkfkuBk Õkku òÛkÔkku sYhe Au. 2G MÃkufxÙBk ÕkkìLke Bkkrníke nkuÔke sYhe Au. yk fuMk Vfík ÕkktåkhwïíkLkku fuMk LkŽe íkuBkkt ÎkÛke çkæke çkkçkíkku òuzkGkuÕke Au.

ËkÇkkuÕkBkkt yuf ÃkÛk GšrLkxLke E÷urõxÙfMkexeLšt WíÃkkËLk fGkko Ôkøkh BknkhküÙ MkhfkhLku 300 r{r÷GkLk zkuÕkMkoLšt Lšf~kkLk ŽGšt. fkhÛk yu níšt fu yu™hkuuLk fkuÃkkuohu~kLk òuzu GkkuøGk heíku ÇkkÔkíkkÕk fhÔkkBkkt WÛkk WíkGkko yLku íkuLku fkhÛku ykxÕšt Bkkuxwt Lšf~kkLk ŽGšt. su heíku E÷urõxÙfMkexeLšt WíÃkkËLk ŽGšt níšt íku heíku íkuLkku GkkuøGk ÇkkÔk Lkffe Lknª fhe ~kfÔkkŽe ykÔšt çkLGšt. suŽe ykÔkLkkhk ÇkrÔk»GkBkkt xufLkkuÕkkuS fkGkËkLkk rÔk»kGk WÃkh nkÔke ŽE s~ku.

ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk fkGkËkLkk rÔkãkŽeoykuLku xufLkkuÕkkuSŽe ÔkkfuV fhÔkk Ãkz~ku Lknª íkku íkuBkLkk Bkkxu ykÔkLkkhku MkBkGk Ïkqçk s Bš~fuÕk çkLke hnu~ku. çkkGkku MkkGkLMkeMk, yŽo MkkGkLMkeMk, MÃkuMk MkkGkLMkeMk Ôkøkuhu ykÔkLkkhk ÇkrÔk»GkBkkt ÃkzfkhYÃk hnu~ku. ykÃkÛku ykÃkÛkk fkGkËkLkk MLkkíkfkuLku yk ÃkzfkhLkku çkeòu Ãkzfkh yu Au fu yuÂLsrLkÞ®høk fkuÕkus ÷kì fkìÕkus MfqÕk åkÕkkÔke hÌkk Au suŽe ykÔkLkkhk ÇkrÔk»GkBkkt yuÂLsrLkÞh yLku Õkkì Çkuøkk ŽELku ÔkfeÕk çkLk~ku.

fkGkËkLkku yÇGkkMk yu Vfík ¿kkLkLke ykÃkÕku s LkŽe Ãkhtíš íkuBkkt GkkuøGk Mkt~kkuækLk ŽÔšt Ãk0% suxÕšt s sYhe Au. WÃkhktík, fkGkËkLke fkuÕkuòuyu LkÔkk MkeBkkråknTLkku Mkh fhðkt Ãkz~ku. fkGkËk fkuÕkuòuyu ykÔkLkkhk ÇkrÔk»GkBkkt ŽLkkhk VuhVkhkLku GkkuøGk heíku MÔkefkh fhÔkku sYhe Au.

çkeS yLkuf çkkçkíkku yk MkBkGku åkåkko LkŽe fhe ~kfGkku. Bkkhe íkBkkBk ~šÇkuåAkyku yk MktMŽkBkkt hnuÕke Au.

(C/o. Dr. Arunachalam, Principal, CVM’s R N Patel Ipcowala School of Law

and Justice, SCART Building, Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388 120. M.: 09869624555)


>> zkÞMÃkkuhk >>

¼khíke ÃktfsLke frðíkk

yË{ xtfkhðe

Mk{fk÷eLk rçkúrxþ økwshkíke Mksofku{kt fðrÞºke ¼khíke ÃktfsLkwt MÚkkLk rðrþü yLku y«rík{ Au, íku yux÷k {kxu fu, yu{Lke frðíkk{kt rLkS zkÞMÃkkurhf MktðuËLk Mksof«rík¼kLkk MktMÃkþuo YÃkrLkŠ{rík MkkÄe fkÔÞ{kt YÃkktíkrhík ÚkkÞ Au. yur«÷ 2012{kt zkì. çk¤ðtík òLke MktÃkkrËík ‘¼khíke ÃktfsLke zkÞMÃkkuhk frðíkk’Lkku Mkt[Þ «økx ÚkÞku. íkuLke MktÃkkËfeÞ LkkUÄ{kt çk¤ðtík¼kEyu ¼khíkeLke frðíkk{kt rLkYrÃkík ‘rLk»fkrMkík frðLkk rðïËþoLk’Lkku WÕ÷u¾ fÞkuo Au. yk ¼kðsøkík fuðwt Au yLku ¼khíkeçkuLkLke frðíkk{kt íku fE heíku yr¼ÔÞõík ÚkkÞ Au íku íkÃkkMkðkLkku ynª WÃk¢{ Au.

{kuzu {kuzu Ãký ykÃkýu íÞkt økwshkíke zkÞMÃkkuhk MkkrníÞLke [[ko þY ÚkE Au. yk{kt zkÞMÃkkurhf Mkt¿kk rðþu, yu MkkrníÞLkk ÔÞkðíkof ÷ûkýku rðþu, yuLku íkÃkkMkðkLkk WÃkfhýku rðþu íkÚkk yuLkk {qÕÞktfLk {kxuLkk {kÃkËtz MkLË¼uo fkuE Lk¬h ¼qr{fk h[kE LkÚke. Mksof rðËuþ{kt rLkðkMk fhíkku nkuÞ yLku íkuLke f]rík{kt xuBMk fu nzMkLk ykðu, ÃkkºkkuLkkt Lkk{ ßnkuLk, surLkVh nkuÞ yux÷k{kºkÚke su íku f]ríkLku zkÞMÃkkurhfLkwt ÷uçk÷ ÷økkzkÞ Au. ¾hu¾h íkku, zkÞMÃkkurhf f]ríkLkk rð&÷u»ký/ hMkËþoLk/{qÕÞktfLk {kxu Mksof su rðï{kt ïMku Au yuLku íku fuðwt MktðuËu Au, yuLkwt fuðwt yÚko½xLk fhu Au, yuLku ykí{MkkíkT fhe Ãkkuíkefe ÃkËkðr÷{kt fE heíku yuLkwt rLkYÃký fhu Au, yLku yk MktðuËLkLkwt ¼kðf{kt fuðwt/fux÷wt Mkt¢{ý ÚkkÞ Au íku íkÃkkMkðkLkku yr¼øk{ ðÄw hMk«Ë ÷køku Au. ykðe íkÃkkMkLku Ãkrhýk{u su íku zkÞMÃkkurhf f]ríkLke rð÷ûkýíkk Ãk{kþu yLku íkuLke zkÞMÃkkurhfíkk Wòøkh Úkþu.

¼khíke ÃktfsLke frðíkkLkwt ¼kðrðï ¼khík, fuLÞk yLku rçkúxLkLkk rºk¼uxu ÂMÚkík Au. sL{ yLku WAuh sqLkkøkZ{kt, ÷øLk ÃkAe fuLÞk {kuBçkkMkk{kt

ËkÞfk WÃkhLkku ðMkðkx yLku nðu MkkzkºkeMk ð»kkuoÚke rçkúxLk{kt. yk ÃkrhðuþkuLkk fÞk/fuðk MktMfkhku yu{Lke [uíkLkkyu ÍeÕÞk? yk MktË¼kuoLkwt yu{Lkwt ËþoLk fuðwt? yuLke MkkÚkuLkk «íÞkÞLkLkku yu{Lkku «rík¼kð fuðku? yk ¼kð÷kuf yu{Lke frðíkk{kt fE heíku rLkYrÃkík ÚkkÞ Au, yLku ¼kðf{kt fuðwt Mk{MktðuËLk søkkðu Au? yk «&™kuLkk W¥kh ¾ku¤ðkLke ¾kt¾ík{ktÚke ¼khíkeçkuLkLke zkÞMÃkkurhf frðíkkLkku íkkøk {¤u Au. Lkh®Mknhkð fnu Au íku{, frðíkk yux÷u Sð yLku søkíkLkwt MkwtËh ðkýe{kt yLðeûký, rLk»fkMkLk ÃkAe Mksofu Mð-Lke yku¤¾ LkðuMkhÚke fhðe Ãkzu Au. Ãkrhðuþ çkË÷kÞ Au suLkk MktË¼kuo Aqxe òÞ Au. Lkðk íkkýkðkýk ðýkÞ Au. yòÛÞk Mk{ks{kt ytøk¼qík ÚkðkLke {Úkk{ý [k÷u Au. çkççkuðkh rLk»fkMkLkLkku yLkw¼ð fhLkkh yk fðrÞºke ytíkrhÞk¤ÃkýkLkwt Lkihk~Þ rºkþtfwLkk fÕÃkLk îkhk ÔÞõík fhu Au:

ykr£fk{kt yufíð ÷køku,yux÷e ~Þk{÷ MkwtËhíkk LkÚke ðhe {Lkurð÷kÞík Ãkkuíkefk íkhefu Mðefkhe ÷u,yuðe ïuík÷ hBÞíkkyu LkÚke {khe fLku¼khík{kt yÃkLkkÃkLkLke yLkw¼qrík ÚkkÞ,yuðe MkrLLkc hk»xÙeÞíkk Ãký LkÚke {ws Whu.ðkík htøk¼uËLke Au. Ãký ðkLkLku fkhýu Mk{kòu{ktÚke

çkkfkík ÚkðkLke ðuËLkk ynª fkÔÞkur[ík MktÞ{ MkkÚku ÔÞõík ÚkkÞ Au. íkkhMðhu fu Ÿ[k MkkËu Lknª, økwVíkøkqLke yk heríkLku ykÄwrLkfíkkLkwt ÷ûký økýkðíkkt nçkoxo hez fnu Au: Lkuðh r÷^x Þkìh ðkìRMk {kìzLko ÃkkuyurxÙ nuÍ yuLk RLkTykurzçk÷ ðuð÷ìLÚk – Ÿ[k Mðhu Lk çkku÷ku. ykÄwrLkf frðíkkLkku íkhtøkÞk{ y©kÔÞ nkuÞ Au.

¼khíke Ãktfs


yÂM{íkkLke yk ¾kus ‘{khwt MðYÃk þwt Au?’ yu «&™ ÃkkMku yxfíke LkÚke. ykí{¼kLkLke fku’fku ûkýu fðrÞºke ÃkqAu Au:

Ëuþ íkßÞku Lku ðuþ íkßÞkuyÂM{íkk Lku ykusMkLkwt þwt Úkkþu?¼khíke ÃktfsLkk MksoLk{kt yÂM{íkk yLku

ykí{¾kusLke «r¢Þk s frðíkk çkLku Au. fkxTMkLk fnu Au íku{, ÃkkuyurxÙ zÍ Lkkux ykuVh yurLk yuLMkMko, Ä VLk EÍ RLk Ä ELðuÂMxøkuþLk – frðíkk Wfu÷ku ykÃkíke LkÚke, ¾ku¤ðk{kt s hMkkLkw¼qrík ÚkkÞ Au.

fðrÞºke çku r¼LLk MktMf]ríkykuLke yÄðå[ Q¼e Au – ËwrðÄkÞwõík

MkqÍ LkÚke fu –fE rËþk{kt òðwt AuLkkRÄhT rnyh LkkuhT Äuh – Lk ynª Lk íÞktLkk yk

yæÄhíkk÷Ãkýk{kt «íÞuf rLk»fkrMkíkLke {qtÍý ÔÞõík ÚkkÞ Au.

fðrÞºkeLke Lkkhe[uíkLkk Ãkh rçkúxLkrLkðkMkLkku «¼kð yLkuf h[Lkkyku{kt yÚkoÃkqýo heíku ÔÞõík ÚkkÞ Au. yk WÃkhAÕ÷e VuþLk«urhík ‘rð{uLMk r÷çkT’Lke ðkík LkÚke. zkÞMÃkkurhf MktË¼uo yk fðrÞºkeLku LkkheíðLku òuðkLke Lkðe árü çkûke Au. yk ÔÞÂõík MðkíktºÞLke ... Au. yu Ëefhe, ÃkíLke, {kíkk íkhefuLkk ÃkkuíkkLkk hku÷Lku rh-rzVkELk fhu Au. yk¤ÃktÃkk¤ yLku xkÞ÷kLku çkksw Ãkh nzMku÷e ÃkkuíkkLke EÂLzrðzâwykr÷xe – ÔÞÂõíkíkkLkk yMkþoLk MkkÚku – nfËkðk MkkÚku fðrÞºke fnu Au:

nwt ÃkíLke – LkÚke ËkMke, LkÚke Ëuðeyk fðrÞºke yuLke frðíkk{kt zkÞMÃkkurhf Mksof s

fhe þfu yu heíku Ãkkihkrýf Ãkkºkku – Mkeíkk, îkiÃkËe, ynÕÞkLku rh-ELxhTr«x fhu Au Ãkwhw»k«ÄkLk MktË¼kuoLku Ãkzfkhíkkt {kºk ¼k»kk s Lknª íkuLkk ÔÞkfhý Mkk{u çktz Ãkkufkhe fnu Au fu,

nwt yux÷u – Ãknu÷ku Ãkwhw»k yufð[LkLkwt ¾kLkwtíkU Þwøkku MkwÄe íÞkhu s nðk÷u ¼ÞwOíkLku fkuý Mk{òðþu?nðu Ãknu÷e †e yufð[Lk þY ÚkÞwt Au¼khíke ÃktfsLke frðíkkLkk fuLÿ{kt Au ÃkkuíkkLkwt ðsqË,

nkuðkÃkýwt ÃkwLk«koÃík fhðkLke ¾uðLkk çkÄkt yð÷tçkLk,

MktË¼kuo økk¤e Lkkt¾eLku ÃkkuíkkLku òðkLke ykhík. Ãkwhw»ku Ãkkuíku ÃkkuíkkLke òíkLku ykÃku÷k ÃkhðkLkk hËçkkík÷ fhíkkt yu fnu Au:

{khk íkk¤kLku {ík÷çku ðkMke ËuðkLkkufu {LkMkqçku ¾ku÷e ÷uðkLkkuÃkhðkLkku íkLku fkuýu ykÃÞku?rçkúxLkðkMke fðrÞºke LkkheLkk MÚkkLk rðþu ðkík

fhíkkt zkìh{ìx – Ãkøk÷qArýÞkLkku WÕ÷u¾ fhu yu íkku Xef, Ãký ynª ÞtºkÞwøkLkkt fÕÃkLkku - Íuhkuûk, xâqçk÷kEx, {kE¢kuVkuLk, fBÃÞwxhLkku rðrLkÞkuøk ykhðkã çkLku Au.

zkÞMÃkkurhf MkkrníÞ{kt ÍwhkÃkkLke ðkík íkku nðu ½MkkEÃkexkE sqLkeÃkwhkýe ÚkE. Ãký su çkuÃkkt[ rçkúrxþ økwshkíke Mksofkuyu ¼k»kkÍwhkÃkkLke ðkík fhe Au íku{ktLkkt ¼khíke Ãktfs yuf Au. rçkúxLk{ktÚke økwshkíke ¼k»kk sðk çkuXe Au. yuLke íkeðú Mk¼kLkíkk ynª ÔÞõík ÚkkÞ Au – fkÔÞYÃk Ãkk{eLku. frðíkk ¼kðÃkrhÂMÚkríkLku {qíkoYÃk ykÃku Au. yuðwt W{kþtfhu fÌkwt Au. yk {qíkoYÃk{kt ¼khíke yLku Ãktfsu (yu{Lkk frð Ãkrík) økwsoheLkku Ëeðku «fxkÔÞku Au, yLku yu{kt íku÷ ÃkqhðkLkwt Au yu{Lkkt Ãkkiºkku Ëkurnºkku – yLkw»fk, ykfkþ, yksoð, ykþfk yuLz ftÃkLkeyu. fðrÞºke fnu Au fu økkìz rð®÷øk – yk çkÄkt íku÷ Ãkqhe ËeðkLku «ßðr÷ík hk¾þu –

Lkrníkh ÃkAeAuÕ÷ku økwshkíkesíkkt síkkt Vqtf {kheÚkÚkhkíkk ËeÃkLku Xkhe Lkkt¾þu.fðrÞºke rçkúxLk{kt økwshkíke ykðå[tÿrËðkfhku

hnuþu s yuðe þu¾kE fhíke LkÚke fu sþu s yuðwt «÷ÞfÚkLk ¼k¾íke LkÚke. yu òu yLku íkku Lke h[LkkheríkÚke fkÔÞLku ykuÃkLk-yuLzuz hk¾u Au.

çku ËkÞfk yøkkW Mkw{Lk þknu yu{Lkk rçkúxLk«ðkMk Ëhr{ÞkLk rLkheûký fhu÷wt fu, ynªLkku økwshkíke Mksof ÃkkuíkkLku «kÃík ík{k{ MktË¼kuo{kt ÔÞõík Úkíkku LkÚke. ¼khíke ÃktfsLke frðíkk{kt yk {nuýwt ftEf ytþu ¼ktøku Au. yk fðrÞºke rLkS zkÞMÃkkurhf yLkw¼qríkLku þçËkztçkh rðLkk Mð¼kðkuÂõík{kt ÔÞõík fhu Au, yLku yk Ãkkuíkefe {wÿk s yuLke frðíkkLku Lkku¾e, y«rík{ çkLkkðu Au.

(Adam Ghodiwala, 200 Halliwell Road, Bolton – BLT3QJ)


>> rð¿kkLk >>

çkúñktz rfhýku(Cosmic Rays)Lke MkËe

rLkr{»kk ðiã

çkkÌkkðfkþ{ktÚke Ãk]ÚðeLkk Ëh [kuhMk {exhu nh ûkýu ÷k¾ku R÷uõxÙkuLk ðkìÕx Qòo Ähkðíkkt ÷øk¼øk 200 fkìÂM{f fýku ykÃkkík ÚkkÞ Au. yk fýkuLke WíÃkr¥k þu{ktÚke ÚkkÞ Au? íku{Lkk «fkh fÞk fÞk nkuÞ Au? çkúñktz{kt [kuíkhV ÔÞkÃku÷kt yk rfhýkuLke Ãk]ÚðeLkk ðkíkkðhý yLku SðMk]rü Ãkh þwt yMkh ÚkkÞ Au? yk çkÄk {wtÍðíkk «&™kuLke nkh{k¤k yksÚke Mkku ð»ko Ãknu÷kt Q¼e ÚkE ßÞkhu Mkki «Úk{ rðõxh nuMk Lkk{Lkk ¼kiríkfrðËTu 1912{kt íku þkuÄ fhe. íku{ýu E÷uõxÙku{exhLku çk÷wLk îkhk Ãk]ÚðeLke MkÃkkxeÚke 5300 {exhLke Ÿ[kEyu ÃknkU[kzeLku íÞkt LkkUÄkíkkt ykÞLkefhý ÃkhÚke ËþkoÔÞwt fu yrík íkeðú rð¼uËLkþÂõík Ähkðíkk fýku çkúñktz{ktÚke Ãk]ÚðeLkk ðkíkkðhý{kt «ðuþ fhu Au. ð¤e yk «Þkuøk MkqÞoøkúný ð¾íku fheLku íku{ýu yu Ãký Mkkrçkík fÞwO fu yk fýkuLke WíÃkr¥k MkqÞo{ktÚke Úkíke LkÚke. çk÷wLk su{ su{ ðÄw Ÿ[kE «kÃík fhíkwt økÞwt íku{ íku{ fýkuLke MktÏÞk ðÄíke økE; íkuÚke yu Vr÷ík ÚkÞwt fu yk fýku Ãk]ÚðeLkk rðrfhýku îkhk WíÃkLLk ÚkÚkkt Lknkuíkkt. nuMkLku íkuLke “çkúñktz rfhýku”Lke þkuÄ {kxu 1936{kt Lkkìçku÷ ÃkwhMfkh ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku.

1920{kt «rMkØ ¼kiríkfþk†e hkìçkxo r{r÷fLku yk rfhýkuLkku Ÿzku yÇÞkMk fÞkuo yLku yk rfhýkuLku “çkúñktz rfhýku” íkuðwt Lkk{ ykÃÞwt. íku{ýu yk rfhýku îkhk WíÃkLLk ÚkÞu÷kt ykÞLkefhýLkku Mk{wÿLkk Ãkuxk¤Úke ÷ELku ðkíkkðhý{kt ¾qçk Ÿ[kE MkwÄe yLku Ãk]ÚðeLke çkÄe rËþkyku{kt yÇÞkMk fÞkuo. çkúñktz rfhýkuLke íkeðúíkk Ãk]ÚðeLkk [wtçkfeÞ Äúwð Ãkh {n¥k{ ßÞkhu rð»kwðð]¥k Ãkh ÷½w¥k{ òuðk {¤e. yk yMkhLku “[wtçkfeÞ yûkktþ yMkh” fnuðkÞ Au. ð¤e ðÄw yÇÞkMk îkhk yu Ãký «MÚkkrÃkík ÚkÞwt fu Ãk]Úðe Ãkh ykðíkk çkúñktz rfhýku {wÏÞíðu Ãkqðo fhíkkt Ãkrù{ rËþk{ktÚke ðÄw ykðíkk níkk. yk yMkhLku “Ãkqðo-Ãkrù{ yMkh” fnuðkÞ Au. r{r÷fLkLkk {íku çkúñktz rfhýku {wÏÞíðu økk{k rfhý níkkt. Ãký f÷u Lkk{Lkk ði¿kkrLkfu «ríkÃkkrËík fÞwO fu yk rfhýku Ãk]ÚðeLkkt [wtçkfeÞ ûkuºkLkkt «çkkð nuX¤ ÃkkuíkkLke rËþk çkË÷íkkt níkkt. {kxu yk rfhýku økk{k rfhýku s Lk nkuíkkt

ðes¼kh Ähkðíkk fý Ãký nkuE þfu. Ãkqðo-Ãkrù{ yMkh îkhk yu Mkkrçkík ÚkÞwt fu fkìÂM{f fýku {wÏÞíðu ½Lk ðes¼kh Ähkðíkk «kuxkuLk níkk. 1930-’45 ËhBÞkLk çkúñktz rfhýku Ãkh ¾qçk s MktþkuÄLk ÚkÞwt yLku Mkkrçkík ÚkÞwt fu fkìÂM{f fýku {wÏÞíðu «kuxkuLk (90%), R÷uõxÙkuLk (9%) yLku BÞwykuLk (1%) nkuÞ Au.

Mk{wÿLke MkÃkkxeÚke ðkíkkðhý{kt ¾qçk Ÿ[kE MkwÄe çkúñktz rfhýkuLke íkeðúíkkLkku yÇÞkMk nkÚk Ähíkkt yu òýðk {éÞwt fu ðkíkkðhýLkk MkkiÚke WÃkhLkk Míkh fhíkkt Úkkuze ykuAe Ÿ[kEyu íkeðúíkk {n¥k{ níke. íkuLkkÚke ykuAe Ÿ[kEyu íkeðúíkk ½xíke níke. yk yÇÞkMk îkhk Mkkrçkík ÚkÞwt fu ðkíkkðhýLkk WÃk÷k Míkh Ãkh «kÚkr{f çkúñktz rfhýku çknkhLkk ykðfkþ{ktÚke «ðuþ fhíkkt níkkt. ðkíkkðhý{kt «ðuþ fhíkktðUík íkuyku íku{kt hnu÷k ðkÞwyku MkkÚku r¢Þk fhíkkt níkkt. yLku rîríkÞf (Secondary cosmic rays)Lku sL{ ykÃkíkkt níkkt. ykÚke íku Ÿ[kE Ãkh fýkuLke MktÏÞk {n¥k{ {¤e. íkuLkkÚke Lke[u ykðíkk ðkíkkðhý ðÄw ½è Úkíkkt íku fýku þku»kkE síkkt níkkt. ykÚke Ãk]ÚðeLke MkÃkkxeLke LkSf íkeðúíkk ½xe síke níke. yk yMkh “WLLkíkktþ (ykìÕxexâwz) yMkh” fnuðkÞ Au.

çkúñktz rfhýkuLkk yÇÞkMk{kt ¼khíkeÞ ði¿kkrLkf zkì. nku{e ¼k¼kLkwt Ãký ¾qçk {n¥ðLkwt «ËkLk Au. 1933{kt nku{e ¼k¼kLku zkìõxhuxLke ÃkËðe {¤e, íku yhMkk{kt íku{ýu ÃkkuíkkLkwt Ãknu÷wt MktþkuÄLk Ãkºk “çkúñktz rfhýkuLkwt þku»ký” yu þe»kof nuX¤ «fkrþík fÞwO. yk MktþkuÄLk Ãkºk{kt çkúñktz rfhýkuLkwt ðkíkkðhý{kt Úkíkwt þku»ký yLku íku{Lkk îkhk WíÃkLLk Úkíkkt R÷uõxÙkuLkLkk VwÔðkhk-þkðhLku Mk{òððk{kt ykÔÞkt níkkt. íku ÃkAe íku{ýu R÷uõxÙkuLk îkhk Úkíkkt ÃkkuÍexÙkuLkLkk «feýoLk Ãkh yÇÞkMk nkÚk ÄÞkuo. yk e–-e+ «feýoLk (scattering) “¼k¼k «feýoLk” Lkk{Úke «[r÷ík ÚkÞwt. zkì. ¼k¼kLkk yÚkkøk «ÞkMkkuÚke çkUøkk÷whwLkk «ÏÞkík RÂLzÞLk RÂLMxxâqx ykìV MkkÞLMk (IISc){kt “fkìÂM{f rfhý MktþkuÄLk yuf{” MÚkkÃkðk{kt ykÔÞwt. íku{kt ¼khík{kt LÞwÂõ÷Þh rð¿kkLkLkku ÃkkÞku Lkt¾kÞku. yk fkhýÚke zkì. ¼k¼k “¼khíkLkk LÞwÂõ÷Þh fkÞo¢{Lkk rÃkíkk{n” íkhefu yku¤¾kÞ Au.

nðu ykÃkýu fkìÂM{f rfhýkuLkwt rð¿kkLkLke árüyu þwt {n¥ð Au íku òuEyu:1. fkìÂM{f rfhýku ðkíkkðhý{kt hnu÷k LkkExÙkusLk yLku

ykìÂõMksLk ðøkuhu yýwykuLkwt ykÞLkefhý fhu Au.


2. fkìÂM{f rfhýku ykzfíkhe heíku fkçkoLk-14 suðk yMÚkkÞe Mk{MÚkkrLkf (ykEMkkuxkuÃk) Ãk]ÚðeLkk ðkíkkðhý{kt WíÃkLLk fhíkkt hnu Au. ÷øk¼øk AuÕ÷k 1 ÷k¾ ð»koÚke Ãk]ÚðeLkk ðkíkkðhý{kt fkçkoLk-14Lkku sÚÚkku yufÄkhku 70 xLk sux÷ku s¤ðkE hÌkku Au. yk C-14 fkçkoLk zkÞkuõxkEz YÃku ðLkMÃkrík{kt «ðuþu Au. ykLkk fkhýu Wí¾LkLk îkhk «kÃík ÚkÞu÷ yÂ~{ykuLke ðÞ hurzÞkufkçkoLk xufrLkf ðzu Lk¬e fhe þfkÞ Au.

3. fkìÂM{f fýkuLke Qòo yux÷e ðÄw nkuÞ Au fu Võík f]rºk{ WÃkøkúnku{kt hnu÷k rðãwík ÃkrhÃkÚk s Lknª, Ãký Ãk]Úðe Ãkh hnu÷ rðãwík ÃkrhÃkÚkkuLku Ãký LkwfMkkLk ÃknkU[kze þfu Au. ð¤e nðk{kt ðÄw Ÿ[kEyu Qze hnu÷k rð{kLkkuLkk rðãwík ÃkrhÃkÚkkuLku Ãký çkúñktz rfhýku îkhk LkwfMkkLk ÚkE þfu Au. ytíkrhûk ÞkLkkuLke rðãwík «ýkr÷Lku Ãký yk rfhýku LkwfMkkLk ÃknkU[kze þfu Au.

4. yu íkku nðu søkònuh Au fu W¥kh-Ërûký Äúwðku ÃkkMku òuðk {¤íkk «fkrþík ÃkzËk suðk á~Þku, fu suLku “ykuhkuhk” (Aurora)Lkk Lkk{Úke ykÃkýu yku¤¾eyu Aeyu, íku Ãk]ÚðeLkk ðkíkkðhý{kt «ðuþ fhíkkt çkúñktz-rfhýku yLku Mkkih-ÃkðLk fýkuLke Ãk]ÚðeLkkt [wtçkfeÞ ûkuºkLke yMkh nuX¤ çkLkíke ½xLkk Au.

5. Ãk]ÚðeLkk nðk{kLk{kt Úkíkkt VuhVkhku Ãký y{wf ytþu fkìÂM{f rfhýkuLku fkhýu Úkíkk nkuðkLkwt òýðk {éÞwt Au. yk rð»kÞ Ãkh nsw MktþkuÄLk [k÷e hÌkwt Au.

6. fkìÂM{f rfhýkuLkk “þkðh”Lke ½xLkk{kt ½ýkt Lkðkt fýkuLke þkuÄ ÚkE. íku Mk{Þ Ãkqðuo {kºk «kuxkuLk, LÞwxÙkuLk, E÷uõxÙkuLk yu s «kÚkr{f yÚkðk {q¤¼qík fýku òýeíkkt níkkt, yLku íkuLkk ykÄkhu s Ãkh{kýwLkwt {kìzu÷ h[kÞwt níkwt. Lkðk «fkhLkk swËkt swËkt Ë¤ Ähkðíkkt yMktÏÞ fýkuLku fkhýu “particle physics” – fýkuLkwt ¼kiríkfrð¿kkLk yuðe Lkðe þk¾k þY ÚkE. yk þk¾k{kt ½ýk MktþkuÄLkku ÚkÞkt yLku ÚkE hÌkkt Au.

(¢kEMx fkì÷us, hksfkux)

Innovations in School Science and Language Education

G. Srinivas

(Key-note Address delivered at CVM’s Nalini-Arvind Arts College, Vallabh Vidyanagar on 29 September 2012 )

Respected Dr C L Patel, Hon’ble Chairperson of Charutar Vidya Mandal (CVM), Hon. secretaries, Prin R P Patel and Prin S M Patel, Principal of Nalini Arvind and TV Patel Arts College, Dr G N Gadhavi, IQAC Coordinator and Secretary of this important Seminar Dr MG Mansuri, faculty members of different intuitions of Charutar Vidya Mandal, participants and teachers from different intuitions of Gujarat and other places. Prof Hari Desai, the Director of CERLIP, was very keen that I should come here and interact with you.

I always look upon CVM with a keen interest. For example when we were trying to get freedom, we had national leaders like Sardar Patel , Dr Ambedkar and others like Swami Vivekanand even in Gujarat; Swaminarayan and others who can be called religious leaders. But India, somehow, has very few leaders in education. But one of them when we look around is Dr C L Patel, because we have national leaders, religious leaders, and political leaders. But we need many more educational leaders in this country of the caliber of Dr C L Patel. Long ago, Dr CL Patel and his colleagues have proved by creating New Vallabh Vidyanagar, a separate township for education right from primary to secondary to higher education and research. I think we often see these days the political capital in Delhi, economic capital in Mumbai but we do not have any educational capital. But you can say Vallabh Vidyanagar is the educational capital under the leadership of Dr C L Patel. Otherwise, I think, Anand, Vallabh Vidaynagar and Patels are known for agriculture; probably, agriculture, to entrepreneurship to education is the evolution of the people in this part of the country which is largely lead by the people like Dr C L Patel and his group of colleagues. If this type of full dedication and commitment is there, I think, you can create many more Vidyanagars in Gujarat and other places.

>> Key-note >>


his job is done. He is not connected to Indian Culture, and cultural practices. This is where, the social science has to play a very important role. Humanities will make you to understand humans, that is why it is called humanities. Social science teaches us how to interact with the rest of the society. Before becoming a software engineer, a doctor or something else, first you need to become a good human being. You need to be a good social person. So for this purpose, social science is one of the areas which makes you well acquainted with these matters.

I have observed that people coming from humanities and social sciences, interact with the rest of people in the society very well. They are also good orators; they speak very well because of their educational background. You might have observed that many scientists and engineers speak very rarely. They are very reserved in nature , because this comes through their academic training. They are more into the facts and figures. They are more into the data, more action oriented. So social sciences and arts can broadly be considered theory and science and technology practical. Unless you integrated these two, I do not think we will go further ahead.

What has happened in this country is, first we started with arts and social science education only, because in good old days, somebody who wrote BA or MA with his name was respected, but if somebody writes the same today, people may not feel respect for that person. Then came science and technology and medical sciences and today there are a large number of institutions in this country, even the government is keen to increase this number. Getting admission in engineering is also not difficult, but getting admission in the engineering colleges run by Charutar Vidya Mandal is prestigious. So, it is good to have better rank in the entrance examinations. And moreover, there will be some choice of some branch or specialization like electronics and computer science. Entrance examinations are no longer for the simple admissions. It is for the choice of the students. There are so many colleges in Anand and in Gujarat, why should the students come to Nalini College only? It is not that students should come to you. The days are changing now-a-days; you should go to students and answer their question of why should they come to your college. Students are the real ambassadors. Actually what happens in Indian situation is that we do not give much importance to our alumni. Once you are out of the

Today this college is organizing a national seminar sponsored by the UGC on a very important issue like Strategies for Innovation in Social Science and Language Education. So let me tell you what is the difference between the education in India and the education in the USA. Earlier we always looked at the USA for any good thing. You know people in Gujarat know about the USA more than anybody else in this country. Now apart from the USA, we think of China also, which is our immediate neighbour and our competitor also. So what is the difference between the education here and education there in China or in the USA? One basic difference is that we Indians are good at knowledge. We have a lot of knowledge. We are good at theoretical learning. In Indian education, we rely more on books, so we are very good at theory. The Indian education is highly theory based or knowledge based. When we move to China, they have knowledge as well as skills. This is the difference between India and China’s education. Then you go to the USA, they have knowledge plus skills plus imagination or creativity. So, the real education needs all these three; knowledge, skills and imagination or creativity. It does not mean that we do not have imagination, it does not mean we do not have skills, This is in a relative manner.

So the question is how to strengthen our education. For example, you take Charutar Vidya Mandal. Here, we have diversity of academic disciplines. We have engineering institutions, we have arts and social sciences, we have exclusive institution for English studies headed by Dr Jadeja. I have not seen such English institutions in public sector. There are lots of coaching centres of English, because there is a huge starving for English in this country, even today. It is very difficult to survive in one way or the other without English. We have also very good arts and science institutions. These institutions should begin to share their resources. Let’s take the example of Nalini Arts College. These days, one of the major problems is that there is huge engineering demand in this country. But they do not have any social science background, they do not have any humanities exposure. It is not an exaggeration, I tell you. It was, once, asked a software engineer, coming from Gujarat; “Narmada flows in which state?” He did not answer. Because, he does not bother to know much about Mahamta Gandhi, Sardar Patel and other leaders. If you ask him about Dr H M Patel, he may not be aware. Because, he thinks, he knows about some softwares like Java etc and


I get something more from this institution. A guy like you studied four years of computer engineering and still he is learning computer in a small class of a commercial area for six months by paying some fees in the evening. Why? He replied, “What I am learning now has not been taught to me in the class room. This skill is essential to get a job. So there is a gap between what we are teaching in the class rooms and what is sought in the society or at the job market.

You need to bridge the gap between societal expectations or requirements and what is taught in the class room. If I am BA English but I cannot get through TOEFL. This is a very sad part. This kind of situation needs to be improved. We have an excellent college in H M Patel Institute of English. CVM’s students should be good at English. Why is H M Patel Institute limited to the students of B.Ed., MA or Research in English? Even engineering students should come and do some kind of modular course for three months in the evening to improve his language. You need to learn English for your Global survival. Particularly people coming from Gujarat, have a long history, even before the freedom, of going abroad and doing many innovative and challenging tasks. In good old days, if you knew your mother tongue than your job was done, but today you cannot survive. Without knowing three languages, you go nowhere.

Sometime ago, I was thinking, what is mother tongue? Why is it called a mother tongue? As a student, you get many questions and you may get the answers from your teachers and text books. This way you become a perfect learner. Let me share my experience. I was studying social sciences; I was studying about West Bengal. But it is located in the eastern part of the map. I did not understand whether I was incorrect or my teacher or the text book was incorrect. A lot of debate went into my mind; West Bengal, West Bengal… Nowhere did I find the history behind that.. I realized after a lot of reading and interaction that earlier there was a greater Bengal, which was divided into two parts, and the east Bengal became Bangladesh and the Bengal on the western side is now called West Bengal. But when we look at India, it is on the eastern side. Even then, it is popularly known as West Bengal. It creates more confusion for the new generation of students like me.

Then there was the other issue about the mother tongue. I always wonder…Why do we call it a mother tongue, what about father tongue, brother

college, you are out and probably you may not be coming back to the college. 90 % of the students will never come back to the college, even just to see the college. So you need to bridge this gap. In the USA and Europe, colleges function through liberal donations; and donations do not mean cash or money; one can give through any manner.

Once I brought my son to the college where I studied long ago. When we came back, he said, “You took me to your college, you always say that it is my college, my college, but nobody called you, nobody bothered for you, nobody asked you to sit and have a cup of tea. Nobody asked me my name, what am I studying, nobody gave me a chocolate. So there is a huge gap between the alumni and the institutions. The connectivity is lost. Many alumni are very keen to contribute to your institutions but now they are at very senior positions, their egos are high, they feel that the college has not bothered to contact me, now I am very big man in the USA or Ahmedabad or Delhi. The college never turned back to me. Why should I bother for them. We do not bother about his importance because we do not have any records of the alumni and we do not have such a kind of data management; where they are from, how they are, what do they do now. This needs to be improved upon. This gulf needs to be bridged in the India situation. Then you will have the institutions with excellence. How do you differentiate yourself from the rest of the institutions, is very important. Today CVM’s institutions have great respect in Gujarat state but now you need to take your reputation beyond Gujarat, you need to have students from other states as well.

Of course, this is a tall order but at least, you should have this objective in your mind. At present, we have very unique institutions, for example, H M Patel Institute of English. There is a huge rush of students to go for TOEFL and GRE training . Our educational institutions are compelled to teach Shakespeare and John Keats. Once the student goes out, he needs something else. This is the gap which we need to bridge.

Once I was trying to learn some computer skills, because I am from science back ground, so I joined a six month course in a computer training centre. There, a student sitting next to me, was from B Tech Computer Engineering. I said , you spent four years in computer engineering and again you are attending these classes like me. There is a justification for me because I have not studied computer science, I studied biological science and


tongue, sister tongue?. Why do we call it a mother tongue? Then, I found an answer to that; I think the language experts can correct me. After a lot of thinking I found that when a child is born, he is in the arms of the mother. The first language, the sign language, the words whatever the child learns, it is from his mother. Children do not learn from fathers. It is the mothers from whom they learn the primary learning. Initial learning, whatever you call, is from the mother. That’s why it is called the mother tongue. That’s why it creates an emotional bondage with us. So now, you may call Hindi or English the father tongue, or brother tongue or sister tongue.

How to bridge the gap? This is where institutions like H M Patel Institute can help the society. This is a very good vision that you have established a very good English institution. It should fulfill all the needs of English for the students who study in CVM. It may be running MA program. But apart from that you should be able to run a large number of modular programs and small certificate programs also. Another problem is, these days, due to global pressure, and also of the entrance examinations in science subjects, the languages are left at plus 2 levels only. The language education is in danger. We need to address several other things. But one problem before the language and the humanities is the declining public interest. Majority of the people do not want to study these subjects. How to address this issue is a challenge. In Indian higher education, we have sharp walls like arts and social sciences, pure science, engineering and technology. You can say it is like the caste system. We need to bridge the gap. For example; if I am studying in the engineering college, I may not be good at social sciences. But some basic principles of social sciences, some basic principles of language studies are necessary for me. That is why in the first year of engineering, we should have Maths, Economics, English and all that. In India, of course, it is not a college level issue but, it is a national issue.

The students of humanities and social sciences need some basic exposure to science and technology. Similarly, the students of science and technology need some basic exposure to humanities and social sciences. We should restructure the humanities and social sciences. I may not have basic quantitative, aptitude knowledge but I should have just basic knowledge of computer, software and its usage. Nowadays, of course, computers are the top priority with all the disciplines. I need to use it for my research; I would be able to do things myself rather

than calling somebody from engineering college or science college, asking him to run SPSSR. But at childhood level, you should do it yourself. So humanities and social sciences need to have some exposure to the science and technology and similarly, the science and technology should have some courses of humanities and social sciences.

Recently, I noticed an institute called Indian Institute of Information Technology in Hyderabad; they have introduced a four year engineering course, with humanities components about 30 to 40 %. It has affiliation of engineering through humanities education. Recently, you might have heard about Azim Premji of Wipro, who has established a private university in Bangalore, Karnataka. It does not have any engineering component. He has started MA in Developmental Studies, MA in Policy Research, MA in Economics and Developmental Patterns of Society and many more innovative programs in Humanities and social sciences. In India we are over- regulated by the universities and the governments. Regulation is good for controlling but it also simultaneously affects the creativity of good institutions. For example, colleges of CVM may want to rise above the minimum level, but may be, you are not permitted. Because the rules are normally made keeping in mind the minimum level of the institutions. They do not offer opportunity for the maximum level. It stifles the creativity. At least within CVM, you have on the one hand arts and social sciences, on the other hand pure sciences, you have engineering and language training and research. These institutes should interact and go beyond the normal level. So they can flourish well.

The other thing is that at least for the majority of the institutions, you should have autonomy. You should opt for autonomy. So that you can come out with certain innovative programs. For example, I may be studying engineering from your college; by end of engineering, I should come out with some certificate course in functional English, and some course offered by a Science College, something offered by Fine Arts College and so on. Some kind of integration among the colleges would be wonderful. Integration here means, it is just like a railway compartment, attached with one another, where you are allowed to move. I know that integration is not possible because theory of integration is something different. Let’s say interaction. At least interaction is possible. There should be better coordination among the academicians to bring up something innovative.


In Hindi or Gujarati or any Indian language, we call a school ‘pathshala’, than there is a college called ‘mahavidyalaya’ and there is university called ‘vishwavidyalaya’. The university is the centre of all the disciplines. Even a college, to some extent is like that. Many of you must not be knowing the principal of engineering college and vice versa. Because they do not find any need of it. But academically, I request CVM to promote this kind of culture where a student of science is able to go to any engineering college and do some experiment there. He can do some project work in any other institute. Such things are very essential. Moreover, these institutions, of course CVM has that, should have a good connectivity with the society, through different means; through academic programs and non academic programs, community services and extension work. If possible, start new programs; first you can try out a certificate course or a diploma course. If they are successful, convert them into the graduate or post graduate programmes.

Recently, I was talking with somebody from the USA. I asked him, “What are you doing there?”. He replied, “Apart from my job, I have joined one course.” I asked, “What is that course?” He said, “I have joined a course of Voice Modulation”. In India, if you are a Gujarati and if you speak English, it sounds more of Gujarati than English. Generally, it applies to everybody including me. The flavor of the mother tongue will not go away. That’s okay. Voice modulation is the program where you may be speaking as the US real citizen. From time to time, the academic program should change to meet the needs of the students. Of course, in Indian situation, this is a huge challenge because everything is regulated and there is limited opportunities to change according to the needs. These courses in arts and social sciences and language education, unless they are restructured, there would be difficulty in long term for the survival. They cannot run in the solo fashion the way they are now continued. I request all the academicians of this college and wider community at the S P University and the CVM level to rediscover the fact that the students’ needs are changing with time. Accordingly, we have to tailor our education. Of course, every academic program will not guarantee the job, but similarly right things will be provided to our students.

Computers have arrived in this country. Earlier the people of engineering started using it, then science people started using it. Now everybody

including arts and social science people use computer. Today, a computer is more of a tool than education. Even, the simple development cannot be completed without computer. Exposure to the other institutions should be there. If I am doing MA in English from H M Patel Institute of English, at least I should visit EFLU and other similar institutes. You should go to some higher institutes for research. There are 3 to 4 elements coming up fast in our higher education. First is Research and Development. Every teacher should do that. Second is accreditation, every institute must undergo the accreditation. Third is autonomy. Most of the institutions should be autonomous, at least academically. Fourth is women education. Women enrolment is picking up fast. These are the four major new directions coming up in our higher education. Language education and social science education are also impacted through these factors. There is some kind of feeling of interiority in the people of language education and humanities. This needs to be removed.

I tell you, there is no short cut in life. Even though you study engineering, it does not mean that it will make you a good student, unless you make an effort to be a good student. You may be MA (Gujarati), people might laugh at you saying that this fellow has learnt Gujarati. But if you are able to write some poetry in Gujarati, it will inspire and motivate the entire Gujarati population irrespective of the religion, caste, creed and the academic discipline. If I have passed MA (Gujarati) and I am not able to write creatively one paragraph or one poem independently, than education has no use, because our education is highly exam centric, because of the frame of the syllabus. The students are all the time burdened to complete the syllabus to get good marks. I used to wonder when it comes to language education. All of you are aware with the films and movies. If you see, most of the film writers, story writers, script writers and dialogue writers, they are not highly educated. I do not criticize anybody because I am a part of the system. But still I always wonder what are our M A and Ph D of Hindi, Gujarati or Telugu doing? There is a huge gap between what society needs and what is taught in the class rooms. That needs to be bridged. I have seen B Com students who are not able to fill up the IT returns and even do not know certain other things which are expected from the commerce students. A student of B Sc or M Sc (Botany) comes out and if s/he is asked about the name of a common plant, and how it is useful to a human being, s/he may say that his/her


field is different. The society does not bother about your specialization. It expects something straight from you.

We cannot ignore the education in language and social science. Unfortunately, being in the poor country, our education is highly employment centric. As a result of this, it pushes some disciplines to be dominant. But in the long run, these disciplines are also important. But I would request the students to respect your respective academic discipline yourselves. If I am studying BA (History), first I must respect the history as an academic discipline. I must feel that this is a good discipline; I can contribute a lot to the society through this. I can make my life out of this discipline. First, he should respect it. If he himself does not have confidence and if he studies History, Economics or Political Science, he does not have any future. That is very important.

The teachers should also inspire the students in this direction. You know MA (Political Science) can go in public administration. People may say that it’s a very easy and simple study. From last academic year, IIM, Bangalore has started a program on Leadership Management. In Pune also, one institution has brought out some Post-graduate program in Leadership Management. On one hand, we do not have students in Political Science and on the other hand, these kinds of institutions are charging 3 to 4 lakhs. Students are coming from all over the country and study the program. I mean to say that there is a scope. You need not have so many disciplines, it should be one or two but it should be systematic and should be deep into that study. Then only it would function.

Further, we need to bring lot of changes in our arts and social sciences, the way the society view it, it should change. Arts and social science has some inferior look, science and technology has a better look and medical means the best look. That kind of system needs to be changed. We need all kinds of education. If we have all engineers, all doctors, it does not work. We need a lot of diversity. But we respect the diversity because it is very important. A large part of population studies in arts and social science, because the other education like medical and engineering are likely expensive and the students do not have that caliber. That’s why a large number studies in arts and social science. That is the challenge. Most of them are first generation learners. From that also, we should bring at least some amount of students coming out with brilliant creativity and imagination. I have seen many arts,

social science and language courses. For example, I did MA (Economics or History), where exam is conducted once in a year ie the end of the academic year. I will have 5 papers in first year. 100 marks each, and that means a total 500 marks. Second year again 500 marks. Total 1000 marks. I am given a degree. The exam is conducted at the end of the year. There is no semester, no project work, no field work, nothing. There is no significant exposure to the students except the annual examination. What happens in the annual examination? 8 questions are given and 5 are to be answered. The students keep on writing. I do not know how much of it is relevant. This model of education particularly in humanities and language learning needs to change. Unless, you bring in some creativity or some critical thinking, it will not do. For example; UGC NET examination, the way the examination is conducted, is entirely different from the MA or M Sc examinations that we conduct in our college under any university. Here you are asking answer 5 out of 8 questions and there, each question paper was in three parts. Now it is changed into objective type ,because of certain logistic reasons.

When I was a student, there were three parts of each question. The first question addresses the introductory part of the particular subject, the second question is on its application and the third question is futuristic. You do not have the answer of the third question in any text book. There will be a few hints directly or indirectly. You have to interpret yourself and write the answer. Why don’t you give a project to a MA (Political Science) student? How the scenario is going to be in the coming assembly elections in Gujarat. He can carry out certain study. He can go around and bring out some study reports. Prof Hari Desai would know well that the political analyzers are highly respected. They are in great demand by all the politicians irrespective of the political parties. Where do they come from? They are Political Science or Public Administration students only. But you need to have the final skills. Only MA (Political Science) does not help. How many political analyzers do we have and how many political science students do we have? There are hundreds and thousands of political science students, but the political analyzers are only in 10s or 20s. This kind of situation needs to be changed. This can be changed through humanities and social sciences only. The students in arts and social sciences are highly dependent on the government jobs. This is another problem. These days the government jobs are declining at the high


rate. Here you should encourage your students for self-employment and the private sector. That is very important. One of my relatives studied MA (Linguistics) and she works in a software company. She told me that she was in high demand. She has to train all the newly recruited people with regard to voice and speech because they have to interact with the clients living in the USA. Because when they speak, it should not sound like they are speaking in Gujarati or some other language. She trains all the newly recruited employees. She has to conduct some training programs, workshops and so many things for them. But the question is that how many of our language students can do that? Many students of MA (English) themselves are not good at English. If you are not good at your own subject, you cannot give justice to the rest of the society or to the job. There are lot of opportunities in the humanities, social sciences and languages also but you need to put a little extra efforts.

The students and the teachers of humanities and social sciences should not feel interior. Every academic discipline has its own importance. People should respect the humanities, social sciences and language education. People should feel that the subject they have studied is equally good. Humanities and social sciences people should also have some mathematical reading. Some mandatory mathematical and statistical training is a must. Such kind of hybrid model of education is very important in the future. Many students want to study biology so they cannot study mathematics and vice versa. A student of BA (Economics) wants to study certain other science subject also but s/he cannot. I, personally, do not like the formation of B A, B Com and B Sc. Rather they should be called bachelor degree or bachelor’s program of graduate degree. Make it mandatory to study 20 papers for the entire degree program of 3 years. When all the papers are completed successfully, s/he will be awarded the graduate degree. Now it is mandatory to study for 3 years. Examinations are at the end of the year. If someone is not able to appear into the examination, s/he can appear next year. But the system should be like that a student can appear in the examination whenever s/he is ready for the particular paper. In the populated country like India, it may be slightly difficult. But future is going to change in that way. So we have to encourage our teachers and particularly our students who want to go beyond the curriculum. Because we are highly curriculum exam oriented. Unless this system changes, we cannot move forward. Particularly our teachers do not do the required teaching at the jobs.

Do not think that you just go into the class, and teach for one hour and your job is done. Your job is for 24 hours. How you motivate your students and how you encourage your students off campus also are important. Most of us, when we think of our past, we were influenced by our teachers even more than our parents at that time. Parents provide material sources. They provide emotional love. But the real training takes place in the class rooms.

Teachers should not think like the other employees of state or central government. This is the best profession. A lot of autonomy and freedom is there in education. You are the people who are going to train and influence the generations together. If the primary teacher of mine or yours comes in front of us, we simply stand up and respect him/her. This is the uniqueness of the teaching profession. But unfortunately some teachers think about salary only. Of course it is important. Without that, we cannot survive. A teacher should not stay away from teaching as well as research work. Doing that only, you can increase your knowledge. Your students will respect you more. You should be ready to take up the academic assignment. You should think beyond your regular class rooms. For example, once a NAAC team asked the IQAC coordinator what is the full form your college. He could not answer that. He was working in that college for last 10 to 15 years and he was not able to say the full name of his college in correct manner. What type of job we are doing is very important. If you are a good teacher, your job does not end in the class rooms. Rather, it starts from the class rooms. Most of the students are influenced by a teacher, outside the class room then inside the class room.

There is a lot of diversity in this teaching profession. You must be happy and proud that you are associated with Charutar Vidya Mandal which is one of the best public-private management model in higher education in this country. I have observed a lot of discipline, dedication and best practices in its institutions. The faculty members and the students of CVM should have some interaction and intra-interaction. Because in coming days the higher education is also going to be as competitive as the industries and business. It is not that the government is going to protect you for the longer time.

The teachers need to change themselves. They need to be good learners as well as continuous learners. Then they can be good teachers. The members of board of studies and academic councils should bring out some changes in the syllabus and


examination patterns in the manner which should suit the students for their better future. I have observed that the syllabus and examination pattern of MA is entirely different from the syllabus and the examination pattern of NET examination. So where will the students go? As the teachers, why don’t you correct this gap to a possible extent. The teachers should be more accredited. They should take care of the practical requirements of the students. The students should not be feared by you. The teachers should give love and affection to the students. I see many students do not sit in the front rows fearing their teacher a lot. This kind of situation should not be there. A teacher must realize that in the class room all the students will not be good. Few students will be good academically, some must be good non-academically. Some students are not good for some strength reasons of their socio-economic back ground. We have to touch upon all those things, not simply the textual lessons for a day or next day. A teacher is a multi-dimensional personality in the unique profession.

Please try to see how the humanities, social science and language education is strengthened keeping in mind the requirement. You should ask a student of Gujarati to write a creative poem. You conduct examination on the memorization basis. So the creativity is lost. There are some good practices in engineering and other disciplines. You can copy some of them. There is no problem in copying some good things like project work and field work. Why don’t you ask one of your MA (English) students to go and teach in the rural area or teach Hamlet in any other discipline? CVM students should be made to be different from the rest of the crowd in the society. Do whatever best you can do within the accepted norms, rules and regulations of the university and the state government.

In the end, I wish to thank honorable Dr C L Patel and his colleagues for bringing out this excellent seminar in this college. And also for giving me an invitation to be present here and interact with you. I also thank Principal Dr Gadhvi, IQAC coordinator Dr Mansuri and all the faculty members. This is a very important seminar and I am happy that UGC has sponsored this seminar.

Thank you once again.

(Joint Secretary,University Grants Commission-UGC, University of Pune Campus,Ganeshkhind,Pune)

>> Key-note >>

New Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Jiju Antony

Actually I have spent my initial life in India and right now I am in UK. So you can say I am half European and half Indian. So for me it’s coming home. It’s my great pleasure to be here as part of this International Conference ICETME 2013. It’s my great pleasure to be here as a Chief Guest of this fascinating event organised by Department of Mechanical Engineering of G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology. I am honoured to be a part of this international event in a beautiful city of Anand.

The reason for my presence here today is intimate and close academic friendship with Dr. Darshak Desai. For last 6 years we have been working in number of papers on topic of six sigma, which resulted in number of research publications in top notch journals. The aim of this international conference is to provide a forum for researcher, academician and engineers from India and abroad to discuss and promote research and technological advancement in engineering and technology. The main focus of this conference is on discussion of information experience and research results on the current topics of interest through discussion and participation from all over the world. This would definitely provides solution for the challenges we face today at the global level. I would expect this event would develop a platform which provide national and international forum for researchers, scientists, industrialists and academicians to exchange ideas for various aspects of theories, analysis, experimentations and computational methods in mechanical


engineering sciences. It’s not only that it also provides an excellent forum for many practices in academics from around the world to present their ideas and discuss the latest technological advancements as well as future directions and trends as a true profession.

The Department of Mechanical Engineering of G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology stride in 2008 to organise 1st National Conference and with encouragement and support of management body Charutar Vidya Mandal the journey continued for three consecutive National Conferences. And keeping the same trend the department has ventured the 1st International Conference ICETME 2013. The chief patron of these entire events is Dr. C. L. Patel Chairman of Charutar Vidya Mandal. His motivation coupled with efforts of department brought laurels to the institute. By such events, department wishes to cater to the research and development needs of the academics and industries across the globe. I am sure everyone here will get an opportunity to network with similar minded scholars, whether in academics or in industry in the field of mechanical engineering. I truly wish the very best of luck for this international conference to be a great success not only this but also for the forth coming years to come.

(Department of DMEM, University of, Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK)

• • •

>> Key-note >>

Global Challanges

S. Channiwala

Dignitaries on the dais , Dr. C. L. Patel – A Legendary Educationalist of Charutar Region, Dr. Jiju Antony – An authority in process excellence, Dr. Himanshu, Dr. Darshak Desai, Prof. Vivek and adorable Mukesh Bulsara, Dignitaries off the dais, Learned speakers,

foreign delegates which I can see, the delegates from the country, the media people and my beloved students.

I will first appreciate and congratulate the entire team who has taken the tremendous efforts to organise this first International Conference on Emerging Trend in Mechanical Engineering. When I use a word “emerging trend” I will highlight few emerging realities. As per the world energy horizon 2020 the present energy consumption is 13.62 x 1012

watt, in 2020 it will rise to 19.035 x 1012 watt. And if we continue to consume the energy in the same way , probably by 2060 we will be out of petroleum reserves. This is the threat on energy crisis associated with the threat on environmental pollution. If I give a figure, because of this massive energy consumption, the green house gas emissions are 30.6 GT of CO2 equivalents. This is not only responsible for global warming but as per World Health Organisation there are 8 lacs death per annum because of this pollution, 4.8 million lost lives per year because of the environmental pollution. What is the way out?

I will use shloka of our own Bhagwad Gita

“Vigyanam Sarathi Dhasya” - Means - “let scientific knowledge lead us”…

…To find the sustainable green solution and socially responsible human beings. What I mean by socially responsible human being is if I am installing an AC of 2 ton in my room, I must grow at least one tree. If I am buying one car, at least I go for planting four trees to maintain the carbon cycle.

I wish that this conference on emerging trends will plough a little way forward towards this direction. I wish you all the success. JAI HIND

(Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ex- Director-In Charge, SVNIT, Surat, Ex-Head, Mechanical

Engineering Department, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat)


>> h{Líku íkºk Ëuðíkk >>

†eLkkt rðrðÄ MðYÃk

Ãkkhw÷xeLkk Ëkuþe

(rþûký{nŠ»k zkì. Mke.yu÷. Ãkxu÷Lkk ðzÃký nuX¤Lkk [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤u ¼khíkeÞ {rn÷k rðïfkuþ íkiÞkh fhðkLkwt ¼økehÚk fkÞo nkÚk ÄÞwo Au. yk «fÕÃk nuX¤ ðuËfk÷eLk †eyku rðþu MktþkuÄLkfkÞo þY ÚkE [qõÞwt Au. ynª ðirËf ÞwøkLke †eLkkt rðrðÄ ÃkkMkkyku ©uýeçkØ fhkÞkt Au. ykÃkLkkt Mkq[Lkku yLku «rík¼kðkuLke «íkeûkk Au. - íktºke)

†e... Lkkhe {kxu yk þçË MkkiÚke ðÄw «[r÷ík Au. LkkheLke þh{k¤ «f]ríkLku fkhýu íkuLku †e fnu Au. íkuLkk{kt øk¼oLke ÂMÚkrík hnu÷e nkuÞ Au yux÷u Ãký íkuLku †e fnu Au. Ãkíktsr÷ yLkwMkkh þçË-MÃkþo-hwÃk-hMk-økLÄkLkkt økwýkLkkt MíÞLkt †e > yÚkkoíkT þçË, MÃkþo, YÃk, hMk yLku MktÄLkk rðfkMkLkwt Lkk{ s †e Au fkhý fu †e íkuLku ðnLk fhu Au!1

ðuËøkútÚkku{kt yk †eLkkt rðrðÄ MðYÃkLkwt ðýoLk fhðk{kt ykÔÞwt Au. íku{ktÚke fux÷kf MðYÃkku yk «{kýu Au:

1) Lkkhe: ÉøðuË{kt Lk]Lkku «Þkuøk ðehíkkLkwt fk{ fhðk, ËkLk ykÃkðk íkÚkk Lkuík]íð fhðkLkk yÚko{kt ÚkÞu÷ku Au. Lkh þçËLkku «Þkuøk ðeh, ËkLk ykÃkLkkh íkÚkk LkuíkkLkk YÃk{kt «ÞkuòÞu÷ku Au. †eLkwt Lkkhe Lkk{ Ãký yk rðrþüíkkykuLku fkhýu Ãkzâwt nþu yu{ fne þfkÞ. WÃkhktík Lkkhe ÞwØ{kt íkÚkk rþfkh{kt ðehkuLke MknkÞf çkLkíke nþu.2

2) {uLkk: yk þçË ÉøðuË{kt Lkkhe yÚkoLkku ÃkÞkoÞðk[e Au. ÞkMfLkk {íku Ãkwhw»kku †eykuLkku ykËh fhu Au3 yux÷u íku{Lku {uLkk fnu Au.

3) øLkk: ÉøðuË{kt øLkk þçËLkku «Þkuøk ¾kMk fheLku ËuðÃkíLke {kxu fhðk{kt ykÔÞku Au.

ÞkMfLkk {íku †eLku øLkk yux÷k {kxu fnu Au fu Ãkwhw»k MktMkøkoLke fk{LkkÚke4 íkuLke ÃkkMku ykðu Au.

4) Þku»kk: ðirËf MkkrníÞ{kt Mkuðk fhLkkhe †eLku Þku»kk5 fnu Au.

5) òÞk: †eLkk ÃkíLke MðYÃk {kxu òÞk6 þçË «[r÷ík Au. Ãkwhw»k MðÞt íkuLkk{kt ÃkwºkYÃku sL{u Au yuðe {kLÞíkkLkk ykÄkhu †eLku òÞk fnu Au.

6) MkwLËhe fu MkqLkhe: ÉøðuË{kt W»kkËuðe {kxu MkqLkhe7 þçË«Þkuøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞku Au. MkqLkheLkku yÚko Au þku¼k ðÄkhLkkh. ÃkkuíkkLkk MkkIËÞoÚke Mkk{e ÔÞÂõíkLkk ÓËÞLku Ítf]ík fhLkkh †eLku Ãký MkqLkheLkwt MktçkkuÄLk fhkÞwt Au.

7) ðÄq: ðuËøkútÚkku{kt LkðrððkrníkkLku ðÄq8 fnu Au. íkuLkku yÚko Au Mkn[he yÚkðk øk]rnýe.

8) ÃkíLke: MknÄŠ{ýeLku ÃkíLke9 fnu Au.

9) Mkíke: su {Lk, ð[Lk yLku f{oÚke ÃkríkÃkhkÞý hnu Au íkuðe Mkkæðe Mk{kLk †eLku Mkíke10 fnu Au.

10) MLkw»kk: ðirËf Mk{ks{kt ÃkwºkðÄqLku MLkw»kk11 fnuíkk.

11) MðMkk: çknuLk {kxu ðuËfk¤{kt MðMkk12 þçË «[r÷ík níkku.

12) {kíkk: ÉøðuË{kt {kík] þçË {kLk yLku ík][Lke MktrÄÚke çkLÞku Au. {kLkLkku yÚko ykËh Au. íkuÚke {kíkk13 þçËLkku yÚko Au ykËhýeÞ.

13) òr{: ðuËfk¤{kt çknuLkLku MðMkk WÃkhktík òr{14 Ãký fnuíkk.

14) ï©q: MkkMkwLku ðuËfk÷eLk Mk{ks{kt ï©q15 fnuíkk.

15) LkLkkLË]: ÃkríkLke çknuLk yux÷u fu LkýtËLku LkLkkLË]16 fneLku MktçkkuÄðk{kt ykðu Au.

16) Þ{Mkq: òurzÞk çkk¤fkuLku sL{ ËuLkkhe †eLku Þ{Mkq17 fnu Au.

17) y{kLkw»ke: yÃMkhk {kxu y{kLkw»ke18 þçË «ÞkuòÞku Au.


18) økwnk[hLíke: ÉøðuË{kt {hwíkkuLke [{fíke MðŠý{ fxkhLke íkw÷Lkk økwnk[hLíke19 fu økwÃík heíku {¤íke †e MkkÚku fhðk{kt ykðe Au.

19) Ãkwtù÷e: fk{kíkwh ÚkELku ÃkhÃkwhw»kLke ÃkkA¤ Ëkuzíke †eLku Ãkwtù÷e20 fnuðk{kt ykðe Au.

20) nMkúk: nMkíke †eLku ÉøðuË{kt nMkúk21 fnuðk{kt ykðe Au.

21) MkwðkMkk: MkwtËh ð†ku ÃknuhLkkhe †eLku MkwðkMkk22Lke WÃk{k ykÃkðk{kt ykðe Au.

22) MkkÄkhýe: ÉøðuË{kt †eLku MkkÄkhýe23Lkk rðþu»kýÚke LkðkSLku íkuLke íkw÷Lkk ðes¤e MkkÚku fhðk{kt ykðe Au.

23) Mk{Lkøkk: {LkLku yLkwfq¤ nkuÞ íkuðe †e {kxu Mk{Lkøkk24 þçË «Þkusðk{kt ykÔÞku Au.

24) «ðeíkk: øk¼oÄkhý fhLkkhe yÚkðk økŠ¼ýe †eLku «ðeíkk25 fne Au.

25) yríkíðhe: yrÚkfw÷xk †e {kxu yríkíðhe26 þçË «ÞkuòÞku Au.

26) {nkLkøLke: yk[kh¼úü †eLku yÚkðoðuË{kt {nkLkøLke27 fnuðk{kt ykðe Au.

27) «Vðeo: ðuËfk¤{kt rð÷kMke SðLk SðLkkhe †eLku «Vðeo28 fnu Au.

28) MktðÞLíke: MkwtËh htøkkuðk¤wt fÃkzwt ðýíke †eLku MktðÞLíke29 fne Au.

29) ÉíkwÃkk: ÉíkwLku yLkwfq¤ ¼kusLk yLku s÷ÃkkLk fhíke †eLku ÉíkwÃkk30Lkwt MktçkkuÄLk fhkÞwt Au.

30) híLk½k: híLk Äkhý fhLkkhe †eLku híLk½k31 fne Au.

31) yøkúuÃkk: Ãkwhw»kkuÚke Ãknu÷k su †eykuLkwt ykríkÚÞ fhðk{kt ykðu Au íkuLku yøkúuÃkk32 fnu Au. yk †eyku MkkiÚke Ãknu÷kt Mkku{ÃkkLk fhíke níke.

†eLkkt ykðkt rðrðÄ MðYÃkkuLku yLkw÷ûkeLku s fnuðkíkwt nþu fu, Lkkhe íkkhkt Lkð÷kt YÃk!

MktË¼kuo:1. ðirËf Mktrníkkykut {U Lkkhe, zkì. {k÷íke þ{ko, Ãk]. 37,38

ÉøðuË 8.33.192. yusLk, Ãk]. 343. yusLk, Ãk]. 36 ÉøðuË 1.62.7, 1.95.6,

2.39.24. yusLk, Ãk]. 37 ÉøðuË 1.15.3, 1.22.10,

5.43.65. yusLk, Ãk]. 36 ÉøðuË 4.5.5., 3.52.3, 3.56.5,

1.48.56. yusLk ÉøðuË 3.53.4, 3.53.67. yusLk, Ãk]. 38 ÉøðuË1.48.5, 1.48.108. yusLk ÉøðuË 8.26.13, 10.85.339. yusLk, Ãk]. 39 ÉøðuË 10.85.39 yÚkðoðuË 9.3.710. yusLk11. yusLk, Ãk]. 4512. yusLk, Ãk]. 50 ÉøðuË 3.54.7, 10.10.11,

yÚkðoðuË 3.30.313. yusLk, Ãk]. 46 ÉøðuË 4.18.11, 4.18.4,

7.43.214. yusLk, Ãk]. 52 ÉøðuË 3.31.215. yusLk ÉøðuË 10.85.4616. yusLk, Ãk]. 53 ÉøðuË10.85.4617. yusLk, Ãk]. 5518. yusLk, Ãk]. 56 ÉøðuË 10.95.819. yusLk ÉøðuË1.167.320. yusLk21. yusLk ÉøðuË 1.124.722. yusLk ÉøðuË 1.124.723. yusLk24. yusLk, Ãk]. 57 ÉøðuË1.124.825. yusLk ÉøðuË 3.29.3, 3.55.526 yusLk27. yusLk yÚkðoðuË 14.1.36, 20.136.528. yusLk ÉøðuË 10.85.22 yÚkðoðuË 5.22.729. yusLk, Ãk]. 58 ÉøðuË5.47.630. ðuËkU {U Lkkhe, zkì. frÃk÷Ëuð rîðuËe, zkì. ¼khíkuLËw rîðuËe,

Ãk]. 68, ÉøðuË 4.34.731. yusLk32. yusLk

(Mkeðeyu{ çktøk÷ku-11, økku.òu. þkhËk {trËh Mkk{u, ¼kEfkfk MxuåÞq ÃkkMku, ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkh 388 120,

rs. ykýtË. {ku.: 9898070205)

(¢{þ:)


>> rðãkð]¥k >>

¼kEfkfk M{khf ÔÞkÏÞkLk[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤ ykãMÚkkÃkf ¼kEfkfkyu rLknk¤u÷k

Lk{oËk ÞkusLkkLkk Mð¡Lku Mkkfkh Úkíkwt òuíkkt Mk{økú økwshkíkLkku Mkfkhkí{f {kLkðeÞ rðfkMk þõÞ çkLke hÌkku nkuðkLkwt òýeíkk yÚkoþkMºke yLku MkuLxÙ÷ ÞwrLkðrMkoxe ykuV økwshkíkLkk fw÷krÄÃkrík([kLMku÷h) zkì.ÞkuøkeLËh fu.y÷½u sýkÔÞwt níkwt. yk ÞkusLkk {kºk íkkttrºkf(xufLkkufúurxf) LkÚke, Ãkhtíkw {kLkðeÞ yr¼øk{ Ähkðíke ÞkusLkk nkuðkLkwt íku{ýu sýkÔÞwt níkwt.

[khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk WÃkfú{u Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì.Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷Lkk yæÞûkÃkËu ¾e[ku¾e[ ¼hkÞu÷k çkeðeyu{ Mk¼køk]n{kt zkì.y÷½u 40{wt ¼kEfkfk M{khf ÔÞkÏÞkLk ykÃkíkkt Lk{oËk ÞkusLkkLkk Ãkúkht¼Úke ÷ELku ðíko{kLk MkwÄeLke rðfkMkøkkÚkk ðýoðe níke. íku{ýu fÌkwt níkwt fu xefkfkhku ¼÷u xefk fhu, Ãkhtíkw Lk{oËk ÞkusLkkLku ÃkúíkkÃku s økwshkíku rðfkMkLke nhýVk¤ ¼he Au yu nfefíkLku fkuE LkshytËks fhe þfu íku{ LkÚke. Lk{oËkLkwt Ãkkýe ßÞkt ßÞkt ÃknkuåÞwt Au íÞkt økheçke Ëqh ÚkE Au yLku f]r»kLkku rðfkMk Ãký 6%Lkk Ëhu ykøk¤ ðÄíkku hÌkku Au.

yæÞûkMÚkkLkuÚke Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì.Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷u ÃkqßÞ ¼kEfkfkLku {ne-fzkýk yLku Lk{oËk ÞkusLkkLkk Mð¡Ë»xk íku{ s [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk {nkLk rþûkýÞ¿kLkk Ãkúýuíkk íkhefu yktíkhhk»xÙeÞfûkkyu ÞkuøkËkLk fhLkkh rð¼qrík ÷u¾kÔÞk níkk. fuLÿ{kt zkì.y÷½ rð¿kkLk yLku xufLkku÷kuSLkk hkßÞ{tºke níkk íÞkhu íku{ýu [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lke rMkfkxo MktþkuÄLk MktMÚkkLke MÚkkÃkLkk {kxu ¼khík MkhfkhLkk ykrÚkof yLkwËkLkLke Ãknu÷ fhe nkuðkLkku Ãký WÕ÷u¾ fÞkuo níkku.

Mk{kht¼{kt {t[MÚk {nkLkw¼kðku{kt [hkuíkh økúk{kuæÄkh Mknfkhe {tz¤Lkk yæÞûk ©e rðfú{¼kE Ãkxu÷ íkÚkk [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk {kLkË fkÞofkhe {tºke rÃkú.þLkw¼kE Ãkxu÷ níkk. fkÞofú{Lkwt MkqºkMkt[k÷Lk Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk rLkÞk{f Ãkúk.nrh ËuMkkEyu fÞwot níkwt. WÃkrMÚkík {nkLkw¼kðku{kt òýeíkk yÚkoþkMºke zkì.{nuþ¼kE ÃkkXf, [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk {kLkË Mkn{tºkeyku ©e ðe.yu{.Ãkxu÷, zkì.yuMk.S.Ãkxu÷, ©e {Þqh¼kE Ãkxu÷ yLku zkì.su.ze.Ãkxu÷, Ãkqðo fw÷Ãkrík yLku rMkfkxoLkk {kLkË rLkÞk{f zkì.ðe.yuMk.Ãkxu÷, Mkeðeyu{Lkk Ãkqðo {kLkË {tºke rÃkú.ykh.Mke.ËuMkkE, Mkeðeyu{Lkkt Ëkíkk ©e{íke ðkMktíkeçknuLk [tËw¼kE Ãkxu÷, rðrðÄ rþûkýMktMÚkkykuLkk rLkÞk{fku, yk[kÞkuo íku{s yæÞkÃkfku, rþûkfku yLku rðãkÚkeoyku çknku¤e MktÏÞk{kt WÃkrMÚkík níkkt.

økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkwt yrÄðuþLkøkwshkíkLkk MkkiÚke rðþk¤ yuðk rþûkýMktfw÷ [khwíkh

rðãk{tz¤(Mkeðeyu{)Lkk ykãMÚkkÃkf ÃkqßÞ©e ¼kEfkfkLke ÃkúuhýkÚke MÚkÃkkÞu÷e økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkwt h7{wt yrÄðuþLk Mkeðeyu{Mkt[kr÷ík ‘MkuLxh Vkuh MxzeÍ yuLz rhMk[o ykuLk ÷kEV yuLz ðfMko ykuV MkhËkh ðÕ÷¼¼kE Ãkxu÷(Mkuhr÷Ãk)’Lkk Þs{kLkÃkËu økík 11 yLku 1h òLÞwykhe h013 Ëhr{ÞkLk ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkh ¾kíku MkV¤íkkÃkqðof ÞkuòÞwt níkwt. ÃkqßÞ ¼kEfkfkLkk MkðkuMkku{k sL{sÞtíke ð»ko rLkr{¥ku yk yrÄðuþLk ÞkuòÞwt níkwt.

yrÄðuþLkLkk WËT½kxLk MkºkLkk yæÞûkMÚkkLku [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk 78 ð»keoÞ yæÞûk zkì.Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷ WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. {wÏÞ yríkrÚk íkhefu LkkøkÃkwhÚke 9h ð»keoÞ EríknkMkfkh yLku ¼khíkeÞ Mkthûký {tºkk÷ÞLkk zeykhzeyku{kt {Lkkur[rfíMkk rð»kÞf MktþkuÄLkLkk rLkÞk{fÃkËuÚke rLkð]¥k ÚkÞu÷k zkì.Lke÷ftX h½wLkkÚk ðhkzÃkktzu WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk 93 ð»keoÞ MktMÚkkÃkf Ãkú{w¾ zkì.nrhÃkúMkkË þkMºkeLke rðþu»k WÃkrMÚkrík hne níke. yk WÃkhktík {t[MÚk {nkLkw¼kðku{kt økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk Ãkú{w¾ zkì.søkËeþ [kiÄhe, [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk {kLkË {tºke rÃkú.ykh.Ãke.Ãkxu÷, fkÞofkhe {tºke rÃkú.þLkw¼kE Ãkxu÷, {kLkË Mkn{tºke©eyku ©e ðe.yu{.Ãkxu÷, zkì.yuMk.S.Ãkxu÷, ©e {Þqh¼kE Ãkxu÷, zkì.su.ze.Ãkxu÷, ¼qíkÃkqðo {kLkË {tºke rÃkú.ykh.Mke.ËuMkkE, Mkeðeyu{Lkk Ëkíkk ©e{íke ðkMktíkeçkuLk Mke. Ãkxu÷, íku{ s Mkw©e [tËLkçkuLk Ãkxu÷ íku{ s økwshkíkLke rðrðÄ ÞwrLkðrMkoxeyku{ktÚke ÃkÄkhu÷k yæÞkÃkfku, rðãkÚkeoyku, MktþkuÄfku {kuxe MktÏÞk{kt WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. økwshkík yLku økwshkík çknkhLke yr÷økZ {wrM÷{ ÞwrLkðrMkoxe Mkrník 11 ÞwrLkðrMkoxeykuLkk yæÞkÃkfku- MktþkuÄfkuyu ¼køk ÷E 36 þkuÄrLkçktÄ hsq fÞko níkk.

yk yrÄðuþLkLkk WËT½kxLk Mk{kht¼{kt EríknkMk Ãkrh»kË{kt ELkk{e-rçkLkELkk{e MÃkÄko {kxu ÃkúkÃík ÚkÞu÷k rLkçktÄku íku{s Mkuhr÷ÃkLkkt yu{.rV÷.-Ãkeyu[.ze.Lkkt rðãkÚkeoykuyu íkiÞkh fhu÷k rLkçktÄkuLkk ÃkwMíkf‘EríknkMkLke fuzeyu’ yLku ‘ykrËðkMke ÷øLkÃkhtÃkhk’Lkwt ÷kufkÃkoý {nkLkw¼kðrºkðuýeLkk nMíku yLku Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì.Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷Lke yæÞûkíkk{kt ÚkÞwt níkwt.

yrÄðuþLk{kt økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk Ãkú{w¾ zkì.søkËeþ [kiÄheyu Ãkú{w¾feÞ Ãkúð[Lk hsq fÞwot níkwt. {wÏÞ yríkrÚk íkhefu ÃkÄkhu÷k EríknkMkfkh zkì.Lke÷ftX h½wLkkÚk ðhkzÃkktzuyu [kðeYÃk ÔÞkÏÞkLk ykÃÞwt níkwt. Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì.Mke.yu÷.Ãkxu÷u yæÞûkeÞ WËTçkkuÄLk{kt sýkÔÞwt níkwt fu ÃkqßÞ ¼kEfkfkLke ÃkúuhýkÚke EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLke MÚkkÃkLkk ÚkE níke yLku íkuLkwt yrÄðuþLk Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk Þs{kLkÃkËu ÞkuòE hÌkwt Au íku {kxu ykLktËLke ÷køkýe ÔÞõík fhwt Awt. ßÞkhu Ãký EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLku ykðkt yrÄðuþLkku Þkusðkt nkuÞ íÞkhu Þs{kLkÃkË MðefkhðkLke y{khe íkiÞkhe Au íkuðwt íku{ýu fÌkwt


níkwt. WËT½kxLk Mkºk{kt {nu{kLkkuLkwt þkrçËf Mðkøkík yLku Ãkrh[Þ Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk rLkÞk{f Ãkúku.nrh ËuMkkEyu fhkÔÞku níkku. yk¼khËþoLk Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk yæÞkÃkf yLku økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk {tºke zkì.ðMktík Ãkxu÷u fÞwot níkwt.

Mk{økú fkÞofú{Lkwt Mkt[k÷Lk Mkuhr÷ÃkLkkt yæÞkrÃkfk zkì.Ãkkhw÷xeLkk Ëkuþeyu fÞwot níkwt. ÃkúkÚkoLkk yLku EríknkMkLke økkihðøkkÚkkLku ÔÞõík fhíkwt økeík ‘EríknkMk økk hnk nu’ Mkuhr÷ÃkLkkt yu{.rV÷.Lkkt rðãkÚkeoykuyu hsq fÞwot níkwt.

yrÄðuþLkLkk ÃkúÚk{ Mkºk{kt rðsuíkk rLkçktÄLkwt ðkt[Lk ÚkÞwt níkwt. {t[MÚk {nkLkw¼kðku{kt økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk Ãkqðo Ãkú{w¾ku zkì.Úkku{Mk Ãkh{kh yLku zkì.fu.Mke.çkkhkux, ðíko{kLk WÃkÃkú{w¾ ©e Lkhuþ ytíkkýe WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. yk Mkºk{kt fw÷ 11 rLkçktÄ hsq ÚkÞk níkk. yLku rðrðÄ rð»kÞku Ãkh rðMík]ík [[koyku ÚkE níke. MkºkLkwt Mkt[k÷Lk Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk yæÞkÃkf zkì.ðMktík Ãkxu÷u fÞwot níkwt. yrÄðuþLkLkk çkeò Mkºk{kt rçkLkELkk{e rLkçktÄkuLkwt ðkt[Lk ÚkÞwt níkwt. {t[MÚk {nkLkw¼kðku{kt økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk ÃkqðoÃkú{w¾ zkì.{fhtË {nuíkk, ðíko{kLk WÃkÃkú{w¾ zkì.Ä{uoþ Ãktzâk, nu{[tÿk[kÞo W¥kh økwshkík ÞwrLkðrMkoxeLkk ykxTMko VufÕxeLkk zeLk zkì.÷r÷ík yuMk.Ãkxu÷ WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. Mkºk{kt fw÷ 10 rLkçktÄ hsq ÚkÞk níkk. rðrðÄ rð»kÞku Ãkh rðMík]ík [[koyku ÚkE níke. MkºkLkwt Mkt[k÷Lk økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk fkÞko÷Þ {tºke zkì.nMk{w¾ Ãkxu÷u fÞwot níkwt.

yrÄðuþLkLkk ºkeò Mkºk{kt rçkLkELkk{e rLkçktÄku hsq ÚkÞk níkk. {t[MÚk {nkLkw¼kðku{kt økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkkt ÃkqðoÃkú{w¾ zkì.rþheLk {nuíkk, økkuÄhk ykxTMko fku÷usLkk Ãkqðo yk[kÞo zkì.çke.yuLk.økktÄe níkk. yk Mkºk{kt fw÷ 11 rLkçktÄ hsq ÚkÞk níkk. rðrðÄ rð»kÞku Ãkh rðMík]ík [[koyku ÚkE níke. yk MkºkLkwt Mkt[k÷Lk økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk {tºke zkì.Lkhuþ Ãkhe¾u fÞwot níkwt.

yrÄðuþLkLkk ÃkúÚk{ rËðMkLke hkºku rðãkLkøkhLkk òýeíkk frðyku zkì.{rý÷k÷ n.Ãkxu÷ yLku ©e nheþ {eLkk©w mkhk frðíkkykuLkwt hMkÃkkLk fhkðkÞwt níkwt.

çkeò rËðMkLkk [kuÚkk Mkºk{kt {t[MÚk {nu{kLkku{kt MkhËkh Ãkxu÷ ÞwrLkðrMkoxeLkk EríknkMk rð¼køkLkk yæÞûk zkì.rsøkeþ Ãktzâk yLku Lkr÷Lke-yhrðtË ykxTMko fku÷usLkk EríknkMk rð¼køkLkk yæÞûk Ãkúk.rðLkw¼kE ík¤ÃkËk WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. Mkºk{kt fw÷ 6 rLkçktÄ ÃkúMík]ík ÚkÞk níkk íku{ s Wå[ ÃkúfkhLke [[koyku ÚkE níke.

yrÄðuþLkLkk Mk{kÃkLk MkºkLkk yæÞûkMÚkkLku [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk {kLkË {tºke rÃkú.ykh.Ãke.Ãkxu÷ WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. {wÏÞ yríkrÚk íkhefu yu{.yuMk.ÞwrLkðrMkoxe ykuV çkhkuzkLkk ykrfoÞku÷kuS rð¼køkLkk Ãkqðo yæÞûk yLku òýeíkk Ãkwhkík¥ðrðËT 66 ð»keoÞ zkì.rðïkMkhkð MkkuLkkðýu WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kË mkhk EríknkMk, MktMf]rík, Ãkwhkík¥ðLkk ûkuºk{kt rðrþ»x ÞkuøkËkLk ykÃkðk çkË÷

hrMkf÷k÷ Akuxk÷k÷ Ãkhe¾ Mkwðýo[tÿf zkì.rðïkMkhkð MkkuLkkðýuLku MkhËkh Ãkxu÷ ÞwrLkðrMkoxeLkk fw÷Ãkrík zkì.nheþ ÃkkZLku nMíku yuLkkÞík ÚkÞku níkku. {kLkðtíkk {nu{kLk íkhefu MkhËkh Ãkxu÷ ÞwrLkðrMkoxeLkk fw÷Ãkrík zkì.nheþ ÃkkZ yLku Mkeðeyu{Lkk {kLkË fkÞofkhe {tºke rÃkú.þLkw¼kE Ãkxu÷ WÃkrMÚkík hÌkk níkk. yk Mkºk{kt EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk fw÷ ELkk{e 1h rLkçktÄkuLku ÃkúkÃík fhLkkhLku [tÿfku yuLkkÞík ÚkÞk níkk 1. fLkiÞk÷k÷ ¼kRþtfh Ëðu hkiÃÞ[tÿf - zkì.hkfuþ ze. Ãkh{kh(økwshkík ÞwrLk.) 2. {nkøkwshkík Mkkókrnf hkiÃÞ[tÿf - fkr{Lke yk[kÞo (Mkuhr÷Ãk) 3. ©e {Vík÷k÷ Ãkxku¤kðk¤k hkiÃÞ[tÿf - zkp.íkhr÷fk yuLk.økwsoh (Lkðøkwshkík fku÷us) 4. Mð.íkw÷MkeËkMk {q¤S¼kR þuX Mkwðýo[tÿf - zkp.Lkeíkk WËkýe (Mkkihk»xÙ ÞwrLk.) 5. «k.fuþð÷k÷ ®n{íkhk{ fk{Ëkh hkiÃÞ[tÿf - zkp.fÕÃkk {kýuf (Mkkihk»xÙ ÞwrLk.) 6. zkp.fktrík÷k÷ Vq÷[tË Mkku{Ãkwhk hkiÃÞ[tÿf - «eíkuþ ze. Mktøkkzk(Mkuhr÷Ãk) 7.zkp.nrh«MkkË þk†e Mkwðýo[tÿf - [uíkLk S.[kiÄhe (Mkuhr÷Ãk) 8. ©e{íke MkhÞq ðMktík økwÃíku hkiÃÞ[tÿf- rníkuþfw{kh çke.[kiÄhe(Mkuhr÷Ãk) 9. rfhexfw{kh su. Ëðu Mkwðýo[tÿf- MktsÞfw{kh yuLk.{uzk (Mkuhr÷Ãk) 10. ©e Mke.yu÷.çkkhkux M{]rík Ãkkrhíkkur»kf - rËÔÞuþfw{kh ykh.Ãkxu÷(Mkuhr÷Ãk) 11. «ku. {kiÞo M{]rík Ãkkrhíkkur»kf- 1- zkp.çkkçkw¼kR su. ËuMkkR (ykh.yu[.Ãkxu÷ fku÷us) 12.«ku. {kiÞo M{]rík Ãkkrhíkkur»kf-2- feŠíkçkuLk yuLk. Ãkxu÷(Mkuhr÷Ãk). yk Mkºk{ktt {nu{kLkkuLkku Ãkrh[Þ yLku Mðkøkík Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk rLkÞk{f Ãkúku.nrh ËuMkkEyu fÞwot níkwt. yk¼khËþoLk økwshkík EríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk WÃkÃkú{w¾ yLku ÔÞkhk fku÷usLkk EríknkMk rð¼køkLkk yæÞûk zkì.Ä{uoþ Ãktzâkyu fÞwot níkwt.fkÞofú{Lkwt Mkt[k÷Lk Mkuhr÷ÃkLkkttttttttyæÞkrÃkfk zkì.Ãkkhw÷xeLkk Ëkuþeyu fÞwot níkwt.

«ku. yuMk.ðe. ði»ýðLkwt çknw{kLkLÞq ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkhLke yu.ze. Ãkxu÷ RÂLMxxâqx

ykìV xufLkku÷kuSLkk ¼qíkÃkqðo {kLkË yk[kÞo yLku [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Lkk rLkð]¥k {kLkË Mkn{tºke zkì. MkqÞofktík ðe. ði»ýðLku xufrLkf÷ rþûký yLku íkuLkk rðfkMk{kt «MktþLkeÞ «ËkLk fhðk çkË÷ RÂLzÞLk MkkuMkkÞxe Vkuh xufrLkf÷ yußÞwfuþLk(ISTE)Lkk niËhkçkkË {wfk{u íkksuíkh{kt ÞkuòÞu÷k ðkŠ»kf yrÄðuþLk{kt {kLkË Vu÷kurþÃk yuLkkÞík fhðk{kt ykðe níke. ¼khík MkhfkhLkk hûkk{tºkeLkk Mk÷knfkh zkì. ðe.fu. MkkhMðíkLkk ðhË nMíku þk÷ ykuZkzeLku «þÂMíkÃkºk ykÃke íku{Lkwt çknw{kLk fhðk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt.

yºku WÕ÷u¾LkeÞ Au fu yøkkW zkì. ði»ýðLku ðZðkýLke yuÂLsrLkÞ®høk fkì÷usLke MÚkkÃkLkk yLku íkuLkk rðfkMk{kt ÞkuøkËkLk fhðk çkË÷ ‘ðZðký híLk’Lkwt {kLkË rçkhwË Ãký yÃkoý ÚkÞwt níkwt.

økwshkík RríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkwt 27{wt yrÄðuþLk [khwíkh rðãk{tz¤Mkt[kr÷ík MkuLxh Vkuh MxzeÍ yuLz rhMk[o ykuLk ÷kEV yuLz ðõMko ykuV MkhËkh ðÕ÷¼¼kE Ãkxu÷(Mkuhr÷Ãk)Lkk Þs{kLkÃkËu ðÕ÷¼ rðãkLkøkh ¾kíku ÞkuòÞwt níkwt. Mkeðeyu{Lkk yæÞûk zkì. Mke.yu÷. Ãkxu÷Lkk yæÞûkMÚkkLku íkÚkk LkkøkÃkwhrLkðkMke 92 ð»keoÞ RríknkMkfkh zkì. Lke÷ftX h½wLkkÚk ðhkzfhLkk {wÏÞ yríkrÚkÃkËu ÞkuòÞu÷k yk yrÄðuþLkLkk WËT½kxLk Mk{kht¼{kt økwshkík RríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk 93 ð»keoÞ MktMÚkkÃkf «{w¾ zkì. nrh«MkkË þk†eLke rðþu»k WÃkÂMÚkrík níke. yk «Mktøku ‘RríknkMkLke fuzeyu’ yLku ‘ykrËðkMke ÷øLkÃkhtÃkhk’ yu çku økútÚkkuLkwt ÷kufkÃkoý {nkLkw¼kð rºkÃkwxeyu fÞwO níkwt. {t[MÚkku{kt Mkeðeyu{Lkk {kLkË {tºke r«. ykh.Ãke. Ãkxu÷, {kLkË fkÞofkhe {tºke r«. yuMk.yu{. Ãkxu÷, økwshkík RríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk Þwðk«{w¾ zkì. søkËeþ [kiÄhe, Mkuhr÷ÃkLkk rLkÞk{f «k. nrh ËuMkkE yLku RríknkMk Ãkrh»kËLkk {tºke íkÚkk ykÞkusLk {tºke zkì. ðMktík Ãkxu÷Lkku Mk{kðuþ níkku.

Mkeðeyu{Mkt[kr÷ík yLku MkuLxÙ÷ çkkìzoMkt÷øLk ðkMktíkeçkuLk yuLz [tËw¼kE Ãkxu÷ #Âø÷þ Mfq÷Lkk ðkŠ»kfkuíMkð{kt þk¤kLkkt çkk¤fkuyu hk»xÙ¼Âõík«urhík rðrðÄ fkÞo¢{ku hsq fÞko níkk.

Editors: Dr. Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Prof. Hari Desai Printed at Anand Press, Anand 388 001.Printed, Published and owned by: Prin. R.P. Patel, Hon. Secretary, Charutar Vidyamandal and Published at Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120., Gujarat

ISSN 0976 - 9809 V-VidyanagarRNI No.Guj/2009-11/5433

February 2013

V-VidyanagarP.O.Reg. No. AND/318/2012-14Valid upto 31-12-2014Date of Posting 25th of Every MonthPosted at Vallabh Vidyanagar

Illuminating Love

Photo by Vasant Patel, Agra 8-12-12

rğ-rğãkLkøkh - CHARUTAR VIDYAMANDAL

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