Course RF100
Wireless CDMA RF Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1 Engineering: Week 1
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Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance TrainingCourse RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues MondayWireless Industry Intro. Modulation Techniques Mult. Access Methods Wireless system Architectures RF Propagation Physics Mechanisms Models Link Budgets Margins Pred. Tools Meas. Tools
TuesdayWireless Antennas Intro: Principles Families/Types Choosing the right antenna Selecting ants. Other devices Tests/Problems Traffic Engineering Units, principles Traffic tables Wireless appls.
WednesdayIntroduction to CDMA Spread Sp. Principles CDMAs Codes Fwd & Rev Channels System Architecture Power Control Phone Architecture Handoff Process Ec/Io, Eb/No phones limitations Call Processing CDMA Messages
ThursdayCDMA Flow Examples Critical CDMA Issues Interference control Managing Soft HO% Capacity constraints Forward big picture Reverse big picture Sys Architecture details Lucent Nortel Motorola
FridaySystem Growth Mgt. Stopgap measures Longterm strategies Multiple carriers Intercarrier Handoff Intro to Optimization Perspectives Bottom-up: mobile Top-down: OMs Survey of Tools Performance Goals Design Implications
Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises Day 1Optimization Overview RF100 Fast Review General Q&A Meet the CDMA performance indicators Signatures of CDMA transmission problems The classic CDMA death scenario Introduction to Performance Data System-side tools and their implications
Day 2Intro to Mobile Tools Collection Tools Grayson, LCC, HP PN Scanners HP, Grayson, Berkeley Post-processing Analyzer, DeskCat Drive-test Demo files Grayson LCC Intro to Post-Processing Analyzer, DeskCat
Day 3Handsets as test tools Drive-Test Demo Lab RSAT/Collect 2000! Grayson Inspector Data Analysis and PostProcessing Analyzer, DeskCat what events did you see? Identifying root causes Parameter & configuration changes
Day 4Operators Corporate RF Benchmarking Overview PN Scanner Lab HP, Grayson, Berkeley Gathering data, interpreting problems Applied Optimization common scenarios
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RF100 Chapter 1
Wireless Systems: Wireless Systems:How did we get here? Whats it all about? How did we get here? Whats it all about?
MTS, IMTS
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Radio Hasnt Been Around Long!Days before radio..... 1680 Newton first suggested concept of spectrum, but for visible light onlyN S
U
1831 Faraday demonstrated that light, electricity, and magnetism are related 1864 Maxwells Equations: spectrum includes more than light 1890s First successful demos of radio transmission
LF HF VHF UHF MW IR
UV XRAY
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First Wired Communication: TelegraphySamuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he patented in 1837. Derivatives of Morse binary code are still in use today The US Congress funded a demonstration line from Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844. 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming into use. The railroads soon were using them for train dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle Samuel F. B. Morse time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide at the peak of his career 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed
Submarine Cable Installation news sketch from the 1850sDecember, 1998
Field Telegraphy during the US Civil War, 1860s1-5
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Wired Communication for Everyone: TelephonyBy the 1870s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for granted by the public, government, and business. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voices over wires. Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late 1890s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA
Alexander Graham Bell and his phone from 1876 demonstrationDecember, 1998
Telephone Line Installation Crew 1880s1-6
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Radio Milestones1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy 1897: the British fund Marconis development of reliable radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM 1902: Marconis successful trans-Atlantic demonstration 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio 1906: Lee De Forest invents audion, triode vacuum tube Guglielmo Marconi feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals radio pioneer, 1895 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of incoming German planes during WW II 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony MTS, Mobile Telephone System 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems Lee De Forest vacuum tube inventor
MTS, IMTS
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Overview of the Radio Spectrum Frequencies Used by Wireless SystemsAM LORAN Marine 3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz CB 30,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2.4
3.0 MHz
Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur
3
4VHF LOW Band
5
6
7
8
9
10FM
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz 7VHF VHF TV 7-13
VHF TV 2-6
30
40
50UHF
60
70
80 90 100Cellular
120 140 160 180 200GPS
300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz DCS, PCS
240
300 MHz
UHF TV 14-69
0.3
0.4
0.5
0/6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz
2.4
3.0 GHz
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz 1030,000,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
BroadcastingDecember, 1998
Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony Terrestrial Microwave SatelliteRF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1-8
Development of North American CellularIn the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission) allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile telephony. FCC adopted Bell Labs AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) standard, creating cellular as we know it today The USA was divided into 333 MSAs (Metropolitan Service Areas) and over 300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas) In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz. of expanded spectrum By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at least one system operating. In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide) CDMA (IS-95) US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees (typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost
333 MSAs 300+ RSAs
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North American Cellular SpectrumUplink Frequencies (Reverse Path)824 835 845 849
Downlink Frequencies (Forward Path)Frequency, MHz Paging, ESMR, etc.846.5 869
870
880
890
894
A825
B
A
B891.5
Ownership and Licensing
Frequencies used by A Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies Frequencies used by B Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Wireline companies
In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted A licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only B licenses awareded to existing telephone companies only subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operationDecember, 1998 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1 - 10
Development of North America PCSBy 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded and looking for capacity relief The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum around 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were auctioned to highest bidders PCS Licensing and Auction Details A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas ) Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995) C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas) C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996) Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. These openings will be reauctioned in early 1999
51 MTAs 493 BTAs
PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICAA15 1850 MHz. December, 1998
D5
B15
E F5 5
C15
unlic. unlic. data voice
A15
D5
B15
E F5 5
C15 1990 MHz. 1 - 11
1910 MHz.
1930 MHz.
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Major PCS Auction WinnersSprint PCS CDMAThe Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies Sprint PCS Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola AT&T Wireless Systems Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks will combine and integrate service between its new PCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular 800 MHz. properties IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment Other CDMA Operators Primeco: partnership of various operators GTE, others GSM Operators Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE, Powertel, Pacific Bell Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networks For auction details, check www.fcc.govRF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1 - 12
AT&T Wireless IS-136
Primeco CDMAWestern Wireless Pacific Bell Aerial OmniPoint BellSouth Powertel
GSM
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Progress in Radio Technology DevelopmentSystems, Signals, & DevicesRadio Communication SystemsHFAmateurMarine Military
VHFLand Mobile
Mobile Telephony30-50MHz150MHz 450MHz 800MHz 1900MHz
Microwave Microwave Point-to-Point Satellite RADAR AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz VHF-TV Bcst UHF-TV Bcst FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK
Modulation CW AM FSK Devices Spark Vacuum Tubes 1920 1930
Discrete MSI VLSI, Transistors LSI ASICS 1940 1950 1960 Time 1970 1980 1990 20001 - 13
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Evolution of Wireless TelephonyStandards, Technologies, & CapacityStandards EvolutionMTS150MHz IMTS150MHz450MHz
Technology EvolutionAnalog AM, FM Digital ModulationDQPSK GMSK
AMPS800MHz N_AMPS D-AMPS CDMA
PCS1900MHzGSM CDMA AMPS, etc
ESMR800MHzFDMA TDMA CDMA
Access Strategies
Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors
MSI
LSI
VLSI, ASICs 1,000,000s
System Capacity Evolution - UsersDozens Hundreds 100,000s
1960AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio December, 1998 PCS-1900 = FDMA = TDMA = CDMA =
1990Personal Communication Systems Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access 1 - 14
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Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics Trends in Radio CommunicationsTechnology: System Organization:Analog Centralized Digital Distributed
Cost per Subscriber System Capacity System Complexity Radio Frequencies Used TimeDecember, 1998 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1 - 15
End of Section
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