RF Design Guide - GBV

RF Design Guide

Systems, Circuits, and Equations

Peter Vizmuller

Software to accompany this book is available for download at: http://www.artechhouse.com/static/vizmuller754.html

Artech House Boston • London

Contents

Preface ix Introduction 1

Chapter 1 System Design and Specifications 5 1.1 Receiver Design 5

1.1.1 Receiver Architecture 6 1.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity 12 1.1.3 Receiver Selectivity 24 1.1.4 Receiver Spurious Responses 26 1.1.5 Self-Quieting 29 1.1.6 Receiver Intercept Point 30

1.2 Transmitter Design 36 1.2.1 Transmitter Axchitecture 37 1.2.2 Load Pull 40

1.3 Cable Distribution and Communication 40 1.3.1 Cable Repeaters 41 1.3.2 Triple Beats 44 1.3.3 Bidirectional Cable Communication 46

1.4 Data Communication 47 References 52

Chapter 2 Circuit Examples 53 2.1 Active Filters 53 2.2 Amplifiers 54

2.2.1 Single-Stage Amplifiers 54 2.2.2 Multistage Amplifiers 56 2.2.3 Distributed Amplifiers 57 2.2.4 Low-Current Cascode Amplifiers 59 2.2.5 Power Amplifiers 60

2.3 Attenuators, Minimum Loss Pads 64

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vi l RF DESIGN GUIDE

2.4 Baluns and Transformers 2.5 Bias Networks 2.6 Crystal and Ceramic Filters

2.6.1 Monolithic Filters 2.6.2 Ladder Filters 2.6.3 Lattice Filters

2.7 Detectors and Modulators 2.7.1 AM Detectors and Modulators 2.7.2 FM Detectors and Modulators 2.7.3 PM Detectors and Modulators

2.8 Diplexers 2.9 Directional Couplers 2.10 Filters

2.10.1 LC Filters 2.10.2 Coupled Resonator Filters 2.10.3 Narrow-Notch Filters

2.11 Frequency Multipliers 2.12 Impedance-Matching Networks 2.13 Mixers

2.13.1 Passive Mixers 2.13.2 Active Mixers

2.14 Oscillators 2.14.1 Crystal Oscillators 2.14.2 LC Oscillators 2.14.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators

2.15 PLL Filters 2.16 Power Splitters and Combiners

2.16.1 Resistive Power Splitters and Combiners 2.16.2 Reactive Power Splitters and Combiners 2.16.3 n-Way Power Splitters and Combiners 2.16.4 Unequal Power Splitters and Combiners 2.16.5 180° Power Splitters and Combiners 2.16.6 90° Power Splitters and Combiners

2.17 Superregenerative Receiver 2.18 Switches 2.19 Transmission Line Section 2.20 VSWR Bridge References

Chapter 3 Measurement Techniques 3.1 Antenna Gain 3.2 Component Value Measurements

Contents

3.2.1 Capacitors and Inductors 170 3.2.2 Quality Factor 172 3.2.3 Single and Coupled Lines 175

3.3 Directivity and Return Loss 178 3.4 Frequency Deviation 179 3.5 Frequency Synthesizers and Phase-Locked Loops 180 3.6 Intercept Point 183

3.6.1 Second-Order Intercept Point (IP2) 184 3.6.2 Third-Order Intercept Point (IP3) 186 3.6.3 nth-Order Intercept Point 188

3.7 Intermodulation Distortion 188 3.8 Mixer Noise Balance 190 3.9 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure 192 3.10 Oscillator Output Impedance, Loaded Q 196 3.11 Oscillator Phase Noise 204 References 205

Chapter 4 Useful Formulas 207 4.1 Antennas 207 4.2 Doppler Shift 209 4.3 Error Function 211 4.4 Frequency and Impedance Scaling 211 4.5 Gain 213 4.6 Group Delay 215 4.7 Impedance, Reflection Coefficient, VSWR 215 4.8 Inductors 217

4.8.1 Air-Wound Coils 217 4.8.2 Spiral Inductors 219

4.9 Intercept Point 220 4.10 Line-of-Sight Communication 222 4.11 Mismatch Errors 223 4.12 Network Transformations 224

4.12.1 Norton Transformation 224 4.12.2 Kuroda Transform 225 4.12.3 Pi to T Transformation 226

4.13 Noise Formulas 227 4.14 Oscillator Phase Noise 230 4.15 Quality Factor 233 4.16 Resonators 237

4.16.1 Coaxial Resonators 237 4.16.2 Helical Resonators 239 4.16.3 Other Resonators

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4.17 Skin Depth 242 4.18 Smith Chart Graphics 243 4.19 s-Parameter Formulas 247

4.19.1 5-Parameter Formulas: Gain 247 4.19.2 5-Parameter Formulas: Impedance 249 4.19.3 5-Parameter Formulas: Noise Circles 249 4.19.4 5-Parameter Formulas: Simultaneous Conjugate Match 250 4.19.5 i-Parameter Formulas: Stability 251

4.20 Statistical Analysis 252 4.21 Temperature 257 4.22 Tolerance 257 4.23 Transmitter Power 259 4.24 Units and Constants 259 4.25 Velocity Factor 260 4.26 Voltage From Field Strength 261 4.27 Waveguide Beyond Cutoff 261 References >, 264

Appendix Workbook Software Installation and User's Guide 267 A.l Installation and Usage on IBM and Compatible Computers 267 A.2 Installation and Usage on Macintosh Computers Using System

7.5 or Later 268 A.3 Installation and Usage on Macintosh Computers Using System

Software Prior to System 7.5 268 A.4 Using the Workbooks 268 A.5 Disclaimer of Warranty on Software 269

Glossary 271 About the Author 275 Index 277