Revolutions! Revolts! New Governments! 1750-1914
Dec 28, 2015
The Enlightenment IdealsThe Enlightenment Ideals
• The two-prong rallying cry?
• Origins?
• Spread?
• Ramifications?
The American Revolution (1776)The American Revolution (1776)
• Spurred by Locke’s ideas of “life, liberty, and private property.”
• Changed it to be “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
• Instituted by the emergent middle class
The French Revolution (1789)The French Revolution (1789)
• Corruption of absolute monarchs• The Old Regime (ancien regime) social classes
into 3 estates:– 1st: clergy, 1% of population, controlled 10%of land,
paid no taxes– 2nd: landed nobility, 2% of population, controlled 20%
of land, minimal taxes– 3rd: remainder of French citizenry: 97% of population;
merchants, laborers, peasants; heavily taxed: leaders=artisans & merchants (bourgeoisie)
Recipe for disasterRecipe for disaster
• Extravagance of Louis XVI nearly bankrupted France
• May 1789, forced meeting of the Estates-General (French assembly)—1st time in 175 years– Traditionally, each estate = 1 vote– The bourgeoisie called for a change: 1 vote per
delegate– denied
The National Assembly is formedThe National Assembly is formed
• The 3rd Estate formed the National Assembly due to denial
• Met in a tennis court where pledged to write a new constitution (Tennis Court Oath)
• New gov’t: constitutional monarchy– 1791—constitution completed, Legislative
Assembly formedformed 3 factions w/in
Revolution Begins!Revolution Begins!
• Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
• The “Great Fear” begins, with the burning of feudal manors
• October 1789, Parisian women riot over price of bread; demand Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette leave Versailles and go to Paris
Declaration of Rights of ManDeclaration of Rights of Man
• Issued by National Assembly, 1789• All men are born equal• All enjoy the natural rights of “liberty, property,
security, and resistance to oppression”• No reference to rights of women; Olympe de
Gouges (1791) wrote Declaration of Rights of Women; not accepted; guillotined later
Fall of MonarchyFall of Monarchy
• 1792, Legislative Assembly dissolved, establishing a National Convention– Abolished the limited monarchy– Established a republic, September 1792– Male citizens given right to vote– Controlled by the Jacobins, inc. Marat and
Danton– January 1793, executed Louis XVI
Reign of TerrorReign of Terror
• Maximilien Robespierre, head of Committee of Public Safety
• Executed alleged enemies of the republic– Marie Antoinette– Marat and Danton, former leaders of the Jacobins
• Ended in 1794 w/ guillotining of Robespierre• 1795-1799: The Directory
Napoleon’s Rise to PowerNapoleon’s Rise to Power• Chosen to lead the army, November 1799• The next day, staged a coup d’etat & became
dictator– Established peace treaties w/ the 2nd Coalition (GB,
Austria, Russia)– National bank; equalized taxes; public school system– Napoleonic Code:
• equality of all adult men • patriarchal family • no property rights of women • restricted freedoms of press & speech • reinstated slavery in the Caribbean
Fall of NapoleonFall of Napoleon• 1812, his empire controlled most of Europe• 3 fatal errors:
– Blockade against Great Britain (1806)– Peninsular War against Spain(1808-1813)– Invasion of Russia in winter of 1812
• 1814, forced to abdicate throne – to Elba– March 1815, returned and reestablished
power• Battle of Waterloo, June 1815, banished to St.
Helena
Congress of Vienna, 1815Congress of Vienna, 1815
• Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, & France met in Vienna to “create stability” in Europe
• To guard against future revolutions, set up a series of alliances requiring nations to come to aid each other lest war erupt
Goals and Action of the Congress of Vienna:
Goals and Action of the Congress of Vienna:
• Goals– Establish lasting peace &
stability– Prevent future French
aggression– Restore balance of
power– Restore royal families to
their thrones
• Actions– Formed the Kingdom of
the Netherlands– German Confederation– Independence of
Switzerland recognized– Required France to
return Napoleon’s conquered areas, but kept France a power
Results of the Congress of ViennaResults of the Congress of Vienna
• Conservatives regain governmental control
• Colonial Latin American governments declared their independence
• Power of France diminished; power of Great Britain and Prussia increased
• Encouraged growth of nationalism
The Haitian Revolution, 1791The Haitian Revolution, 1791
• 1st Latin American territory to assert independence= Fr. Colony, Saint Dominique
• Population composed primarily of African slaves, controlled tightly by minority slaveholders90% of population was slaves
Vive la revolucion!Vive la revolucion!• August 1791, African priest called for revolution• 100,000 slaves revolted• Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as a leader• Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to squelch the
revolt• 1802, lured onto French ship to sign an
agreement for independence, and taken to France against his will
• Died in France, 1803
Haiti is bornHaiti is born
• Dessalines continued the struggle
• Haiti declared its independence, January 1,1804
• Dessalines declared self dictator for life
• 1st colony in which slaves gained freedom from Europeans
Social Classes in Latin AmericaSocial Classes in Latin America
• Rigidly stratified– Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Africans &
mulattos, Indians
• 1808, Napoleon replaced Spanish king w/ his bro—no Creole or Peninsular loyalty to the crown
• 1810 rebellion emerged
Independence for Spanish coloniesIndependence for Spanish colonies
• Leaders of S.A. independence:– Simon Bolivar, creole from Venezuela– Jose de San Martin, from Argentina
• Simon Bolivar, the Liberator
Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar• Studied Enlightenment philosophies• Educated, visited Europe & the United States of America• Dreamed of creating a strong nation, called Gran
Colombia• 1821, led Venezuela to independence• Went to Ecuador, met w/ San Martin
– 1816, achieved Argentine independence– Freed Chile in 1818
• 1822, in command of revolutionary forces• Battle of Ayacucho, December 1824, remaining Spanish
colonies to independence
Simon Bolivar’s hopesSimon Bolivar’s hopes
• Wanted greater prosperity for Latin America after independence
• Reality:– Destruction of cities, fields– Economic devastation due to trade disruption– Gran Colombia & United Provinces of Central
America divided into smaller national states w/in a few years
– Continual Creole rule (Evo Morales, Bolivia)
Independence for MexicoIndependence for Mexico
• Initiated by mestizos, rather than the creole• September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo:
encouraged rebellion against Spain– March of mestizos & Indians on Mexico City; creole
class (& Spanish) defeated Hidalgo in 1811– Father Jose Maria Morelos took over revolution until
defeated in 1815
• 1821 Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Treaty of Cordoba
The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution
• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna served as president 4 times– Lost Texas & a border dispute with the US– Treaty of Guadalupe (1848) ended Mexican
War
• Benito Juarez (Indian) came to power in mid-19th C (deposed by Santa Anna in 1853)
Benito JuarezBenito Juarez• First term:
– Redistributed land– Increased educational opportunities– Maintained sep of church & state
• Returned to power in 1861– French takeover of Mexico in 1862: Austrian
archduke Maximilian ruled as puppet emperor• 1867, resumed presidency:
– Encouraged foreign trade– Construction of railroads
Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz
• 1876, rose to power• Authoritarian ruler of Indian descent• Built banks & railroads; encouraged
foreign investment• Land distributed unevenly; industrial
workers had low wages & poor working conditions
• Formation of new political parties
Beginnings and End of RevolutionBeginnings and End of Revolution
• Francisco Madero (elite class), educated in US & France; believed in democracy
• Exiled to US by Diaz, called for revolution
• Leaders: Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa
More Mex. RevolutionMore Mex. Revolution
• Marked by years of frequent assassinations and leadership changes
• Ended with murder of Zapata in 1919, by the hands of Carranza, one of the leaders of the revolution
Effects of the Mexican RevolutionEffects of the Mexican Revolution
• Revised Mexican constitution– Promoted:
• Land reforms• Workers’ rights• Education
– Legal rights granted to women (such as initiating lawsuits)
• New political party, Institutional Revolutionary Party, came to power in 1929, dominated 20th Century