Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Louis XVIII (r. 1814 – 1824) Louis XVI’s brother Constitutional Monarchy Restored some aspects of Old Regime Catholicism.

Another French Revolution

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

Louis XVIII (r. 1814 – 1824)Louis XVI’s brother

Constitutional MonarchyRestored some aspects of

Old RegimeCatholicism reinstated as

State ReligionRecognized Napoleonic

Civil Code as lawFreedom of ReligionFreedom of the Press

Charter of 1814 Assembly [2 House Legislature]

Chamber of Deputies (elected)Chamber of Peers (appointed)

Opposition to Louis XVIIIULTRA - ROYALISTS

"ULTRAS"✘The “White Terror”✘They supported Bourbons but felt Louis XVIII was not a “true” King

✘Led by Count of Artois, the King’s Brother✘1820 – Ultras were elected into the Chamber of Deputies✘Placed restrictions on civil liberties

❇Louis XVIII died in 1824❇Count of Artois, Charles

X took the Throne❇“had learned nothing

and forgotten nothing”❇Goal: To Restore the Old

Regime❇Took away civil

liberties

✘Liberals✘Merchants and manufacturers✘Napoleonic Soldiers✘Those who romanticized Napoleon’s Memory✘Romantic Writers – Victor Hugo

July 26, 1830 – Charles X passed 4 Ordinances

1. Dissolved Chamber of Deputies2. Revoked the vote from ¾ of the electorate3. Called for new elections4. Muzzled the Press

ABANDONED THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CHARTER OF 1814

July 27-29, 1830✘Demonstrations against Charles X✘Artisans✘Trades people✘August 2, 1830 Charles abdicates

JULY MONARCHY✥Tri-color replaced the

white flag of the Bourbons

✥Accepted a revised version of the Charter of 1814

✥Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion

✥High tariffs Duke of Orleans

“Gargantua”, Daumier, 1831

The fat king sits in front of the National Assembly on a large commode. A huge plank comes out of his mouth on which rewards travel down to the eager officials beneath. Standing around his small, cripples legs are tattered workers and starving mothers who drop coins into the baskets on ministers.

Past Present Future, 1834Daumier

☠1835 – survived an assassination attempt☠1839 – survived a plot to overthrow him☠1840 survived another attempt on his life

✘No Monarchical legitimacy

✘No popular sovereignty

✘So it was caught between republicans and legitimatists.

LOUIS-PHILLIPE I’s MAJOR ISSUES

FEBRUARY 22, 1848✘A Banquet, organized in

opposition to:✘Louis-Phillipe✘Francois Guizot (chief

minister)✘Riots broke out✘40 people were killed

✘Guizot is dismissed✘Louis-Phillipe abdicated

FEBRUARY REVOLUTION

Universal Manhood SuffrageAbolished slavery in French Colonies

Attempted to placate all political groupsModerate RepublicansLegitimistsLouis NapoleonSocialists

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

1.Raised direct taxes 45%2.“National Workshops”

ECONOMIC CRISIS HITS

☑Conservative Majority took control of National Assembly☑A Republic in the hands of Conservatives☑DECEMBER 1848☑Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – elected President☑GOAL = to establish a dictatorship

*** Elections***