Paper and card Material/ Name Uses Description Layout and Tracing Paper • Hard and Translucent • Typically 50g/m • Take spirit-based marker pens well Used during the development stage of designing Lightweight thin paper Transparent Cartridge paper • Tough and lightly textured • Often used in a very light cream colour • Takes coloured pencils very well • 100-135g/m General drawing Good quality white paper Available in different weights General purpose work Medium cost Cardboard • Can be laminated together to create thicker boards • From 200g/m upwards • Often made from recycled materials General modelling and packaging Durable Made by corrugated lines for density From recycled fibre Solid white board • Stronger, high-quality board • Made from pure bleached wood pulp • Excellent for printing on to Book covers More expensive packaging Best card for printing on too From quality bleached wood Durable Semi- ridged 1.A tree is cut down and the trunk is fed into a chipping machine where it is cut into very small pieces. 2. The wood chips are boiled in water to form a thick wood pulp 3. ingredients such as starch and bonding agents are added. The pulp is poured over a fine mesh and the water escapes leaving the cellulose fibres behind. This forms the paper Composite materials are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. Composite materials consist of: • cements, concrete • Reinforced plastics such as fibre-reinforced polymer • Metal Composites • Ceramic Composites Paper and card are the materials that we all throw away the most, making up over a third of the rubbish we produce. It is easy to make new paper and card by recycling the old paper and card. Paper is a versatile material with many uses By Evie Lawrence
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Paper and card
Material/ Name Uses Description
Layout and Tracing Paper
• Hard and Translucent
• Typically 50g/m
• Take spirit-based marker pens well
Used during the development stage of designing Lightweight
thin paper
Transparent
Cartridge paper
• Tough and lightly textured
• Often used in a very light cream colour
• Takes coloured pencils very well
• 100-135g/m
General drawing Good quality white paper
Available in different weights
General purpose work
Medium cost
Cardboard
• Can be laminated together to create thicker boards
• From 200g/m upwards
• Often made from recycled materials
General modelling and packaging Durable
Made by corrugated lines for density
From recycled fibre
Solid white board
• Stronger, high-quality board
• Made from pure bleached wood pulp
• Excellent for printing on to
Book covers
More expensive packaging
Best card for printing on too
From quality bleached wood
Durable
Semi- ridged
1.A tree is cut down and the
trunk is fed into a chipping
machine where it is cut into
very small pieces.
2. The wood chips
are boiled in water
to form a thick wood
pulp
3. ingredients such as
starch and bonding
agents are added. The
pulp is poured over a
fine mesh and the
water escapes leaving
the cellulose fibres
behind. This forms the
paper
Composite materials are materials made
from two or more constituent materials
with significantly different physical or
chemical properties, that when
combined, produce a material with
characteristics different from the
individual components. Composite
materials consist of:• cements, concrete
• Reinforced plastics such as fibre-reinforced
polymer
• Metal Composites
• Ceramic Composites
Paper and card are the materials that
we all throw away
the most, making up over a third of the
rubbish we produce.
It is easy to make new paper and card
by recycling the old
paper and card.
Paper is a versatile material with many
uses
By Evie Lawrence
Hard wood is a type of wood
that comes from angiosperm
trees. Some of these trees are
called Oak trees, Maple trees
and Beech trees. These are
some examples of what hard
wood looks like:
Hard Wood
By Evie Lawrence
Soft wood
Soft wood is a type of wood that comes
from coniferous trees and evergreen
trees. Soft wood is the source of around
80% of the worlds production timber.
These are a few examples of what soft
wood looks like:
Manufactured wood is a type
of wood that is man made.
Some of the most common
types of manufactured wood is
plywood and MDF. Here are
some examples of
manufactured wood.
These are
pieces of
Plywood
These are
pieces of
MDF
This is how hardwood floors are manufactured.
There are two types of wood:
softwood and hardwood. These
names do not refer to the
properties of the wood: some
softwoods can be hard and
some hardwoods can be soft
Softwood comes from particular types of trees, it is made
by nature. Softwoods have a particular cellular structure at
the microscopic level. Some Softwoods included in that
definition are actually harder than some hardwoods. For
example Balsa wood is biologically a hardwood, but it is
softer for carving and cutting than is the biological
softwood.
Hardwood is wood from deciduous trees and broad-leaf
evergreen trees. All hardwoods are angiosperms
(flowering plants) which are the most assorted and
largest group of land plants. Hardwoods all have
enclosed nuts or seeds. Hardwood is in contrast to
softwood which come from conifers, cone bearing seed
plants.
By Evie Lawrence
Metal Property Use
Aluminium Heat Conductor Make Saucepans
Copper Electrical Conductor Make electric wiring
Gold Lustrous (shiny) Make jewellery
Lead Dense To add weight when scuba diving
Platinum High melting and boiling point Electrodes of spark plugs
Steel High tensile strength
Strong
• Makes ropes
• Makes bridges
• Buildings
• cars
Tungsten Hard Make drill pieces
Alloys
An alloy is a material composed of two or
more metals or a metal and a non-metal. An
alloy may be a solid solution of the
elements.
Non Ferrous Metals
•Aluminium – An alloy of aluminium, copper and
manganese. Very lightweight and easily worked. Used in
aircraft manufacture, window frames and some kitchen
ware.
•Copper – Copper is a natural occurring substance. The fact
that it conducts heat and electricity means that it is used
for wiring, tubing and pipe work.
•Brass – A combination of copper and zinc, usually in the
proportions of 65% to 35% respectively. Is used for
ornamental purposes and within electrical fittings.
•Silver – Mainly a natural substance, but mixing with copper
creates sterling silver. Used for decorative impact in
jewellery and ornaments, and also to solder different
metals together.
•Lead – Lead is a naturally occurring substance. It is heavy
and very soft and is often used in roofing, in batteries and
to make pipes.
Ferrous Metals
•Mild Steel – Carbon content of 0.1 to 0.3% and Iron content
of 99.7 – 99.9%. Used for engineering purposes and in
general, none specialised metal products.
•Carbon steel – Carbon content of 0.6 to 1.4% and Iron
content of 98.6 to 99.4 %. Used to make cutting tools such
as drill bits.
•Stainless Steel – Made up of Iron, nickel and chromium.
Resists staining and corrosion and is therefore used for the
likes of cutlery and surgical instrumentation. See our info
graphic celebrating 100 years of stainless steel usage in
buildings or the different types of stainless steel.
•Cast Iron – carbon 2 – 6% and Iron at 94 to 98%. Very strong
but brittle. Used to manufacture items such as engine
blocks and manhole covers.
•Wrought Iron – Composed of almost 100% iron. Used to
make items such as ornamental gates and fencing.
By Evie Lawrence
Plastics: natural,
synthetic,
thermosetting or
thermoplastic
There are two types of plastics:
thermoplastics and thermosetting
polymers. Thermoplastics are the
plastics that do not undergo
chemical change in their
composition when heated and
can be moulded again and again.
Thermosetting polymers
have different properties
to thermosetting
polymers. Once moulded,
they do not soften when
heated and they cannot
be reshaped. Vulcanised
rubber is a thermoset
used to make tyres.
Natural
Natural sources of plastics include:
plants - from which cellulose can be extracted
trees - from which latex, amber and resin can be extracted
animals - from which horn and milk (used to make glues) are obtained
insects - from which shellac (used to make polish) is obtained
Synthetic
Synthetic plastics are chemically manufactured from:
crude oil
coal
natural gas
By Evie Lawrence
A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid
comprising metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms
primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The
crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from
highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often
completely amorphous (e.g., glasses).
ALUMINA
Alumina is the most widely used advanced ceramic
material. It offers very good performance in terms of
wear resistance, corrosion resistance and strength at
a reasonable price. Its high dielectric properties are