Revision 1 Beginning to Industrial Revolution

PE

Revision 1Beginning to Industrial Revolution

• LO – to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the history and development of sport as we know it today

Revision Tools

• Handwritten notes – brief, concise, examples• Annotate – highlight, notes• Mindmaps• Keyword cards• Timelines

The History of Sport – An Overview

• Sporting events and changes are influenced by the economic, social and political situations in place at the time.

Medieval period (1200 - 1485)

• People had little time or energy for recreational activities • Leisure time activities were originally confined to feast days • Games were local in nature, each village having its own particular activities for feast days • From time to time the government banned traditional activities in favour of archery training

Tudor and Stuart period (1485 - 1714)

• Traditional folk games and activities flourished in Tudor times • Puritanism greatly reduced the opportunities to play and types of activity allowed • After the restoration in 1660, traditional activities were revived • Sport moved away from its former links with merrymaking and lawlessness

Hanoverian period (1714 - 1790)

• Play and sport were largely ignored by the government • People of all classes enjoyed their leisure to the full • Increasing industrialisation demanded regular working patterns • There was some pressure for Sunday to be a day of rest • Large gatherings for sport often meant social disorder • Regular, organised, rule-governed sport on a national scale emerged

Changing times (1790 -1830)

• Traditional sport was under attack from all sides • Factory owners wanted a regular working week • Property owners feared the damage caused by large crowds • Churches criticised idleness, drunkenness and slack morality • Commercialisation of sport developed, especially in horse racing, cricket and prize fighting

Victorian Sport (1830 - 1901)• Sport developed in the context of industrial capitalism and class inequality • Sport became linked to a moral code defined by the middle classes: - it was accepted that sport developed character and morality - competition had to be fair and rule-governed with similar conditions for all players - sport was to be played, not for reward, but for its own sake • Nationwide sport developed through the influence of technology, the public schools and the national governing bodies • For the masses, Saturday afternoon free from work was the turning point, enabling them to play and spectate • Amateur and professional sport became increasingly separated • Working class sport in school was limited largely to drill and therapeutic gymnastics

Edwardian Sport (1901 - 1918)

• Organised sporting involvement expanded rapidly across all classes • Increasingly, the different classes played their sport separately • Public school athleticism still dominated sport • Male working class influence increased, notably in football in England and rugby in Wales. However, working class women were largely excluded from sporting involvement • Commercialisation of sport continued with large numbers of spectators and increased numbers of professionals in major sports • Sport was increasingly a matter of national concern

Between the world wars (1918 - 1940)

• Steady growth in sports participation continued for all classes of society, although working class worm were least involved • Most sports were still class orientated • Football (in all its versions) continued to increase in popularity and by the 1930s, was the most popular sporting activity • Lack of facilities became an issue, particularly when national teams failed • There was little government involvement in sport, apart from physical education in schools • School physical education moved from therapeutic exercises to recreative physical training • Commercialisation of sport expanded rapidly, especially the provision for spectator sport • Sport, as a part of a national culture, now extended to the majority of the population

British Sport (1940 - Today)

• An improved standard of living has enabled greater participation in sport for most social groups • Amateur administrators only reluctantly allowed commercial forces to enter the world of sport • Professional sportspeople had a long battle to be given fair rewards • Television coverage increased in importance for sport and the sponsors • The definition of amateurism for competition was replaced by the concept of eligibility • Central government involvement in sport has always been fragmentary • There has been a long standing underfunding of sport by central government • An advisory Sports Council was established in 1965 and the independent executive Sports Council in 1972

British Sport (1940 - Today)• Physical education was established in the 1944 Act for its educational value • The movement approach conflicted with traditional games teaching • Physical education moved away from educational values towards physical recreation and more recently towards health-related fitness • Various academic qualifications in physical education stimulated scrutiny of the subject (for example, BEd, CSE, GCSE, A-Level) • Physical education is now established in the national curriculum as a foundation subject • There has been an increasing influence of market forces on schools, physical education, sports facilities and sport

Ancient Olympic Games• Started 776 BC• Banned 394 AD – no pagan festivals allowed• Held in Olympia – a sacred fertile valley• Purpose – religious, cultural, sporting festival, in honour of Zeus (father of

gods)• Philosophy – discipline for body and mind. Perfect human – ‘marriage of

mind and muscle’• 4 yrs = Olympiad• Only Greek’s allowed to compete• Split into independent states – truce of peace during Olympics• 50,000 spectators• Athletes – arrived 10 months before to prepare!• Women not allowed to compete or watch• No clothing allowed!• Prizes – crown of olive branches

ANCIENT PASTIMES…• Egypt – sports found on tombs from 2000 B.C,

wrestling, archery and stick fighting, running, chariot racing, swimming and ball games

• China – similar as Egypt, also horse racing, boxing and golf

• Crete – Minotoan bull leaping, hunting and fishing

• Greece – ancient Olympic events

• Romans – fighting and Gladiators (up to 175 days a yr dedicated to it), alongside Baths to cleanse and relax (there were over 850 in Rome in the 4th century, all free of charge)

• North America - Lacrosse

Characteristics of ancient sports…

• Ceremonial - Celebratory- Sacrificial- Rituals (God worshippers)- Satisfaction of health/beliefs

• Survival - Military- Contests- Food- Essential

1 - Heroic Age

Homer:• Legendary ancient Greek poet• Lived around 8th century BC

• Physical prowess• Warlike preparation• Ritual sacrifice to the Gods

2 – Man of Action

• Strong city states• Physical prowess due to inner-city warfare• Height of the Ancient Olympic Games• Militaristic Spartan society dominated

3 - Man of Wisdom

Pan-Hellenic Games:• Apollo – beautiful god of the sun, light,

medicine and music• Poseidon – god of the sea, horses and

earthquakes• Zeus – supreme lord of gods, god of the sky,

symbolized as a thunderbolt

• Classical Greece• Intellect dominant• Professional athletes

The EventsAlongside Chariot and Horse racing, these 7 male dominated events were contested:

• Diaulos – foot race of 400m, depending on the size of the stadium

• Dolichos – foot race between 1500m and 5000m

• Wrestling – opponent had to get to their knee’s three times

The Events

• Pankration – fighting by any means, apart from eye gouging or biting!

• Boxing – leather gloves, no weight classes, no time limits, no ring!

• Pentathlon – 180 foot race, long jump with weights, discus, javelin and wrestling

• Hoplite – foot race in armour

Ancient Greek Games:

Olympic & other

games

Ritual

Festival

Military

Citizen athlete

Professional athlete

WisdomAction

Heroic

Contests

Athletics

Equestrianism

Outcomes

• Greek civilisation was philosophical – mind, body, spirit

• Festivals were ritualistic contests, bringing together poets and athletes

• Ancient Rome evolved similar activities, but the Romans had a far more militaristic aim, changing into an obsession with personal health