Review Questions Lectures 5 and 6

Lectures 5 & 6 Review

Lectures 5 & 6 ReviewWhich of the following is not one of the types of cartilage found within the body.HyalineAreolarFibrocartilageElastic

Answer: AreolarCartilage is vascular, meaning that it can easily repair itself and receives nutrients directly from the blood stream. TrueFalseAnswer: False. Cartilage is avascular, meaning that it must instead receive nutrients through diffusion. If cartilage breaks it cannot repair itself on its own.

What is the best description of hyaline cartilage? Name 3 places it is located.Contains thick collagen fibers and acts as a shock absorber.It contains elastic fibers that provides flexibility.It is the most common type of cartilage. It is flexible, but resilient.It is found made up of collagen and reticular fibers providing an interstitial network of support.Answer: Number 3. It is found in the respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, and fetal skeletonWhat is the best description of Fibrocartilage? Name 3 places it is located.Contains thick collagen fibers and acts as a shock absorber.It contains elastic fibers that provides flexibility.It is the most common type of cartilage. It is flexible, but resilient.It is found made up of collagen and reticular fibers providing an interstitial network of support.

Answer: Number 1. It is found in the intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, and the pubic symphysis.What is the best description of elastic cartilage? Name the 2 places it is found.Contains thick collagen fibers and acts as a shock absorber.It is the least common type of cartilage. It contains elastic fibers that provides flexibility.It is the most common type of cartilage. It is flexible, but resilient.It is found made up of collagen and reticular fibers providing an interstitial network of support.

Answer: Number 2. It is found on in the epiglottis and the auricle of the ear. Match the structures of cartilage with the definitions below:Mature/developed cartilage cells that reside in lacunae.Cells that produce/build the cartilage matrix.Dense irregular connective tissue. It is found around the bone and serves to protect it and retain its shape. Protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance.

Word Bank: ChondroblastsExtracellular matrixPerichondriumChondrocytesAnswers in order: Chondrocytes, Chondroblasts, Perichondrium, Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix of bone is made up of __________ and ___________.Calcium and IodineIodine and Collagen FibersPhosphate and SodiumOsteoid/Collagen and Calcium PhosphateAnswer: Osteoid/Collagen and Calcium PhosphateWhen the extracellular matrix contains a little amount of collagen and a high amount of calcium phosphate bones will be _______________.BendyBrittleThickCrooked

Answer: Brittle. This is often seen in elderly. Calcium phosphate causes bone to be brittle and stiff.When the extracellular matrix contains a little amount of calcium phosphate and a high amount of collagen, bones will be characterized as _______________.BendyBrittleThickCrooked

Answer: Bendy. Collagen fibers are hard, but flexible. Without an equivalent amount of Calcium phosphate, the bone will not be stiff. Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) is the production of blood cells and platelets. It occurs in which type of bone marrow? YellowOrangeSpongyRedAnswer: RedAs a child you have more _____ bone marrow and as an adult you have more ______. Red, yellowRed, solidYellow, redYellow, spongyBonus Question: What type of tissue is yellow bone marrow made of? What does it store?Answer: It is made up of adipose tissue and stores energy and fat within the body.

Answer: Red, yellowGive 2 examples of each structure/shape of bone:Long

Short

Flat

IrregularHumerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals.

Carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones (patella)

Skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxa, ethmoid, sphenoid

A ______ bone is one that is developed in and surrounded by tendons.SpongyDistental SesamoidTendonal

Answer: SesamoidThe epiphyseal plate/line is found in which part of long bones?EpiphysisMetaphysisDiaphysisMedullary CavityExtra Credit: What happens in the epiphyseal plate? Is it found in adults or children?

Answer: MetaphysisThe endosteum lines the ______ of the bone whereas the periosteum lines the ______. Epiphysis, metaphysisInside, outsideMetaphysis, diaphysisDense irregular CT, medullary cavityAnswer: Inside (spongy bone and medullary cavity), outside (dense irregular CT).

Answer: Inside, outsideOsteoprogenitor cells become _______, which eventually develop into _______. Osteoclasts, osteocytesOsteoblasts, red bone marrowOsteoclasts, articular cartilageOsteoblast, osteocytes

Answer: Osteoblasts, osteocytesKnow this sequence: Mesoderm -> Mesenchyme -> Osteoprogenitor cells -> Osteoblasts -> Osteocytes -> Osteocytes

Compact bone is also called _______ and spongy bone is also called _______.Periosteum, endosteumCancellous, trabecularCortical, trabecularPeriosteum, CancellousBonus Question: Compact bone is lined with periosteum and contains _______. Spongy bone in lined with endosteum and contains ____ bone marrow. Answer: Cortical, trabecularAnswers: Osteons, redFill in the blanks:_______ are the basic structural unit of bone. They are columns of bone. The way in which arteries, veins, and nerves run through a single osteon is through the _______ canal. _______ canals are horizontal passageways between osteons through which blood vessels run. They allow haversian canals to communicate._______ are layers of osteon and extracellular matrix. They appear as rings surrounding the central canal.Osteocytes live in small spaces between lamellae called _______._______ are small channel through which osteocytes can communicate. Answers: OsteonsCentral/HaversianPerforating/VolkmannsLamellaeLacunaeCanaliculi

Spongy bone does not contain osteons or central canals, therefore nutrient absorption occur through ________.TrabeculaeLacunaeLymphatic capillariesCanaliculiAnswer: CanaliculiEndochondral vs. IntramembranousEndochondral ossification refers to bone growth that occurs in _______, while intramembranous refers to bone growth within a ________.Epicondyles, membraneHyaline Cartilage, membraneCortical, membraneElastic Cartilage, membrane

Extra Credit: Name some of the bones that would be formed via intramembranous ossification.

Answer: Hyaline Cartilage, membraneAnswer: Flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle

Put steps 3-6 of endochondral ossification in order:Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.Primary ossification center forms, because osteoblast set up in the diaphysis.Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses. Epiphyseal plate is formed of hyaline cartilage.

3

4

1

2

Interstitial vs. AppositionalInterstitial growth occurs in the ________ and increases length of bones.Appositional growth occurs in the _______ and _______ and increase the thickness of bone. Epiphyseal plates, diaphysis and metaphysisRed bone marrow, periosteum and endosteum Medullary Cavity, red and yellow bone marrowEpiphyseal plates, periosteum and endosteum

Answer: Epiphyseal plates, periosteum and endosteumAnswer the following questions:______ fractures occur due to diseased and weakened bone.The most common type of fracture seen in athletes is ______. What is the difference between simple and compound fractures?Answers:PathologicStressSimple fractures dont pierce the skin as where compound or open fractures do.

Explain what happens in each of the following steps of fracture repair: 1 2 3 4

Answer:1 - Fracture hematoma (blood tumor) forms2 - Fibrocartilage (soft) callus forms3 - Hard (bony) callus forms by osteoblasts4 - Bone remodeled by osteoclastsOsteomalacia is characterized by those who have soft and bowed legs. It is cause by a Vitamin D deficiency, which leads to a deficiency or lack of ______ absorption. SodiumPotassiumOxygenCalcium

Answer: Calcium

When someone has osteoporosis it means that there osteoclasts are ____active that their osteoblasts. MoreLessEquallyAnswer: More

Osteitis deformans also known as Pagets disease is due to the excessive function of _______.OsteoclastsOsteoblastsBoth osteoclasts and osteoblastsAnswer: Both osteoclasts and osteoblasts

The skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage all belong to the _______ skeleton, as where the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs belong to the _______ skeleton.

Medial, lateralAxial, lateralMedial, appendicularAxial, appendicularAnswer: Axial, appendicular

Name these definitions of bone markings:Small, round projection.Large, rough projection.Flattened or shallow depression.Rounded passageway through a bone. Answers: Tubercle, Tuberosity, Fossa, ForamenLabel the bones of the skull:Frontal boneParietal boneTemporal boneSphenoid boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneNasal boneZygomatic boneMaxillaVomerMandible

Which of the following are the crista galli, vomer, and palatine bone?

123Answers: Palatine boneCrista galliVomerName the following sutures:1.2.3.4.5.

Coronal sutureLambdoid sutureSagittal sutureSquamous suture Sutural bonesName the following sinus:

1.1.2.3.2.3.4.4.FrontalFrontalEthmoidalEthmoidalSphenoidalSphenoidalMaxillaryMaxillaryName how many of each vertebrae exist in the vertebral column. What sit on top: atlas or axis?Cervical ___Thoracic ___Lumbar ___Sacrum ___Coccyx ___Sits on top: ______

Atlas125547Name the different spine curvature abnormalities:This is often checked by doctors at routine visits of children, because it can be fixed. The doctors generally makes the patients touch their toes and then checks to make sure the vertebral column is straight. Often caused by osteoporosis. Is an exaggeration of the thoracic curvature. Often called hunchback.This is an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature and is often referred to as sway back. Answers:ScoliosisKyphosis (Hint: Kwasimodo has kyphosis)Lordosis (Hint: Lordosis occurs in the Lumbar region)

Review vertebrae:Intervertebral discBodyPedicleTransverse processLaminaSpinous processVertebral foramenIntervertebral foramenArticular processTransverse foramen (cervical only) Costal facet and demifacet (thoracic only)

Why is it clinically significant if someone has an intervertebral disc that is herniated?It can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.It can stick out farther that vertebrae and look cosmetically out of place.It can cause a hiatal hernia if untreated promptly.It can pinch of nerve roots going out to other areas of the body.

Answer: It can pick of nerve roots going out to other areas of the body.The rib cage is composed of __ pairs of true ribs, __ pairs of false ribs, of which __ pairs are floating. 5, 7, 27, 5, 37, 5, 25, 7, 4

Answer: 7, 5, 2. Extra Credit: Label the 3 different parts of the sternum. Review Lower and upper limbs:

Os CoxaFemurPatellaTibiaFibulaTarsals (7)Metatarsals (5)Phalanges (14)Proximal, middle, distal phalanxHallux (big toe)ClavicleScapulaHumerusRadiusUlnaCarpals (8)Metacarpals (5)Phalanges (14)Proximal, middle, distal phalanxPollex (thumb)

The pectoral girdle is made up of what 2 bones?Clavicle and scapulaClavicle and humerusHumerus and scapulaHumerus and radiusAnswer: Clavicle and scapulaBonus Question: Name the reasons for which the pectoral girdle is less stable and more flexible:1.2.3.The clavicle and scapula are light bones.The only joint attached to the axial skeleton is weak. The glenoid cavity is shallow.

The os coxa is the pelvic girdle and is comprised of what 3 fused bones?1.2.3.

Ilium (George Washingtons head)IschiumPubis What are the 3 reasons for which the pelvic girdle is stronger than the pectoral?(Hint: opposite of the 3 reasons mentioned on the previous slide)

1.2.3.The bones are heavier and thickerThe sacroiliac joint is one of the strongest joint in the body.The acetabulum is a deep cavity with many ligaments. State which pelvis belongs to a male and which to a female:

1._________ 2._________ Male FemaleExtra Credit: Why is the female pelvis wider?Answer: Child birthCleft lip and cleft palate is due to the incomplete fusion of facial bones. Why is this condition such a risk to survival in newborns?They may not be able to inhale and exhale properly, eventually causing asphyxiation.They may experience problems with swallowing and feeding and die from starvation or lack of nutrients.They may inhale deadly toxins that cause infection that a newborns immune system cannot overcome.

Answer: They may experience problems with swallowing and feeding and die from starvation or lack of nutrients. Bonus: How many children are born with this birth defect?Answer: 1 in every 1000.

Match the definition with the following limb malformations:

Word bank: PhocomeliaMeromeliaAmeliaPolydactyly

Partial absence of a limb.Complete absence of a limb. To have extra digits.Short, poorly formed limbs. Answers:MeromeliaAmelia (A = without)Polydactyly (Poly = multiple)PhocomeliaWhat type of malformation does this individual have?Answer: Phocomelia