Review: OSI vs TCP/IP
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Review:OSI vs TCP/IP
Review:Network vs Host
Agenda s/d UAS:
1. IP Addressing & Subnetting
2. Network Layer (1) : Routing algorithm
3. Network Layer (2) : IP
4. Transport Layer (1) : Flow control
5. Transport Layer (2) : TCP & UDP
6. Application Layer : DNS, Email, WWW
7. Network Security : Basic concept
Internet Protocol (IP)
IPv4 (32 bits) vs IPv6 (128 bits)
Packet routing, addressing, ID
The hardware : Router routing
Host ID
One router interface = a network
Two different NW (or more) can do communication using Router
See Simco visualization...
Chapter 8
Advanced TCP/IP
Network Design
IP Addressing
Classfull
Conventional/ Default/ Standard Net Mask
Sub Net Mask
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
Classless
Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
Classful IP Addressing
There are three basic classes of addresses
known as class A, B, or C networks
Classful IP Addressing
Classful addresses are broken apart on octet
boundaries.
The first few bits of each segment address is
used to denote the address class of the
segment.
The class ID plus network ID portions of the
IP address are known as the network prefix,
the network number, or the major network
Private IPv4 address spaces
Subnetting
When IP address classes were established, networks were composed of a relatively small number of relatively expensive computers.
As time went on and the PC exploded into LAN’s, the strict boundaries of the classful addressing address classes became restrictive and forced an inefficient allocation of addresses.
Class C address with its limit of 254 hosts per network is too small for most organizations, while a Class B address with its limit of 65,534 hosts per subnet is too large.
Subnetting
Networks grew and needed to be divided or
segmented in order to improve traffic flow.
Routers join two separate networks.
Networks that are separated by routers must
have different network IDs so that the router
can distinguish between them.
This accelerated the depletion of IP
addresses.
RFC 950
RFC 950 gave users a way to subnet, or provide a third layer of organization or hierarchy between the existing network ID and the existing host ID.
Since the network IDs could not be altered, the only choice was to “borrow” some of the host ID bits.
These “borrowed” bits constitute the subnet portion of the address.
A subnet mask identifies which bits are used for the subnet ID.
Extended Network Prefix
The extended network prefix is the classful network prefix (/16 in the case of a Class B address) plus the number of bits borrowed from the host ID
This figure illustrates the network prefix, extended network prefix, subnet mask in binary and decimal, network ID, subnet ID, and host ID
Subnet Masks
Alternative Subnet masks for a Class B
network
Subnet DesignContoh kasus
Sebuah jaringan toko eceran, bernama ABC, saat ini memiliki 80 toko. Diperkirakan perkembangannya adalah 20 toko/ tahun, selama 8 tahun ke depan. Setiap hari diperlukan upload data penjualan dari masing-masing toko ke kantor pusat. Dengan begitu tiap toko memerlukan sebuah router dan sebuah komputer yang terhubung ke router tersebut. Alamat IP yang dimiliki jaringan toko tersebut adalah 165.32.0.0.
Subnet DesignLangkah-langkah
1. Defining subnet numbers
2. Reserved Subnet Numbers
3. Defining Host Address for a Given Subnet
4. Reserved Host Address
5. Determining if IP Address are Part of the
Same Subnet
Subnet Design (1)
Network Prefix Subnet NumberReserved for
Host ID
Decimal with Extended/ Network
PrefixAssigned Network ID 10100101.00100000 00000000 00000000 165.32.0.0/16
Subnet 0 10100101.00100000 00000000 00000000 165.32.0.0/24
Subnet 1 10100101.00100000 00000001 00000000 165.32.1.0/24Subnet 2 10100101.00100000 00000010 00000000 165.32.2.0/24
... ... ... ... ...Subnet 254 10100101.00100000 11111110 00000000 165.32.254.0/24
Subnet 255 10100101.00100000 11111111 00000000 165.32.255.0/24
1. Defining Subnet Numbers
Subnet Design (2)
2. Reserved Subnet Number
• All zeros subnet
Subnet 0 (165.32.0.0/24) is identical to network ID 165.32.0.0/16
not compatible with classfull router so, it’s reserved
• All Ones subnet
The All Ones subnet ID for broadcasting to all subnets so, it’s
also reserved
Decimal with Extended/ Network Prefix
Assigned Network ID 165.32.0.0/16All-Zeros Subnet 165.32.0.0/24Broadcast 165.32.254.0/16All-Ones Subnet 165.32.255.0/24
Subnet Design (3)
3. Defining Host Address for a Given Subnet
• Consist of 254 Host ID (2 Host ID are reserved)
Extended Network Prefix Host ID DecimalHost 1 10100101.00100000.00000001 00000001 165.32.1.1/24Host 2 10100101.00100000.00000001 00000010 165.32.1.2/24Host 3 10100101.00100000.00000001 00000011 165.32.1.3/24Host 4 10100101.00100000.00000001 00000100 165.32.1.4/24Host 5 10100101.00100000.00000001 00000101 165.32.1.5/24Host 253 10100101.00100000.00000001 11111101 165.32.1.253/24Host 254 10100101.00100000.00000001 11111110 165.32.1.254/24
Defining Host IDs for a Given Subnet
(Subnet 1 165.32.1.0/24)
Subnet Design (4)
4. Reserved Host Address
• All zeros Host ID 165.32.1.0/24
• All Ones Host ID 165.32.1.255/24
Subnet Design (5)
5. Determining if IP Address are Part of the Same
Subnet
Example :
IP Address 192.210.165.13/ 29
First Octet Second Octet Third OctetSubnet Portion of Fourth Octet
Host ID Portion of Fourth Octet
192.210.165.13 11000000 11010010 10100101 00001 101255.255.255.248 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111 000Result Binary from logical AND
11000000 11010010 10100101 00001 101
Result Decimal 192 210 165 8 5
Network ID : 192.210.165.8/29
Host ID : 192.168.210.13/29
Review:
1. Jelaskan yang dimaksud dengan : Network ID, rentang IP host, dan IP broadcast, pada suatu IP address.
2. Untuk semua IP dibawah ini, sebutkan :
Kelasnya
Network ID, rentang IP Host, dan IP Broadcast nya.
175.175.59.95 175.175.50.99 175.175.99.50
195.175.59.95 195.175.50.99 195.175.99.50
20.20.20.2 180.180.180.2 200.200.200.2
20.20.20.1 180.180.180.1 200.200.200.1
Net mask yang digunakan sesuai kelas IP nya (classful IP)
Example :
IP : 192.168.235.1/20
Alamat IP : 11000000.10101000.11101011.00000001 = 192.168.235.1
Subnetmask : 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 = 255.255.240.0
Maka :
NetWk ID : 11000000.10101000.11100000.00000000 = 192.168.224.0
Rng IP Host : 11000000.10101000.11100000.00000001 = 192.168.224.1/20
11000000.10101000.11100000.00000010 = 192.168.224.2/20
.
.
. .
11000000.10101000.11101111.11111101 = 192.168.239.253/20
11000000.10101000.11101111.11111110 = 192.168.239.254/20
Brdcst IP : 11000000.10101000.11101111.11111111 = 192.168.239.255
Limitations of Classful Addressing
and Fixed-Length Subnet Masks
1. Wasted addresses … only one subnet mask
can be used for a network prefix
2. A shrinking pool of available IPv4 addresses
Routing protocols such as RIP are unable to
transmit subnet masks or extended network
prefix information along with network IDs and
IP addresses
Limitations of Classful Addressing
and Fixed-Length Subnet Masks
All routers, servers, and workstations within a given network all have the same subnet mask,
A fixed subnet mask implies a fixed subnetsize for all subnets of a given network ID.
Subnets must be sized to accommodate the largest required subnet within a given network ID, resulting in wasted host addresses that cannot be recovered or used by other subnets.
Variable-Length Subnet Masks
Variable-Length Subnet Masks
RFP 1009
RFP1009 specifies how a single
network ID can have different subnet
masks among its subnets.
Minimizes the wasted IP addresses
forced by a single subnet mask per
network ID as defined by the original
RFC 950 Subnetting technique
Implementing VLSM
The routers on the network where VLSM is implemented must be able to share subnet masks and/or extended network prefixes with each router advertisement.
Routing protocols such as OSPF and IS-IS do this, whereas RIP and IGRP do not. RIPv2 (RFC 1388), added support for VLSM to RIPv1.
All routers supporting VLSM must support a longest match routing algorithm.
The implemented network topology must match the distribution of addresses and definition of subnets
Route Aggregation with VLSM
SubnetConventional vs VLSM
Classless Inter-Domain Routing(CIDR)
CIDR was announced in September 1993 and is documented in RFCs 1517, 1518, 1519, and 1520.
CIDR is also sometimes referred to as supernetting.
Implementing CIDR
CIDR addresses are issued in blocks known
as CIDR blocks.
“The first octet” is meaningless in
determining how many subnets or host IDs
can be defined for a given CIDR block.
The only factor that determines the capacity
of a CIDR block is the network prefix
assigned by the Internet authorities when the
CIDR block is issued.
Implementing CIDR
The network prefix issued by the Internet authorities indicates the number of bits used for the major network ID.
These bits are reserved and cannot be used by the end users for subnet IDs or host IDs.
For example, if a CIDR block were issued with a network prefix of /18, that would imply that the first 18 bits from left to right were reserved for the network ID and leave 14 bits (32–18) for subnet IDs and host IDs.
CIDR Block Capacity
Review:
1. Apa tujuan VLSM?
2. Apa tujuan CIDR?
3. Jelaskan perbedaan classful routing protocol dengan classles routing protocol.
Continue to..
Jaringan-IP.pptx
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