Review on Soft target/Public space protection guidance Karlos, Vasilis Larcher, Martin Solomos, George 2018, 2 nd Edition EUR 29116 EN
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Review on Soft target/Public space protection guidance
Karlos, Vasilis
Larcher, Martin
Solomos, George
2018, 2nd Edition
EUR 29116 EN
This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication.
Contact information Name: Vasilis Karlos Address: Protection and Security of Buildings Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra (VA), Italy Email: [email protected].: +39 0332 78 5934
JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc
EUR 29116 EN
PDF ISBN 978-92-79-79907-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/553545
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 © European Union, 2018
The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse.
How to cite this report: Karlos, V., Larcher M., Solomos G. Review on soft target/public space protection guidance, EUR, ISBN 978-92-79-79907-5, doi:10.2760/553545
All images © European Union 2018
Title Review on soft target/public space protection guidance Abstract The current report provides a list of the available information sources with documents focusing on the protection of the so-called soft targets against terrorist attacks. The list aims at bringing to the interested security stakeholders information on measures to prevent potential attacks and/or mitigate their consequences.
i
Contents
Executive summary ............................................................................................. 1
1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2
2 Availability of information sources ...................................................................... 4
3 Soft Target Protection Information Sources ......................................................... 6
4 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 18
References ........................................................................................................ 19
1
Executive summary The current document provides a list of the available information sources focusing on the protection of soft targets against terrorist and other types of malicious extremist attacks. The list aims at bringing to the interested security stakeholder existing documents with information and practical guidance on measures to prevent a potential attack and to mitigate the consequences, should such an attack materializes.
The collected documents do not address critical infrastructure, but they mainly focus on the so-called soft targets, the term being used to represent vulnerable material or human assets, which in principle should not be specifically protected. However, such targets are often selected by terrorists in their effort to maximize casualties, inflict fear to the population and attain media coverage. The documents are grouped according to the following broad domains relating to soft targets: public places, education/religious/health installations, transport, building facades, urban resilience, security planning & risk management, policy/regulation/finance, people involvement, and drones.
The referenced information sources originate from various countries and bodies, such as UK, France, Sweden, Czech Republic, USA, Australia etc. The list is quite comprehensive but it is limited to the publicly available documents and practically to those found in English and French.
2
1 Introduction
The worldwide rise of terrorism has been accompanied by a series of attacks against targets that were characterized by limited protection measures. A tendency has appeared for assaults at unprotected places of people congregation, irrespective of the gathering purpose (recreational, political, religious, commercial etc.). The recent terrorist attacks in Paris, Brussels and Barcelona in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, led into the realization that areas with high people concentration (metro and train stations, airports, means of mass transportation, stadiums, concert venues, shopping malls, pedestrian areas etc.) are becoming potential bombing and/or armed assault targets of terrorist groups. Fig. 1 shows the number of attacks and the number of victims from soft target attacks that were performed in Europe* in the last four years (numbers from internal calculations). The graph shows that there exists a recurrent targeting of crowded places and that over the last years this has resulted in a significant increase in the death toll. *excluding Ukraine, Moldavia, Belarus, Turkey and Russia
Figure 1. Number of victims in soft target attacks in the last four years in Europe
The term “soft targets” is typically adopted to indicate vulnerable places that may be selected by terrorists in their effort to maximize casualties, thus inflicting fear to the population and attaining media coverage. The methodology of the attackers has shifted during the last years by placing the citizens as their main target instead of hardened structures, which would require better planning, larger support and funds, and where the chances of success could be lower. In response to this threat, considerable attention has been drawn by many countries to methods and techniques for enhancing the security of soft targets and providing protection to places that would otherwise remain fully unprotected. This has resulted in a considerable number of guidance and best practice documents, which, by not being in the form of official standards, may not always be known to all security officers, premise owners, building designers or other interested professionals.
Introducing effective protection measures for safeguarding soft targets can prove a challenging task. The characteristics of soft targets vary greatly depending on their category and can range from public spaces with no protection to areas and/or structures where some basic degree of protection has been introduced. Standardized solutions may not exist or may not be sufficient due to the uncertain and ever changing nature of the hazard. As a result, protection guidance or best practice techniques are urgently needed. The European Commission has recently presented an Action Plan that aims at supporting Member States in protecting and reducing the vulnerability of public spaces [COM(2017)612]. As declared in this communication, technical solutions need to be sought
3
that can help to make public spaces more secure while at the same time preserving their open and public nature. Moreover, it is highlighted that “security by design” concept need to be integrated from an early stage in their development.
An effort has been made in the current document to provide a list of the available information sources focusing on the protection of the so-called soft targets against terrorist and other types of malicious extremist attacks. These documents aim at bringing to the interested security stakeholder information on measures to prevent potential attacks and mitigate their consequences, should such attacks materialize. The list of such documents included in the present report can serve as a tool for the soft target definition and for establishing techniques that could be adopted for enhancing the security of specific sites. The referenced information sources originate from a wide variety of countries and bodies (UK, France, Sweden, Czech Republic, USA, Australia etc.). The majority of the documents are recent and their categorization is based on the soft target type, i.e. public places, education/religious/health installations, transportation, building facades, urban resilience, security planning & risk management, policy/regulation/finance, people involvement, and drones. As will be noted, in the European Union the listed guidelines originate mainly from the UK and France, while similar documents were not found publicly available in the other member states.
The documents are of public domain and most of them freely downloadable from the indicated web sites.
Towards enriching this list, the authors would be grateful to receive any additional information regarding missing or newly-produced documents on the subject.
4
2 Availability of information sources The following tables contain the guidance documents available from the various information sources regarding soft target protection. A short description and keywords of each document are included. The identified sources originate from several countries and the documents found, at the first phase of this search, are predominantly written in the English, French, or German languages. As a result, in the EU relevant guidance has been found in reports, the majority of which has been produced in the UK and France. As mentioned above, it would be highly appreciated if informed readers point out to the authors the existence of similar documents in other languages.
The first table below graphically summarises the current state of guidance availability and completeness of coverage per soft target category.
5
*Publicly available in EU working languages
** USA, Canada, Australia, India
Good coverage/availability Partial coverage/availability No coverage/availability
France UKRest EU member
statesInternational**
Public spacesEducation/Religion/Health
TransportFacades
Urban resilienceSecurity Planning/Risk assessment
Policy/Regulation/FinancePeople involvement
Drones
Documentation availability on soft targets*Action Guidance
France UKRest EU member
statesInternational**
Public spacesEducation/Religion/Health
TransportFacades
Urban resilienceSecurity Planning/Risk assessment
Policy/Regulation/FinancePeople involvement
Drones
Design recommendations/Planning checklists
France UKRest EU member
statesInternational**
Public spacesEducation/Religion/Health
TransportFacades
Urban resilienceSecurity Planning/Risk assessment
Policy/Regulation/FinancePeople involvement
Drones
Analysis options
6
3 Soft Target Protection Information Sources
Link
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2006
2007
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sp
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8
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n de
s diri
gean
ts
de sa
lles d
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ecta
cle,
de
ciné
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ou
de c
irque
s
Doc
umen
t ty
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Stra
tegy
Guid
e
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
Aust
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(A
NZC
TC)
Fran
ce
(Sec
réta
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e la
dé
fens
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de
la sé
curit
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aces
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tenu
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Key
wor
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inte
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org
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tion,
thre
at a
sses
smen
t, pr
epar
edne
ss, g
ood
prac
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vig
ilanc
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atta
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hara
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ppro
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lert
safe
ty p
lann
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pre
pare
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sk
man
agem
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asse
ssm
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riter
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orga
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prin
cipl
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afet
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easu
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secu
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plan
ning
, phy
sical
secu
rity,
ac
cess
con
trol
, CCT
V, e
vacu
atio
n, V
BIED
s,
CBR,
suic
ide
atta
cks,
fire
arm
att
acks
, ho
stile
reco
nnai
ssan
ce, t
hrea
t lev
els,
ch
eckl
ists
risk
asse
ssm
ent,
desig
n re
com
men
datio
ns, a
ttac
k m
etho
ds,
acce
ss c
ontr
ol, p
rote
ctio
n le
vels
secu
rity
advi
ce, C
CTV,
act
ion
mea
sure
s
prev
entiv
e m
easu
res,
ala
rms,
resp
onse
dr
ill, t
erro
rist s
cena
rios,
sugg
estio
ns
secu
rity
plan
ning
, phy
sical
secu
rity,
ac
cess
con
trol
, CCT
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vacu
atio
n, V
BIED
s,
CBR,
suic
ide
atta
cks,
fire
arm
att
acks
, ho
stile
reco
nnai
ssan
ce, t
hrea
t lev
els,
ch
eckl
ists
Issu
e da
te
2016
2011
2009
2012
2016
2014
2011
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Vigi
lanc
e at
tent
ats :
les
bons
réfle
xes (
mai
res e
t de
s pré
siden
ts
d'in
terc
omm
unal
ité)
Even
t saf
ety
guid
e
Heal
th
High
er a
nd F
urth
er
Educ
atio
n
Plac
es o
f Wor
ship
Prim
er to
des
ign
Safe
Sc
hool
pro
ject
s in
Case
of
Terr
orist
Att
acks
and
Sc
hool
Sho
otin
g
Guid
e de
bon
nes p
ratiq
ues
- Séc
urité
des
Eco
les,
des
Co
llège
s et d
es L
ycée
s
Terr
orist
att
acks
on
Scho
ols
Busi
ness
out
side
of th
e UK
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Guid
e
Guid
e
Coun
ter
Terr
orism
Se
curit
y Ad
vice
Build
ings
and
In
fras
truc
ture
Pr
otec
tion
Serie
s
Guid
elin
e
Ope
ratin
g Pr
oced
ure
Coun
ter
Terr
orism
Pr
otec
tive
Secu
rity
Advi
ce
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
Fran
ce
(Sec
réta
riat
géné
ral d
e la
dé
fens
e et
de
la
Swed
en (M
SB)
UK
(NaC
TSO
)
USA
(Hom
elan
d Se
curit
y)
Fran
ce (M
inist
ry
of N
atio
nal
Educ
atio
n)
Indi
a (M
inist
ry o
f Hu
man
Res
ourc
e De
velo
pmen
t)
UK
(For
eign
O
ffice
-NaC
TSO
)
Cat
egor
y
Pu
blic
sp
aces
(4
/4)
Edu
cati
on
R
elig
ion
H
ealt
h
(1/2
)
10
Link
http
://w
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vern
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t.fr/
sites
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ault/
files
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tenu
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016/
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hea
lth c
are,
vig
ilanc
e,
thre
at c
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timisa
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ess,
cris
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anag
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t, th
reat
cha
ract
erisa
tion,
al
ert
thre
at a
naly
sis, o
rgan
isatio
n op
timisa
tion,
con
trol
acc
ess,
cris
is m
anag
emen
t, th
reat
cha
ract
erisa
tion,
al
ert
vehi
cle-
ram
min
g, p
ublic
spac
es,
info
rmat
ion
sour
ces,
list
, ava
ilabi
lity
of
info
rmat
ion,
test
ing,
sele
ctio
n, d
esig
n,
aest
hetic
s, se
curit
y by
des
ign,
ap
plic
atio
n, c
ost
Issu
e da
te
2016
2016
2017
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Vigi
lanc
e at
tent
at :
les b
ons
réfle
xes -
Gui
de à
des
tinat
ion
des é
quip
es d
e di
rect
ion
des
étab
lisse
men
ts d
e sa
nté,
so
ciau
x et
méd
ico-
soci
aux
Vigi
lanc
e at
tent
at :
les b
ons
réfle
xes -
Gui
de à
des
tinat
ion
des p
erso
nnel
s des
ét
ablis
sem
ents
de
sant
é,
soci
aux
et m
édic
o-so
ciau
x
Vigi
lanc
e at
tent
at :
les
bons
réfle
xes -
Gui
de à
de
stin
atio
n de
s che
fs
d’ét
ablis
sem
ent,
des
insp
ecte
urs d
e l’é
duca
tion
natio
nale
et
des d
irect
eurs
d’é
cole
Vigi
lanc
e at
tent
at :
les b
ons
réfle
xes -
Gui
de à
des
tinat
ion
des p
rési
dent
s d’u
nive
rsité
, de
s dire
cteu
rs
d’ét
ablis
sem
ent
d’en
seig
nem
ent s
upér
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et
des r
éfér
ents
déf
ense
et
sécu
rité
Revi
ew o
n ve
hicl
e ba
rrie
r pr
otec
tion
guid
ance
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Guid
e
Guid
e
Guid
ance
Pub
lishe
r/
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hor
Fran
ce
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e la
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fens
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de
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nale
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Fran
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ta
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(1
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11
Link
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com
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ww
.gou
vern
emen
t.fr/
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ault
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join
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016/
08/g
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at
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tific
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smen
t, ac
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secu
rity,
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rity,
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spon
se te
chni
ques
, acc
ess c
ontr
ol
CCTV
, sta
tion
secu
rity
secu
rity
trai
ning
, sec
urity
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uses
-co
ache
s, p
asse
nger
con
trol
s, C
CTV,
se
curit
y at
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-coa
ch st
atio
ns, a
cces
s co
ntro
l, su
spic
ious
beh
avio
ur
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ions
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sical
secu
rity,
miti
gatio
n te
chni
ques
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eva
luat
ion,
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ign
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irem
ents
, acc
ess c
ontr
ol, p
arki
ng,
perim
eter
pro
tect
ion,
faça
de, m
easu
res
Issu
e da
te
2010
2010
2011
2014
2014
2012
2012
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Effe
ctiv
enes
s of f
inite
-el
emen
t mod
ellin
g of
da
mag
e an
d in
jurie
s for
ex
plos
ions
insid
e tr
ains
Influ
ence
of V
entin
g Ar
eas o
n th
e Ai
r Bla
st
Pres
sure
Insid
e Tu
bula
r St
ruct
ures
like
Rai
lway
Ca
rria
ges
Expe
rimen
tal a
nd
Num
eric
al S
imul
atio
n Ac
tiviti
es fo
r the
As
sess
men
t of E
xplo
sion
Ef
fect
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ain
Stat
ion
Fram
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r an
Avia
tion
Secu
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Man
agem
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m
(SeM
S)
Ligh
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l Sec
urity
Bus a
nd C
oach
Sec
urity
Secu
rity
in D
esig
n of
St
atio
ns (S
IDO
S)
Doc
umen
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pe
Jour
nal
artic
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Jour
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ual
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Cat
egor
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Tran
spor
ta
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12
Link
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ww
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s/do
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mpr
ove-
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of-
glaz
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Key
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sical
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BR, s
uici
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ks, f
irear
m
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cks,
host
ile re
conn
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ance
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eat
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rity
met
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es, v
ulne
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lity
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ent,
prac
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curit
y te
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ecur
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curit
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e m
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ontr
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old
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pa
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terr
orism
, pre
pare
dnes
s, p
rote
ctiv
e m
easu
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plan
ning
, pre
vent
ion
mea
sure
s,
thre
ats,
ass
essm
ent,
thre
at sc
enar
ios,
se
curit
y m
anag
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t, pe
ople
&
stru
ctur
al p
rote
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n m
easu
res
lam
inat
ed g
lass
, edg
e re
tent
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redu
ctio
n, d
elam
inat
ion,
failu
re,
dela
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n pr
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mea
sure
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pane
l fitt
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type
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olt t
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figur
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miti
gatio
n m
easu
re, p
rote
ctio
n m
easu
res,
lam
inat
ed g
lass
, ant
i-Sha
tter
Fi
lm, b
omb
Blas
t net
cur
tain
s, se
cond
ary
glaz
ing
Issu
e da
te
2012
2015
2009
2015
2016
2013
2013
2014
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Gene
ral A
viat
ion
Railw
ay In
fras
truc
ture
Se
curit
y
Secu
rity
at A
irpor
ts
Hum
an F
acto
rs-
Prev
entiv
e M
easu
res
Agai
nst T
erro
rist A
cts o
n Ra
ilway
Pre
mise
s
Rail
High
Spe
ed N
etw
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Influ
ence
of
dela
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n of
la
min
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gla
ss o
n its
bl
ast p
erfo
rman
ce
Fixe
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int G
lass
: Sp
ecifi
catio
n fo
r Bla
st
Enha
nced
Fix
ings
Mea
sure
s to
Impr
ove
the
Blas
t Res
istan
ce o
f Gla
zing
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Coun
ter
Terr
orism
Se
curit
y Ad
vice
Book
Polic
y
Leaf
let
Secu
rity
Hand
book
Guid
ance
not
e
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
UK
(NaC
TSO
)
Sprin
ger
ACI
UIC
UK
(CPN
I)
Cat
egor
y
Tran
spor
ta
tion
(3
/3)
Faca
des
(1
/2)
13
Link
http
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ov.u
k/sy
stem
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last
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proj
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c.ce
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1624
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med
ia-li
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0130
726-
1455
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6114
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a427
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Docu
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Key
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BBN
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catio
ns, c
urta
in p
rope
rtie
s,
inst
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cipl
es
ASF,
BBN
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itiga
tion
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sure
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esig
n re
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men
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ns
ASF
appl
icat
ion,
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ava
ilabi
lity,
ASF
ce
rtifi
catio
n
expe
rimen
ts, s
hock
tube
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lass
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cade
s, n
umer
ical
sim
ulat
ions
prev
entio
n m
easu
res,
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es, c
ase
stud
ies
city
, cro
wde
d pl
aces
, def
ensiv
e de
sign,
re
silie
nt p
lann
ing,
resp
onse
te
chni
ques
desig
n co
nsid
erat
ions
, bla
st e
ffect
s,
cost
, def
ence
laye
rs, p
erim
eter
se
curit
y de
sign,
ope
n sit
e de
sign,
ac
cess
poi
nts,
par
king
thre
at c
hara
cter
izatio
n, d
amag
e pr
edic
tion,
des
ign
appr
oach
, des
ign
guid
ance
, occ
upan
cy, c
ost
desig
n fr
amew
ork,
des
ign
conc
epts
, im
plem
enta
tion
stra
tegy
, pro
ject
des
ign
Issu
e da
te
2016
2013
2013
2013
2005
2009
2007
2003
2004
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Inst
alla
tion
of B
omb
Blas
t N
et C
urta
ins (
BBN
C)
Use
of A
nti-S
hatt
er F
ilm
(ASF
) and
Bom
b Bl
ast N
et
Curt
ains
(BBN
C)
Spec
ifyin
g An
ti Sh
atte
r Fi
lm a
s a B
last
M
itiga
tion
Mea
sure
Resis
tanc
e of
Str
uctu
re
to E
xplo
sion
Effe
cts
(gla
zing
)
Sécu
rités
Vill
es C
ontr
e Le
Ter
roris
me
Terr
orism
, Risk
and
the
Glob
al C
ity
Site
and
Urb
an D
esig
n fo
r Sec
urity
(aga
inst
po
tent
ial t
erro
rist
atta
cks)
Desig
n of
Com
mer
cial
Bu
ildin
gs to
Miti
gate
Te
rror
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ttac
ks
The
Nat
iona
l Cap
ital U
rban
De
sign
and
Sec
urity
Pla
n
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Guid
ance
no
te
Tech
nica
l re
port
Proj
ect
outc
ome
Book
Guid
ance
Guid
elin
e
Desig
n Pl
an
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
UK
(CPN
I)
JRC
(ERN
CIP)
EU (E
U
Foru
m)
J. Co
affe
e (A
shga
te)
USA
(D
epar
tmen
t of
Hom
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d Se
curit
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MA)
USA
(NCP
C)
Cat
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Faca
des
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/2)
Urb
an
resi
lien
ce
(1/2
)
14
Link
http
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ov.u
k/go
vern
men
t/up
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ste
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0130
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1523
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90-
3180
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a453
http
s://
ww
w.g
ov.u
k/go
vern
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orism
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cum
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Key
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orist
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hodo
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ehic
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itiga
tion
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ase
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Ds, b
last
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cts,
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gatio
n te
chni
ques
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ign
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cipl
es, b
arrie
rs,
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ck sc
enar
ios
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ded
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es, r
isk a
sses
smen
t, ne
w
mat
eria
ls, v
ulne
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lity,
cas
e st
udie
s
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iers
, tes
t met
hods
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ign
met
hods
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ters
, des
ign
cons
ider
atio
ns, b
last
ef
fect
s, h
arde
ned
cons
truc
tion,
thre
at
prot
ectio
n, re
spon
se
thre
at id
entif
icat
ion,
risk
ass
essm
ent,
prot
ectiv
e m
easu
res,
Res
pons
e pl
anni
ng,
staf
f aw
aren
ess
secu
rity
plan
ning
, sec
urity
mea
sure
s,
bom
b at
tack
s, p
rote
cted
spac
es,
chec
klist
s
prep
ared
ness
, cris
is te
am, m
easu
res,
cr
isis m
anag
emen
t, th
reat
scen
ario
s,
dete
ntio
n, e
vacu
atio
n, sa
fety
in
stru
ctio
ns, s
afet
y co
nsid
erat
ions
, sa
fegu
ards
Issu
e da
te
2014
2014
2010
2010
2006
2010
2005
2010
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Prot
ectin
g Cr
owde
d Pl
aces
: De
sign
and
Tec
hnic
al
Issu
es
Inte
grat
ed S
ecur
ity -
A pu
blic
real
m d
esig
n gu
ide
for h
ostil
e ve
hicl
e
Desi
gnin
g fo
r Cou
nter
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rror
ism
Vehi
cle
Secu
rity
Barr
iers
Safe
Roo
ms a
nd
Shel
ters
(Pro
tect
ing
Peop
le a
gain
st T
erro
rist
Atta
cks)
Prot
ectin
g Ag
ains
t Te
rror
ism
Prot
ectin
g Ag
ains
t Te
rror
ism
Sich
erhe
it in
öffe
ntlic
hen
Gebä
uden
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e In
form
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n fü
r Fü
hrun
gskr
äfte
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Guid
elin
e
Book
let
Guid
ance
Guid
ance
Man
ual
Guid
ance
Book
let
Leaf
let
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
UK
(HO
-CPN
I-N
aCTS
O)
UK
(CPN
I)
UK
(RIB
A)
CEN
USA
(FEM
A)
UK
(CPN
I)
UK
(MI5
)
Aust
ria
(Bun
desm
inist
eriu
m
für I
nner
es u
nd d
es
Kura
toriu
ms)
Cat
egor
y
Urb
an
resi
lien
ce
(2/2
)
Sec
uri
ty
pla
nn
ing
(1
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15
Link
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1524
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a452
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Key
wor
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ter-
terr
orism
stra
tegi
es, a
ttac
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anag
emen
t, pr
even
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ectio
n te
chni
ques
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spon
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ties,
reso
urce
re
quire
men
ts, t
hrea
t ass
essm
ent,
cost
m
anag
emen
t, pe
rson
nel,
phys
ical
se
curit
y, p
lann
ing,
mai
nten
ance
, tr
aini
ng, m
easu
re in
tegr
atio
n
secu
rity
leve
l det
erm
inat
ion,
fact
ors,
se
curit
y cr
iteria
, sco
ring
guid
es,
sym
bolis
m, s
ize, o
ccup
ancy
miss
ion,
ac
cess
, cou
nter
mea
sure
s, ri
sks,
pr
otec
tion
leve
l, de
cisio
n pr
oces
s
acce
ss c
ontr
ol p
oint
s, in
tern
al b
last
, pr
otec
tive
wal
l, w
ave
prop
agat
ion,
in
jury
risk
redu
ctio
n, p
ress
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miti
gatio
n
prot
ectio
n pr
inci
ples
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st e
ffect
s,
blas
t miti
gatio
n st
rate
gy
thre
at id
entif
icat
ion,
ass
et
asse
ssm
ent,
vuln
erab
ility
ass
essm
ent,
risk
asse
ssm
ent,
miti
gatio
n op
tions
rapi
d vi
sual
scre
enin
g pr
oced
ure,
co
nseq
uenc
es a
sses
smen
t, vu
lner
abili
ty
asse
ssm
ent,
risk
asse
ssm
ent,
miti
gatio
n op
tions
Issu
e da
te
2015
2015
2016
2018
2001
2005
2009
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Prev
ent,
Pre-
empt
and
Pr
otec
t-th
e Sw
edish
Co
unte
r-Te
rror
ism S
trat
egy
Best
Pra
ctic
es fo
r Pl
anni
ng a
nd M
anag
ing
Phys
ical
Sec
urity
Re
sour
ces:
An
Inte
rage
ncy
Secu
rity
Com
mitt
ee G
uide
The
Risk
Man
agem
ent
Proc
ess f
or F
eder
al
Faci
litie
s: A
n In
tera
genc
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curit
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mm
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Acce
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ontr
ol p
oint
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Redu
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t im
pact
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mea
nder
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Prot
ectin
g Pe
ople
and
Bu
ildin
gs fr
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erro
rism
Risk
ass
essm
ent
Rapi
d Vi
sual
Scr
eeni
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f Bu
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Eva
luat
e Te
rror
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isks
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Com
mun
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Guid
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Artic
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Book
How
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Guid
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Hand
book
Pub
lishe
r/
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en
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(In
tera
genc
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curit
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mm
ittee
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JRC
USA
(Nat
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l Ac
adem
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ess)
USA
(D
epar
tmen
t of
Hom
elan
d Se
curit
y-FE
MA)
Cat
egor
y
Sec
uri
ty
pla
nn
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(2
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Cri
tica
l in
fras
tru
ct
ure
(1
/2)
16
Link
http
s://
ww
w.fe
ma.
gov/
med
ia-li
brar
y-da
ta/2
0130
726-
1455
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90-
6222
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a426
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med
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1456
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Key
wor
ds
vuln
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ility
, risk
, site
des
ign,
bui
ldin
g de
sign,
gla
zing,
secu
rity
syst
em d
esig
n,
CCTV
sele
ctio
n cr
iteria
, pre
-pla
nnin
g gu
idan
ce, r
isk, c
ritic
ality
, pro
tect
ive
desig
n, m
itiga
tion,
har
deni
ng, r
esid
ual
risk,
cris
is m
anag
emen
t, ev
alua
tion
haza
rd, r
isk, v
ulne
rabl
e ar
eas,
bas
ic
prot
ectio
n, re
quire
men
ts,
inte
ract
ions
, pro
tect
ion
obje
ctiv
es,
miti
gatio
n, m
anag
emen
t, ris
k,
dam
age
estim
atio
n, si
te p
lann
ing,
de
sign
prin
cipl
es, m
itiga
tion
trea
tmen
ts, v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ent,
risk
eval
uatio
n
criti
cal i
nfra
stru
ctur
e, th
reat
as
sess
men
t, pr
even
tion
mea
sure
s,
prep
ared
ness
, res
pons
e
thre
at a
sses
smen
t, ta
rget
s, w
eapo
n ty
pes,
risk
ass
essm
ent,
prot
ectio
n m
easu
res,
secu
rity
prin
cipl
es,
resp
onse
con
sider
atio
ns
busin
ess i
nter
rupt
ion,
insu
ranc
e ris
k,
terr
orism
risk
, fin
ance
risk
, bui
ldin
g re
gula
tion,
vul
nera
bilit
y as
sess
men
t
Issu
e da
te
2011
2011
2005
2007
2015
2007
2003
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Miti
gate
Pot
entia
l Te
rror
ist A
ttac
ks a
gain
st
Build
ings
Schu
tz K
ritisc
her
Infr
astr
uktu
ren-
Ris
iko-
un
d Kr
isen
man
agem
ent
(Lei
tfad
en fü
r
Schu
tz K
ritisc
her
Infr
astr
uktu
ren-
Basis
schu
tzko
nzep
t (E
mpf
ehlu
ngen
für
Mea
sure
s to
Miti
gate
Ef
fect
s of T
erro
rist
Atta
cks o
n Bu
ildin
gs
Prot
ectin
g Cr
itica
l In
fras
truc
ture
from
Te
rror
ism
Prot
ectin
g Cr
itica
l In
fras
truc
ture
and
Pe
rson
nel
Insu
ranc
e, F
inan
ce, a
nd
Regu
latio
n Pr
imer
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Man
ual
Guid
elin
e
Guid
elin
e
Guid
elin
e
Guid
elin
e
Guid
elin
e
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
USA
(Dep
artm
ent o
f Ho
mel
and
Secu
rity-
FEM
A)
Germ
any
(Bun
desm
inist
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m
des I
nner
n)
Indi
a (G
ujar
at S
tate
Di
sast
er M
itiga
tion
Auth
ority
)
Aust
ralia
(AN
ZCTC
)
Aust
ralia
(AN
ZCTC
)
USA
(Hom
elan
d Se
curit
y-FE
MA)
Cat
egor
y
Cri
tica
l in
fras
tru
ctu
re
(2/2
)
Pol
icy
(1/2
)
17
Link
http
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er.o
rg/li
brar
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adin
g/pd
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dex.
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Key
wor
ds
prep
ared
ness
, thr
eat a
sses
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t, pl
an
deve
lopm
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hard
enin
g pr
inci
ples
infr
astr
uctu
re d
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ition
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nera
bilit
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obje
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egisl
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proc
edur
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reat
ass
essm
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volu
tion,
acc
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t risk
, ter
roris
t ac
ts, o
pera
tiona
l pro
posa
ls,
resp
onsib
ilitie
s, d
etec
tion,
iden
tific
atio
n,
neut
ralis
atio
n
Issu
e da
te
2008
2009
2015
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Polic
ing
Terr
orism
(e
xecu
tive'
s gui
de)
Nat
iona
le S
trat
egie
zum
Sc
hutz
Krit
ische
r In
fras
truk
ture
n (K
RITI
S-St
rate
gie)
L'es
sor d
es d
rone
s aér
iens
ci
vils
en F
ranc
e: e
njeu
x et
ré
pons
es p
ossib
les d
e l'E
tat
Doc
umen
t ty
pe
Polic
y
Polic
y
Repo
rt
Pub
lishe
r/
Aut
hor
USA
(Dep
artm
ent o
f Ju
stic
e)
Germ
any
(Bun
desm
inist
eriu
m
des I
nner
n)
Fran
ce (S
GDSN
)
Cat
egor
y
Pol
icy
(2/2
)
Dro
nes
18
4 Conclusions In the current document, sources of guidelines and other informative material concerning the protection of soft targets against terrorist attacks have been collected and presented. The illustrated informative sources cover a wide range of vulnerable places that may become the target of malicious attacks. The list included herein, is divided in categories based on the soft target type and contains practical guidance originating from a variety of countries. As noted, in the European Union detailed documentation on security upgrade options for specific soft targets (facades, education/religious facilities, drones) is rather limited. It is considered that special care should also be paid to the citizen involvement in the event of terrorist attacks. The future guides to be produced should aim at providing advice to the security stakeholders for reducing the risk of an attack and introducing proper measures for mitigating the damage and other consequences, should such an incident occurs.
19
References Airports Council International, Security at Airports, ACI Policy and Recommended Practices Handbook, November 2009.
Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee, Active Shooter Guidelines for Places of Mass Gathering, Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.
Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee, Australia’s Strategy for Protective Crowded Places from Terrorism, Commonwealth of Australia, 2017.
Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee, Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Guidelines for Places of Mass Gathering, Commonwealth of Australia, 2016.
Bennett, B., Understanding, Assessing, and Responding to Terrorism, Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Personnel, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007.
Bundesministerium des Innern, Nationale Strategie zum Schutz Kritischer Infrastrukturen (KRITIS-Strategie), Berlin, 2009.
Bundesministerium des Innern, Schutz Kritischer Infrastrukturen- Risiko- und Krisenmanagement- Leitfaden für Unternehmen und Behörden, Berlin, 2011.
Bundesministerium des Innern, Schutz Kritischer Infrastrukturen- Basisschutzkonzept- Empfehlungen für Unternehmen, Berlin, 2005.
Bundesministerium für Inneres und des Kuratoriums Sicheres Osterreich, Sicherheit in öffentlichen Gebäuden- Eine Information für Führungskräfte, Wien, 2010.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Integrated Security – A Public Realm Design Guide for Hostile Vehicle Mitigation, Crown, London, 2014.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Fixed-Point Glass: Specification for Blast Enhanced Fixings, London, January 2013.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Guidance Note: Measures to Improve the Blast Resistance of Glazing, London, April 2014.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Guidance Note: Installation of Bomb Blast Net Curtains (BBNC), London, September 2016.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Guidance Note: Use of Anti-Shatter Film (ASF) and Bomb Blast Net Curtains (BBNC), London, December 2013.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Guidance Note: Specifying Ante Shatter Film as a Blast Mitigation Measure (Daylight Application), London, December 2013.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Influence of Delamination of Laminated Glass on its Blast Performance, London, July 2013.
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Protecting Against Terrorism, Crown, London, 2010.
Coaffee, J., Terrorism, Risk and the Global City – Towards Urban Resilience, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Surrey, England, 2009.
Command, Control and Interoperability Center for Advanced Data Analysis, Best Practices in Anti-Terrorism Security for Sporting and Entertainment Venues Resource Guide, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, July 2013.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Action Plan to support the protection of public spaces, COM(2017) 612 final. Department for Transport, Framework for an Aviation Security Management System (SeMS), Civil Aviation Authority, London, 2014.
Department for Transport, Light Rail Security – Recommended Best Practice, Crown, London, June 2014.
Department for Transport, Bus and Coach Security – Recommended Best Practice, Crown, London, 2012.
20
Department for Transport, Security in Design of Stations (SIDOS) Guide, British Transport Police, Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Crown, London, July 2012.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Resistance of Structure to Explosion Effects: Review Report of Testing Methods, ERNCIP thematic are-Resistance of Structures to Explosion Effects, EUR26449EN, ISBN 978-92-79-35104-4 Luxembourg, December 2013.
European Committee for Standardization, Vehicle Security Barriers – Performance Requirements, Test Methods and Guidance on Application, CWA 16221, Brussels, 2010.
European Forum for Urban Security, République Française Service d’information du Gouvernement, Sécurités Villes Contre le Terrorisme, Paris, France, October 2007.
Fagel M., Hestermann J., Soft Targets and Crisis Managemenet:what emergency planners and security professionals need to know, CRC Press, New York, 2017.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Site and Urban Design for Security- Guidance Against Potential Terrorist Attacks, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, December 2007.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Primer for Design of Commercial Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Attacks, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, December 2003.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings, FEMA-428, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, January 2012.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Safe Rooms and Shelters – Protecting People Against Terrorist Attacks, FEMA-453, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, May 2006.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Risk Assessment – A How-To Guide to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings, FEMA-452, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, January 2005.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Handbook for Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings to Evaluate Terrorism Risks, FEMA-455, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, March 2009.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Reference Manual to Mitigate potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings, FEMA-426, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, October 2011.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Insurance, Finance, and Regulation Primer for Terrorism Risk Management in Buildings, FEMA-426, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, December 2003.
Government Offices of Sweden, Prevent, Preempt and Protect – The Swedish Counter-Terrorism Strategy, Ministry of Justice, Stockholm, August 2015.
Hesterman J., Soft Target Hardening, CRC Press, New York, 2015.
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Guidelines on Measures to Mitigate Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Buildings, Gurajat State Disaster Mitigation Authority, Kanpur, India, July 2007.
Interagency Security Committee, Best Practices for Planning and Managing Physical Security Resources: An Interagency Security Committee Guide, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, December 2015.
Interagency Security Committee, The Risk Management Process for Federal Facilities: An Interagency Security Committee Standard, Department of Homeland Security, United States of America, November 2016.
International Union of Railways, Rail High Speed Network Security Handbook, Paris, 2016.
International Union of Railways, Human Factors – Preventive Measures against Terrorist Acts on Railway Premises, UIC Security Platform, Paris, 2016.
Kalvach Z., Basics of Soft Targets Protection Guidelines, Czech Republic, Prague, June 2016.
21
Karlos, V., Larcher, M., Solomos, G., ‘Review on vehicle barrier protection guidance’, JRC Science for Policy Report, EUR 28938EN, doi:10.2760/845599, 2017.
Larcher, M., Forsberg, R., Bjornstig U., Holgersson, A., Solomos, G., ‘Effectiveness of finite-element modelling of damage and injuries for explosions inside trains’, Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, Vol. 8, Is 1, 2016, pp. 83-100.
Marquise R., Preventing Soft Target Terrorist Attacks, Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, United States of America, October 2015.
Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des organisateurs de rassemblements et festivals culturels, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2016.
Ministère des Finances et des Comptes Publics, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons comportements - Guide pratique pour les équipes de direction des centres commerciaux, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, February 2016.
Ministère des Finances et des Comptes Publics, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons comportements - Guide pratique pour les équipes de direction des espaces commerciaux, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, February 2016.
Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des dirigeants d’établissements culturels patrimoniaux, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2016.
Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des dirigeants de salles de spectacle, de cinémas ou de cirques, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2016.
Ministère de l’éducation Nationale, de l’enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Sécurité des Ecoles, des Collèges et des Lycées, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, August 2016.
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for dealing with any Terrorist Attack on School, Department of School Education & Literacy, New Delhi, India, December 2014.
Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Sante, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des équipes de direction des établissements de santé, sociaux et médico-sociaux, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, June 2016.
Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Sante, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des personnels des établissements de santé, sociaux et médico-sociaux, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, June 2016.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Bars, Pubs and Nightclubs, Home Office, London, 2007.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Cinemas and Theatres, Home Office, London, 2008.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Commercial Centres, Home Office, London, 2008.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Hotels and Restaurants, Home Office, London, 2008.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Stadia and Arenas, Home Office, London, 2006.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Major Events, Home Office, London, 2009.
22
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres, Home Office, London, 2006.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Visitor Attractions, Home Office, London, 2007.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Crowded Places: The Planning System and Counter-Terrorism, Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Home Office, London, January 2012.
National Capital Planning Commission, The National Capital Urban Design and Security Plan, Washington, United States of America, October 2002.
National Counter-Terrorism Committee, National Guidelines for the Protection of Places of Mass Gathering, Commonwealth of Australia, 2011.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Health, Home Office, London, 2009.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Higher and Further Education, Home Office, London, 2009.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Places of Worship, Home Office, London, 2009.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for your Business outside of the UK, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, 2011.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for general Aviation, Home Office, London, 2012.
National Counter Terrorism Security Office, Protecting Crowded Places: Design and Technical Issues, Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, Home Office, London, March 2014.
Newman, G., Clarke, R., Policing Terrorism: An Executive’s Guide, U.S. Department of Justice, United States of America, 2008.
République Française, Service d’information du Gouvernement, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des maires et des présidents d’intercommunalité, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2016.
République Française Service d’information du Gouvernement, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des présidents d’université, des directeurs d’établissement d’enseignement supérieur et des référents défense et sécurité, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2016.
République Française Service d’information du Gouvernement, Guide de bonnes pratiques - Vigilance attentat : les bons réflexes - Guide à destination des chefs d’établissement, des inspecteurs de l’éducation nationale et des directeurs d’école, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2016.
République Française Service d’information du Gouvernement, L’essor des drones aériens civils en France : enjeux et réponses possibles de l’Etat, Secrétariat général de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, France, 2015.
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), Guidance on Designing for Counter-Terrorism, Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, London, 2010.
Security Service MI5, Protecting Against Terrorism, Home Office, London, 2005.
Setola, R., Sforza, A., Vittorini, V., Pragliola, C., ‘Railway Infrastructure Security’, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2015.
Solomos, G., Casadei, F., Giannopoulos G., ‘Experimental and Numerical Simulation Activities for the Assessment of Explosion Effects in a Train Station’, Internal Security, Vol. 3, Is 1, January-June 2011, pp. 49-62.
Solomos, G., Casadei, F., Solomos, G., ‘Influence of venting areas on the air blast pressure inside tubular structures like railway carriages’, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 15, 2010, pp. 839-846.
23
Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, Event Safety Guide, Karlstad, Sweden, 2011.
24
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KJ-N
A-29116-EN
-N
doi:10.2760/553545
ISBN 978-92-79-79907-5
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