Midterm Period
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Midterm Period
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C Overview
Java Overview
PERL Overview
ML Overview
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C is a language developed in 1972 by DennisRitchie and Ken Thompson of AT&T BellTelephone Laboratories.
It is related to ALGOL and Pascal in style,with attributes of PL/I thrown in.
A general-purpose programming language butbecame popular as systems programming
language. It was first used to write the kernel of the
UNIX operating system.
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The C language which is relatively small witha limited number of control structures andfeatures.
The C preprocessor which includes the # preprocessor statements.
The C interface assumptions.
ex: #include “myfcn.h”
The C library includes many functions such asprintf, getchar, malloc, fork and exec
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A C module consists of global declarationsand a sequence of functions.
C has pointers and there is an equivalencebetween arrays and pointers.
C has a large set of arithmetic operators.
C has a flexible type definition facility.
C has always been closely tied to operatingsystem functionality.
The C compiler executes by invoking thepreprocessor first.
Comments may appear wherever a blank isused in the program.
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Java development began in 1991 at SunMicrosystems, where James Gosling led theGreen Team in a project to develop a
language for use on consumer digital devices. In 1993, the Mosaic Web Browser was
released, leading the way to the usage ofJava applets (small application program)
with the following requirements:Architectural independence and Security.
In 1994, Sun developed the HotJava browserthat contained the Java virtual machine.
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Java is a smaller language than C++; it hasthe clean design of C++ without someclumsiness of C
Pointers are implicit in the language throughthe use of the new operator.
To create a Java program, a file name.java iscreated. The name of the file should be thesame as the class created by the Java
program. A Java compiler is called and a fileof bytecodes is produced as name.class. Thisfile may be executed by the Java interpreter(Java virtual machine).
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Practical Extraction and Report Language wasdeveloped by Larry Wall in 1986 in responseto need for a configuration management
system to control several computers on anetwork.
The growth of WWW has led to Perl being alanguage well suited for Web interaction to
process information that is entered on a Webpage.
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Perl is an interpreted language designed forefficient text-processing applications.
It has syntax patterned after C and was
originally designed to operate as a shellscript on UNIX.
Variables in Perl are either integers or stringsand begin with the symbol $.
Associative arrays are also called ContentAddressable Arrays
ex: print “The user of this program is:$ENV{„USER‟} \n”;
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ML (MetaLanguage) is an applicative languagewith programs written in the style of C orPascal.
ML supports polymorphism and supports dataabstractions.
ML was developed by Robin Milner, alongwith others, as mechanism for machine-
assisted formal proofs in the Edinburgh Logicfor Computable Functions system developedin the mid-1970s.
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ML is a language with static types, strongtyping, and applicative execution ofprograms, however, that types need not be
specified by the programmer.ML program consists of several function
definitions. Each function is statically typedand may return values of any type.
Storage is handled differently, there is only alimited form of assignment.
Comments in ML use the notation (*…*)
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Elementary Data Types
1. Properties of Types and Objects
Data Objects, Variables, and Constants
Data Types Declarations
Type Checking and type Conversion
2. Scalar Data Types
Numeric Data Types Enumerations
Booleans
Characters
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3. Composite Data Types
Character Strings
Pointers and Programmer-Constructed DataObjects
Files and Input-Output
4. FORTRAN Overview