International Atomic Energy Agency Bergen, Norway, 15 and 16 May 2014 Review of innovative technologies of radioactive waste treatment Michael I. Ojovan Waste Technology Section, Department of Nuclear Energy, IAEA CEG Workshop on topical issues of legacy RW and SNF management in North West and Far East Russia,
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International Atomic Energy Agency
Bergen, Norway, 15 and 16 May 2014
Review of innovative technologies
of radioactive waste treatment Michael I. Ojovan
Waste Technology Section, Department of Nuclear Energy,
IAEA
CEG Workshop on topical issues of legacy RW and SNF management
in North West and Far East Russia,
International Atomic Energy Agency 2
Contents
I. Background
II. Gaseous
radioactive waste
III. Aqueous
radioactive waste
IV. Solid radioactive
waste
V. Problematic
waste: i-graphite
and DSRS
VI. Conclusions
VII. Scientific Forum
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It is important for Member States to adopt a mix of radioactive
waste processing technologies which is optimally suited to the
country-specific types and quantities of wastes generated.
Background
Treatment = Operations
intended to benefit safety
and/or economy by changing
the characteristics of the waste.
Three basic treatment
objectives are:
(i) volume reduction,
(ii) removal of radionuclides
from the waste and
(iii) change of composition.
Treatment may result in an
appropriate waste form.
Waste
Generation
Any or all of the operations
prior to waste treatment
such as:
-Collection
-Characterisation
-Segregation
-Adjustment
-Decontamination
Reuse,
recyclingVolume reduction, removal
of radionuclides, changes
in composition
Solidification, embedding,
encapsulation followed by
packaging
Placement of waste in
nuclear facility where
human control and
retrievability are ensured
Storage for decay
Environment or landfill
depending on the physical
form of waste
Transfer of waste
packages
Near surface
repository
Deep
underground
repository
Pretreatment
Treatment
Conditioning
Interim storage
Transport
Disposal
Short-lived waste
(< 30 years)
Long-lived waste
(> 30 years)
Emplacement of waste in a
licensed facility without
intention of retrieval
Transportation to a
centralised storage
facility may be involved
Radioactive
waste
Transportation to a
centralised storage
facility may be involved
Cleared
waste
Candidate for
clearance
Radioactive waste management
Predisposal Disposal
Waste
Generation
Any or all of the operations
prior to waste treatment
such as:
-Collection
-Characterisation
-Segregation
-Adjustment
-Decontamination
Reuse,
recyclingVolume reduction, removal
of radionuclides, changes
in composition
Solidification, embedding,
encapsulation followed by
packaging
Placement of waste in
nuclear facility where
human control and
retrievability are ensured
Storage for decay
Environment or landfill
depending on the physical
form of waste
Transfer of waste
packages
Near surface
repository
Deep
underground
repository
Pretreatment
Treatment
Conditioning
Interim storage
Transport
Disposal
Short-lived waste
(< 30 years)
Long-lived waste
(> 30 years)
Emplacement of waste in a
licensed facility without
intention of retrieval
Transportation to a
centralised storage
facility may be involved
Radioactive
waste
Transportation to a
centralised storage
facility may be involved
Cleared
waste
Candidate for
clearance
Radioactive waste management
Predisposal Disposal
International Atomic Energy Agency
Main WTS Activities
Technical Publications;
Coordinated Research Projects;
International Peer Review Services.
WTS Networks: o International Decommissioning Network (IDN),
Usage as a pre-treatment unit. Up to 500 kN force.
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Skid mounted supercompactor: GNS
Mobile supercompactors
NUCLECO supercompactor
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Floor decontamination system: BARC, India
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Cable insulation separation system: GNS, Germany
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Increasing demands for
enhanced efficiency and
safety of waste
processing technologies
has focused attention on
thermal technologies, as
they provide advantages
regarding stabilization of
the output waste form
and high volume
reduction efficiencies.
Solid radioactive waste: thermal
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Waste Metal Melting
The final product (ingot, shielding
block, centrifugated steel cylinder,
etc.) is homogeneous, stable, and
has the remaining activity content
bound in the metal. Melting can
produce a conditioned waste form
suitable for direct disposal.
Normally, the amount of secondary
waste is in the range of 2 to 5 wt.%.
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Plasma Treatment
Plasma sources provide deep
thermal conversion of organic
materials and produce an end
product in the melted state.
Plasma torches use the energy
of an electric discharge
(electric arc) for heating
working gases transmitted
through it.
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Volume
reduction
factors range
from 6 (typical
ZWILAG
results) for
waste
containing
mostly metals
and debris to 10
for treatment of
mixed waste
(typical RADON
results) and to
more than 100
for primarily
organic waste.
Advantages
⎯ One single process can treat the un-sorted waste.
⎯ The final waste form is durable and suitable for long term storage and disposal.
⎯ Less production of certain flue gasses and the greenhouse gas CO2.
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1 – loading unit, 2 – shaft, 3 – hearth, 4 –
slag receiver, 5 – plasma torch, 6 – stopper,
7 – off gas outlet.
Plasma shaft furnace 1
2
3 4
5
6
7
International Atomic Energy Agency
Parameter “Pyrolysis” “Pluton”
Capacity to solid waste, kg/h 40-50 200-250 Dimensions, m 8 8 10 12 18 12 Quantity of plasma torches in a furnace 1 2 Electric power of plasma torches, kW 70-120 100-150 Response time, h 8-12 16-24 Specific energy consumption, kW*h/kg 2-4 1-3
Views of control board, shaft furnace and SRW loading unit of the “Pluton” plant
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Component Content, wt.%
Paper 11 - 90
Wood (scobs) 1 - 5
Wood (fuelwood) 2 - 20
Textile (rag) 4 - 7
Plastic (polyethylene, polycarbonate, PVC) 4 - 8
Glass (domestic and laboratory) 2 - 8
Rubber (hoses, tires) 2 - 5
Electric boards, radio components 1 - 5
Construction waste 4 - 15
Heat insulating materials 1 - 5
Metal 3 - 10
Ion-exchange resins 0.3 - 2
Vegetable materials and berries 2 - 5
Overall ash content of the waste 7 - 40
Overall humidity of the waste 5 - 35
Specific activity to -emitters, within limit of 2.2·105 Bq/kg
Specific activity to -emitters, within limit of 3.7·106 Bq/kg
Component Na+ 137Cs 239Pu
Leaching rate, g/cm2*day
(2-3) *10-6
(0.3-5)*10-6
(0,8-2)*10-7
International Atomic Energy Agency
Non-standardized Not detected Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
Non-standardized From 0.02 to 1.12 μg/m3 Cancerogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzapyrene)
50 μg/m3 500 μg/m3
50 μg/m3
9 μg/m3
394 μg/m3 1.02 μg/m3
Heavy metals: cadmium lead mercury
0.1 ng/m3 0.014 ÷ 0.02 ng/m3 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzofurans in terms of toxic equivalent
The European standard for the discharge of pollutants into the
atmosphere
Concentration in off-gas
Component
39
Significant reduction (1.5 – 2 times) of the off gas volume as a result of
plasma torches usage instead of combustion type heaters…
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The ZWILAG plant,
serves to process
combustible solid and
liquid wastes, as well as
metals and mineral
substances (concrete,
gravel, etc.).
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The maximum capacity of
the facility is 200 kg/h of
combustible waste and 300
kg/h of fusible waste.
Throughput is approximately
50 000 to 60 000 kg/yr.
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Plasma Melting Facility at Kozloduy NPP: Belgoprocess
• Ordered to JV IBERDROLA –BELGOPROCESS
• Funded by EBRD (70%) and Bulgaria (30%)
• Testing beginning 2014
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Plasma Melting Facility at Kozloduy NPP: Belgoprocess
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Mobile plasma waste treatment facility: Necsa, SA
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France: i-Graphite Waste-Management Scenario
More details on: http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/
nefw-
projects/IMMONET/graphite-
crp/SitePages/Home.aspx
Problematic radioactive waste: i-graphite and DSRS