Review Material in Protozoology

8/12/2019 Review Material in Protozoology

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REVIEW MATERIALS IN VET PARA 311 VETERINARYPROTOZOOLOGY

ELSA A. GONZAGA

College of Veterinar Me!i"ine#ni$er%it of So&t'ern Min!anao

(a)a"an* Cota)ato

Str&"t&re% + ,no-n a% organelle%1. N&"le&% %e$eral t/e%

a. Ve%i"&lar 0a)ei. -it' en!o%o0e e&lgen+negati$e* 0ore or le%%"entral )o!

ii. -it' N&"leoli e&lgen+/o%iti$e). Co0/a"t 2&ite 'o0ogeno&%* fo&n! in "iliate%

i. Mi"ron&"le&% %0all* !i/loi!* a//arentl "ontrol%re/ro!&"ti$e f&n"tion%

ii. Ma"ron&"le&% large* /ol/loi!* a%%o"iate! -it'$egetati$e f&n"tion%

. Lo"o0otor organelle%a. lagell&0 -'i/+li,e -it' a "entral a4one0e an!

o&ter %'eat'5 at )a%e of a4one0e). Cili&0 eela%'+li,e* e%%entiall a %0all flagell&0 in

%tr&"t&re* 0a 'a$e ta"tile f&n"tion* 0a f&%e to for0

"irr&%* 0e0)ranelle* or &n!&lating 0e0)rane.". P%e&!o/o! te0/orar organelle!. Gli!ing gli!e% %0oot'l along -it'o&t "'ange in

%'a/e* in Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, an! "o""i!ian%/oro6oite% an! 0ero6oite%.

3. Organelle% a%%o"iate! -it' n&trition

a. A&totro/'i" n&trition organi%0 i% a)le to li$e entirelon inorgani" "o0/o&n!% eg. P'toflagellate%). 7olo/'ti" N&trition "ar)o'!rate% are %nt'e%i6e!

) 0ean% of "'loro/'ll eg 0o%t /'toflagellate%". 7olo6oi" N&trition + inge%t /refor0e! /arti"&late foo!

t'ro&g' a te0/orar 8in a0e)a9 or /er0anento/ening* t'e "to%to0e 8in "iliate%9

!. Sa/ro6oi" N&trition n&trient% are a)%or)e! t'ro&g't'e )o! -all.

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Pinocytosis /in"'ing off of $a"&ole% of fl&i! t'ro&g't'e )o! -all.

:. E4"retor organelle% t'ro&g' t'e )o! -all or "ontra"tile$a"&ole% 8t'e%e 0a )e 0ore of o%0oreg&lation9

Reproduction Types

1. A%e4&ala. ;inar fi%%ion 0o%t "o00on !i$i!e into !a&g'ter

"ell% along longit&!inal a4i% e4"e/t in "iliate%* o""&r% in

flagellate%). M&lti/le fi%%ion 8%"'i6ogon9 t'e n&"le&% !i$i!e%%e$eral ti0e% )efore t'e ""to/la%0 8 in t'eA/i"o0/le4a9

i. S"'i6ont or 0eront refer% to t'e !i$i!ing "ellii. Mero6oite% or %"'i6oite% !a&g'ter "ell%

". ;&!!ing a %0all !a&g'ter* -'i"' gro-% to f&ll %i6e

later* %ea/arate% fro0 t'e %i!e of a /arent "ell a% inBabesia %//

i. En!o!ogen internal )&!!ing re%&lting in !a&g'ter "ell%

ii. En!o/olgen 0ore t'an t-o !a&g'ter "ell%iii. E"to/olgen e4ternal

. Se4&ala. Con


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C%t% 0a )e for0e! ) %o0e /roto6oa -'erein a t'i", -alli% /ro!&"e! ) t'e /roto6oa aro&n! it%elf.Tro/'o6oite a 0otile or $egetati$e %tage of a /roto6oa.Life ""le% 0a )e !ire"t 80ono4eno&%9 or in!ire"t

8'etero4eno&%9 life ""le.

General effe"t% of /roto6oa?1. A)%or) n&trient% eg gl&"o%e ) tr/ano%o0e%. Interfere -it' a)%or/tion of foo! eg Giardia, Cryptosporidium3. Pro!&"e to4in eg %ar"o"%tin ) Sarcocystis

:. =e%tro ti%%&e% or "ell% eg "o""i!ian* )loo! /ara%ite%@. Pre0&nit %i0&lation of i00&nit ) lo- gra!e infe"tion

Ta4ono0i" Cla%%ifi"ation of Proto6oa of I0/ortan"e

1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora -it' flagella*/%e&!o/o!ia or )ot'5 %ingle n&"le&%5 t/i"all no %/ore

for0ation5 0a re/ro!&"e ) %nga0.

S&)/'l&0 Sar"o!ina &%&all 0o$e ) /%e&!o/o!ia5re/ro!&"e a%e4&all ) fi%%ion* %o0e %e4&all ) flagellatega0ete%5 0o%t free+li$ing.

a0ilie%?

a. En!a0oe)i!ae /ara%ite% of t'e !ige%ti$etra"t5 0a for0 "%t% 8eg Entamoeba)

). Va'l,a0/ii!ae free+li$ing )&t %o0e 0a"a&%e !i%ea%e 8eg. Naegleria9

". 7art0annelli!ae free+li$ing )&t %o0e 0a"a&%e !i%ea%e 8eg.Acanthamoeba)

S&)/'l&0 Ma%tigo/'ora 1 or 0ore flagella /re%ent intro/'o6oite%5 a%e4&al re/ro!&"tion ) )inar fi%%ion*/re!o0inantl /ara%iti".

a0ilie%?a. Tr/ano%o0ati!ae %ingle flagella5 leaf+li,e or ro&n!e!5

0o%tl /ara%iti"5 !o not for0 "%t 8Trypanosoma,Leishmania9

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). Cr/to)ii!ae tr/ano%o0e li,e5 )iflagellate5 /ara%iti"in fi%' a0/'i)ian%* et"

". Tri"'o0ona!i!ae :+ flagellate%5 1 re"&rrent an!atta"'B !to an &n!&lating 0e0)rane5 /ara%iti"5 "%t%

&n,no-n 8Trichomonas, Tritrichomonas, Tetratrichomas,Trichomitus, entrihomonas)

!. Co"'lo%o0ati!ae %i4 flagella* anterior $entral %&",er*/ara)a%al )o!.

e. 7e4a0iti!ae )ilaterall %00etri"al5 or flagellae5 n&"lei5 0o%tl /ara%iti"5 0a for0 8Giardia, !examita9

f. Retorta0ona!i!ae or : flagellate%* 1 t&rne!/o%teriorl an! a%%o"iate! -it' $entral "to%to0al area8Chilomastix9

g. Mono"er"o0ona!i!ae 3+@ anterior flagellae* re"&rrentflagell&0 &%&all free5 "%t% &n,no-n 8!istomonas,arahistomonas)

2. Phylum Apicomplexa - a/i"al "o0/le4 8/olar ring*"onoi!* 0i"rone0e%* r'o/trie%* %&)/elli"&lar 0i"rot&)&le%*0i"ro/ore%9 a% %'o-n ) ele"tron 0i"ro%"o/ i% /re%ent at%o0e %tage%5 0i"roga0ete% -it' flagellae5 %nga0 an!"%t often /re%ent5 0o%tl intra"ell&lar /ara%ite%. All are/ara%iti".

a0ilie%?a. Ei0erii!ae !e$elo/0ent in 'o%t "ell5 oo"%t -it' 6ero

to 0an %/oro"%t% ea"' -it' one or 0ore %/oro6oite%*%"'i6ogon in 'o%t* %/orogon o&t%i!e 8Eimeria,"sospora, Ty#erria, $enyonella)

). (lo%%ielli!ae 6gote ina"ti$e* t/i"$al oo"%t not

for0e!5 %/oro6oite% !e$elo/ in 'o%t "ell. Often in,i!ne.". 7e0ogregarini!ae oo,inete /re%ent5 t-o 'o%t%* one

in$erte)rate5 in "ell% of "ir"&lator %%te0 of $erte)rate%.8!epato#oon9

!. Cr/to%/ori!ii!ae !e$elo/0ent ton %&rga"e of "ell5oo"%t -it'o&t %/oro"%t%.

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e. Sar"o"%ti!ae S6g a)%ent* en!o!ogen /re%ent*"%t% an!Dor /%e&!o"%t% in "ell%. Para%ite% of$erte)rate%. 8Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, !ammondia,Cystoiospora)

f. Pla%0o!ii!ae + S6g a)%ent*5 6gote 0otile5'etero4eno&%5 %"'i6ogon in $erte)rate%* %/orogon inin$erte)rate5 /ig0ent 8'e0o6oin gran&le9 &%&all for0e!in 'o%t "ell.

g. ;a)e%ii!ae relati$el large /rifor0* ro&n! or o$al/ara%ite%5 !e$elo/0ental %tage% &%&all in ert'ro"te%5

a/i"al "o0/le4 re!&"e!5 )inar fi%%ion an! %"'i6ogono""&r5 no %e4&al re/ro!&"tion. Ve"tor% are ti",%.'. T'eilerii!ae %0all ro&n!* o$oi! an! ot'er /leo0or/'i"

for0%* a/i"al "o0/le4 re!&"e!5 %"'i6ogon in l0/'oi!an! ot'er "ell%* t'en in$a%ion of ert'ro"te% ) for0%

-'i"' 0a or 0a not 0&lti/l t'ere. Ve"tor% are ti",%.

3. Phylum Microspora - %/ore% -it' one or 0ore /olarfila0ent%.

Cla%% Mi"ro%/orea %/ore% of &ni"ell&lar origin* onelong t&)&lar /olar fila0ent. Encephalito#oon an! %e$eral in"ol!+)loo!e! $erte)rate%.

5. Phylum Myxospora - a0oe)oi! ger0inal ele0ent% in

0&lti"ell&lar %/ore%5 tro/'o6oite% 0&lti"ell&lar %'o-ing!ifferentiation of %o0ati" an! ger0inal ele0ent%5 all%/e"ie% /ara%iti".

Cla%% M4o/orea /ara%ite% of "ol!+)loo!e!$erte)rate%5 $ario&% genera in fi%'e%.

. Phylum !iliophora 0o$e ) %i0/le "ilia or "o0/o&n!

"iliar organelle%5 &%&all t/e% of n&"le&%5 !i$i!e )tran%$er%e )inar fi%%ion* %e4&all ) "on


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P"#$%M SAR!&MAST'(&P"&RA

Zoo0a%tigo/'orea are flagellate /roto6oan /o%%e%%ingone or 0ore t'rea!+li,e flagella5 %o0e al%o 'a$e

/%e&!o/o!ia5 %o0e 'a$e flagell&0 /a%%ing along t'e )o!8Trypanosoma, Trichomonas)%La", "'ro0ato/'ore% an!fee! in a 'olo6oi" 0anner. (ineto/la%ti!a 8egTrypanosoma)& Retorta0ona!i!a 8Cochlosoma)&=i/lo0ona!i!a 8!examita)& Tri"'o0ona!i!a8Trichomonas)%

TR#PA)&S&MAT'*A+

Proto6oan% t'at are re%/on%i)le for %o0e of t'e 0o%t i0/ortant!i%ea%e% of 0an an! !o0e%ti" ani0al% are?o =i%ea%e% "a&%e! ) a/i"o0/le4an%? +Malaria*

Piro/la%0o%e%* Co""i!io%e%

Ca&%e! ) Sar"o0a%tigo/'oran flagellate% +Tr/ano%o0ia%i%

=e$elo/0ental %tage% of tr/ano%o0e% &n!er a0ilTr/ano%o0ati!ae 8So&l%)* 19

1. Tr/o0a%tigote %tage 8tr/ano%o0e %tage9A )la!eli,e for0 -it' a ,ineto/la%t /o%terior to t'en&"le&% an! &%&all near t'e /o%terior e4tre0it.T'i% %tage i% &%&all fo&n! in t'e $erte)rate 'o%t )&t iti% fo&n !in art'o/o! a% t'e infe"ti$e %tage for t'e$erte)rate 'o%t.

. E/i0a%tigote %tage 8"rit'i!ial %tage9T'e ,ineto/la%t an! a4one0e lie anterior to t'e

n&"le&% an! t'e &n!&lating 0e0)rane i% %'ort.In fe- %/e"ie%* t'i% %tage i% fo&n! in t'e $erte)rate a%/art of t'e $erte)rate !e$elo/0ental ""le* )&t i%/rin"i/all a %tage in art'ro/o!%.

3. /ro0a%tigote %tage 8le/to0ona! %tage9T'e ,ineto/la%t an! a4one0e are at t'e anterior ti/ oft'e )o!.

T'ere i% no &n!&lating 0e0)rane. It i% fo&n! inart'ro/o!% or /lant%

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:. a0a%tigote %tage 8lei%'0ania %tage9T'e )o! i% ro&n!e!. A flagell&0 i% a)%ent or i%/re%ente! ) a %'ort fi)ril. T'e ,ineto/la%t i% /re%entT'e )o! i% fo&n! in $erte)rate% an! art'ro/o!%

Genera &n!er fa0il Tr/ano%o0ati!ae?1. Trypanosoma ' o""&r% in $erte)rate% an! art'ro/o!%

=e$elo/0ent 0a in"l&!e t'e tr/o0a%tigote*e/i0a%tigote* /ro0a%tigote an! a0a%tigoteIn 0an %/e"ie%* onl t'e tr/o0a%tigote o""&r% in t'e$erte)rate 'o%t* )&t in a fe- 0ore /ri0iti$e for0%*

a0a%tigote an! e/i0a%tigote %tage% o""&r in t'e$erte)rate. !epetomonas fo&n! in in$erte)rate%

=e$elo/0ent 0a in"l&!e t'e tr/o0a%tigote*e/i0a%tigote* /ro0a%tigote an! a0a%tigote

3. Crithidia ' fo&n! in art'ro/o!% an! in ot'er in$erte)rate%=e$elo/0ental %tage% in"l&!e e/i0a%tigote an!

/ro0a%tigote for0%:. Leptomonas 'fo&n! in in$erte)rate%

=e$elo/0ental %tage% in"l&!e /ro0a%tigote an!a0a%tigote for0%

@. hytomonas ( fo&n! in /lant% an! art'ro/o!%=e$elo/0ental %tage% in"l&!e /ro0a%tigote an!a0%tigote

. Leishmania 'fo&n! in $erte)rate% an! art'ro/o!%=e$elo/0ental %tage% in"l&!e a0a%tigote in$erte)rate% an! /ro0a%tigote for0% in t'ein$erte)rate.

Mo%t 0e0)er% of t'e Tr/ano%o0ati!ae &n!ergo ""li"al!e$elo/0ent.

In t'o%e genera of $et i0/ortan"e 8Trypanosoma, Leishmania),t'e LC alternate% )et-een t'e $erte)rate an! t'e in$erte)rate'o%t.W'en t'e in$erte)rate 'o%t i% infe"te! fro0 t'e $erte)rate 'o%t*a ""le of !e$elo/0ent an! 0&lti/li"ation ta,e% /la"e in t'ein$erte)rate 'o%t* &%&all in$ol$ing a !e$elo/0ental %tage!ifferent fro0 t'at in t'e $erte)rate 'o%t.

S%,P"#$%M SAR!&MAST'(&P"&RA

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lagellate%?

;ear one or 0ore long* %len!er lagella undulipodium9

for lo"o0otion.

M&lti/l a%e4&all ) )inar fi%%ion

So0e %/e"ie% for0 re%i%tant "%t

Para%iti" flagellate% "an )e !i$i!e! into 0ain gro&/% a""or!ingto t'eir lo"ation in t'e 'o%tF% )o! an! t'e t/e of life 'i%tor.

1. 7e0oflagellate%. M&"o%oflagellate%

7e0oflagellate% 8Trypanosoma, Leishmania9

o Li$e in t'e )loo!* l0/' an! ti%%&e %/a"e% an! aret/i"all tran%0itte! fro0 'o%t to 'o%t ) )loo!%&",ing in%e"t%.

o =&ring !e$elo/0ent in )ot' 0a00alian an!

art'ro/o! 'o%t%* tr/ano%o0e% &n!ergo "on%i!era)le0or/'ologi"al "'ange.

o

o&r 0or/'ologi"al for0% are !i%ting&i%'e!? T'e a0a%tigote +la",% a flagell&0* )&t !iffer -it'

re%/e"t to t'e lo"ation of t'e ,ineto/la%t

Tr/o0a%tigote +t'e ,ineto/la%t lie% /o%terior tot'e n&"le&%

E/i0a%tigote+ i00e!iatel anterior to t'e n&"le&%

Pro0a%tigote +near t'e anterior en! of t'e "ello T'e flagell&0 lie% in t'e e!ge of an &n!&lating

0e0)rane a% it "o&r%e% fro0 ,ineto/la%t to t'eenterior en! of t'e "ell )o! of tr/o0a%tigote.

o Infe"tion of t'e art'ro/o! 'o%t o""&r% -'en it inge%t%

t'e )loo! of an infe"te! ani0al.o Infe"tion of t'e 0a00alian 'o%t o""&r% ) one or

0ore 0e"'ani%0* !e/en!ing on t'e %/e"ie% oftr/ano%o0e in$ol$e!. T'e are "alle! a% ""li"al!e$elo/0ent* eit'ero Sali$arian or anterior %tationF

T'ro&g' t'e )ite of infe"te! art'ro/o!

Conta0ination of t'e 'o%t 0&"o&%0e0)rane

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=e$elo/0ental %tage% 8eg. E/i0a%tigote90&lti/l in t'e g&t of t'e art'ro/o!* an!infe"ti$e %tage%* 0eta""li" tr/o0a%tigotefor0%* a""&0&late in t'e 0o&t' /art% or

%ali$ar glan!% %o t'at infe"tion i%tran%0itte! -'en an art'ro/o! ta,e% a)loo! 0eal "alle! t'e ino"&lati$e 0et'o! oftran%0i%%ion.

Mo%t %ali$arian% are /at'ogeni"o Ster"orarian or /o%terior %tationF

A)ra!e! %,in ) it% fe"e%

T'e 0eta""li" tr/o0a%tigote a""&0&latein t'e 'in! g&t an! are /a%%e! in t'e fe"e%of t'e art'ro/o!.

Infe"tion of t'e $erte)rate 'o%t o""&r% )"onta0ination of t'e %,in or %,in -o&n!%

Mo%t %ter"orarian% are non+/at'ogeni"e4"e/t for Trypanosoma cru#i

S&)genera &n!er Ster"orarian%?1. egatrypanum, !erpetosoma, Schi#otrypanum,

EndotrypanumS&)genera &n!er Sali$arian%?

1. *utonella

Trypanosoma +i+ax long -orms)T% uni-orme short -orms)

. NannomonasT% congolense monomorphic)T% dimorphon monomorphic)T% simiae polymorphic)

3. ycnomonas ( T% suis

:. Trypano#oona. Wit' ""li"al !e$elo/0ent in 0i!+g&t an!

%ali$ar glan!% of Glossina sppT% brucei, T% rhodesiense, T%

gambiense). No ""li"al !e$elo/0ent in art'ro/o!*

tran%0i%%ion 0e"'ani"al.T% e+ansi, T% e.uinum, T% e.uiperdum

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M&"o%oflagellate%

o Li$e in t'e ali0entar or genital tra"t* &%&all in

inti0ate a%%o"iation -it' t'e 0&"o&% 0e0)rane* an!are tran%0itte! fro0 'o%t to 'o%t in t'e fe"e% orgenital effl&$ia.

o Certain 0&"o%oflagellate% are tran%0itte! a%

tro/'o6oite% 8Trichomonas) ot'er% a% "%t% 8Giardia9.o Tri"'o0ona!%

C'ara"teri%ti"all /ear+%'a/e! an! 'a$e a ro!+

li,e a4o%tle t'at /rotr&!e% fro0 t'e 0ore/ointe! en!.

T'ere are 3 to @ anterior flagella an! an&n!&lating 0e0)rane -it' a trailing flagell&0r&nning along it% free e!ge.

StercorarianTrypanosoma cru#i ' t'e "a&%e of A0eri"an tr/ano%o0o%i%8C'agaF% !i%ea%e9 of 0an an! !og%* tran%0itte! ) triato0in)&g% of t'e genera?

o Triatoma, /hodnius, unstrongylus

Ser$e a% re%er$oir of T% cru#i infe"tion in t'e -il!?o O//o%&0%* ar0a!illo%* Rat%* G&inea /ig%* Cat%*

Ra""oon%* Mon,e%

Trypanosoma cru#io amastigotes0&lti/l ) )inar fi%%ion in 0a00alian "ell%*

in"l&!ing reti"&loen!ot'elial* ne&ral* an! glial an! t'e 0o%ti0/ortant are t'e "ar!ia" an! %0oot' 0&%"le "ell%.

o Amastigotesrelea%e! ) r&/t&re of t'e 'o%t "ell% "'ange

into trypomastigotes-'i"' t'en a//ear in t'e "ir"&lating)loo! to in$a!e in ot'er "ell% or to )e inge%te! ) t'e )&gan! it fee!%.

o Trypanosomes 0&lti/l an! &n!ergo 0eta0or/'o%i% in

t'e )&gF% 'in!g&t an! are e$ent&all /a%%e! in t'e fe"e%t'at t'e )&g al0o%t in$aria)l /a%%e% -'ile fee!ing on it%%lee/ing $i"ti0.

o Entr of t'e tr/ano%o0e% into t'e )o! i% ) -a of

o Oral* na%al an! "on


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o ; r&))ing t'e infe"te! )&g fe"e% into a)ra%ion% in

t'e %,in.o Infe"tion "an al%o o""&r tran%/la"entall*

o ; )loo! tran%f&%ion

o An! a""i!ental %elf+in


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o T'e a"&te %tage i% "'ara"teri6e! ) %-elling of t'e

genitalia an! a 0&"oi! !i%"'arge in -'i"' T% e.uiperdum"an )e !e0on%trate!.

o A% t'e a"&te %ign% %&)%i!e* "ir"&lar* flattene!.F%il$er !ollarF

/la2&e% a//ear in t'e %,in an! t'en !i%a//ear -it'in%e$eral 'o&r% or !a% to )e re/la"e! ) ot'er%.

o T'e "'roni" %tage of !o&rine i% 0ar,e! )?

o E0a"iation* Pare%i%* Inter0ittent fe$er*an! finall

!eat'T. brucei and T. congolense

o "a&%e fatal nagana !i%ea%e of !o0e%ti" r&0inant% in S&)+Sa'aran Afri"a )&t are onl 0il!l /at'ogeni" in -il!r&0inant%.

o Wil! r&0inant% %er$e a% re%er$oir* -'i"' are "on$ee!

t'ro&g' t'e )ite% of t%et%e flie% 8Glossina%//9 to !o0e%ti"li$e%to",

o T. brucei 0&lti/lie% ) longit&!inal )inar fi%%ion in t'e

)loo!* l0/' an! CS of t'e 0a00alian 'o%t.o Trypomastigotes inge%te! ) t'e t%et%e -'en it fee!% on

t'e )loo! of an infe"te! 0a00al 0&lti/l in t'e in%e"tF%0i!g&t* &n!ergo 0eta0or/'o%i%* an! 0igrate to t'e%ali$ar glan!% -'ere t'e rea"' t'e infe"ti$e 0eta""li"tr/o0a%tigote %tage an! are t'en rea! to )e in


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T. equinumo Ca&%e% a !i%ea%e mal de caderas* -'i"' i% %i0ilar to

%&rrao Large 0ono0or/'i" for0* Tran%0i%%ion i% 0e"'ani"al )

)iting flie%o M&le% an! !on,e% are le%% %&%"e/ti)le

o T'e in"&)ation /erio! i% :+1H !a% an! t'en /re4ia an!

/ara%ite0ia !i%a//earo E0a"iation "o00en"e% earl in t'e !i%ea%e an! a 0ar,e!

-ea,ne%% of t'e 'in! 2&arter% 80al !e "a!era%9 re%&lt% in a

%taggering gait.Not all tr/ano%o0e% are e4oti" an! tro/i"al an! 0o%t of t'e0are non/at'ogeni".

Stercorarian 0o%t are non+/at'ogeni" e4"e/t for T% cru#i%T. cruzi t'e 0ain /at'ogeni" %/e"ie% of t'e Ster"oraria. It i%t'e "a&%e of A0eri"an '&0an tr/ano%o0ia%i% or C'aga%

!i%ea%e in So&t' A0eri"a.

Control of tr/ano%o0ia%i%.1. "'iefl !e/en!ent on "'e0ot'era/. !e%tr&"tion of ga0e3. geneti" i0/ro$e0ent

:. t'era/ an! eli0ination of )loo!+%&",ing flie% 8T% e+ansi an!T% e.uinum9@. 2&arantine reg&lation% 8T% e.uiperdum9

13


14/24

$+'S"MA)'A + t'e a0a%tigote for0 8in le&,o"te% an! large0onon&"lear "ell%9 o""&r in $erte)rate%5 t'e /ro0a%tigotefor0 in t'e in%e"t $e"tor an! in "&lt&re.

hlebotomus %// 8 P%"'o!i!ae? Ne0ato"era9 %er$e a%$e"tor%. =&ring a )loo! 0eal t'e hlebotomus 8%an!fl9 inge%t%le&,o"te% an! ot'er large 0onon&"lear "ell% "ontaininga0a%tigote% 8Lei%'0an+=ono$an )o!ie%9. T'e%e !e$elo/ in t'e0i!+g&t of t'e %an!fl an! enor0o&% n&0)er% of /ro0a%tigote%

are /ro!&"e!. T'e%e /a%% to t'e e%o/'ag&% an! /'arn4 of t'efl an! t'eir n&0)er 0a )e %o great a% to )lo", t'e foo! "anal.W'en a fl atte0/t% to fee!* a /l&g of organi%0% 0a )e!i%lo!ge! an! in


15/24

tri$alent %o!i&0 anti0onl gl&"onate 8Trio%tan* Sol&%ti)o%an9an! ot'er% 8Gl&"anti0e9 are &%e!.Sol&%ti)o%an i% effe"ti$e in !og%.

Control of $i%"eral lei%'0ania%i%?1. ro&tine "ontrol of %an!+flie% 80a


16/24

&n!&lating 0e0)rane. or0% are /ara%iti" in 0arine an! fre%'+-ater fi%'* $ario&% a0/'i)ian%* %nail%* lee"'e%* et".

(enus !ryptoia are /ara%iti" 'e0oflagellate% of fre%'+-ater

an! 0arine+fi%'5 t'e are tran%0itte! ) lee"'e%.

Cryptobia borreli - in rain)o- tro&t* )ro-n tro&t* "o'o %al0onan! ,ing %al0on. Serio&% 0ortalit o""&r% in %al0on 'at"'erie%5/ale gill%* %&n,en ee% an! e0a"iation are %ign% of infe"tion.C. brachialis - atta"'e% to gill fila0ent%* "a&%e% !e%tr&"tion of

e/it'eli&0 an! re%&lt% in t'ro0)&% for0ation.C. cyprini - a%%o"iate! -it' ane0ia in o&ng "ar/ an! gol! fi%'"a&%ing %lee/ing %i",ne%% of gol! fi%'F.+A( 67

&R*+R TR'!"&M&)A*'*A /o%%e%% :+ flagella* one of-'i"' i% a trailing flagell&0 atta"'e! to an &n!&lating0e0)rane. Wit' 1+ n&"lei* re/ro!&"e a%e4&all ) )inarfi%%ion. Mo%t are non+/at'/ogeni" an! fo&n!ing t'eali0entar tra"t.

T'e /at'ogeni" for0% are? Tritrichomonas, Trichomonas,Giardia and !examita%

Trichomonadidae fo&n! in t'e !ige%ti$e tra"t* re/ro!&"ti$etra"t an! et". T'e are /rifor0 in %'a/e 8ro&n!e! anterior en!

an! /ointe! /o%terior en!9.

(enus Tritrichomonas 'a$e 3 anterior flagella an! la", a/elta 8%'iel!9

T. foetus' a /ara%ite in "attle* 6e)&* /ig* 'or%e an! !eer* )&tt'e /at'ogeni" effe"t% are %een in t'e )o$ine "a&%ing )o$inetri"'o0onia%i%. Tran%0i%%ion &n!er nat&ral "on!ition i% )

coitus. It "o&l! )e tran%0itte! al%o ) A'/ and ygynecological examination. Ca&%e% earl a)ortion &%&all 8-

16


17/24

9 :ee;s after t'e infe"te! %er$i"e. Treat0ent i% ;erenil 8:*:!ia0i!ino!ia6oa0ino)en6ene !ia"et&rate tetra'!rate9.T. suis large%t of t'e /ig tri"'o0ona!%* o""&rring "'iefl in t'e%to0a"'* na%al /a%%age%* "e"&0 an! %0all inte%tine. It i%

elongate or %/in!le+%'a/e!.T. equi - fo&n! in t'e "e"&0 an! "olon of 'or%e%.T. eberthi a "o00on tri"'o0ona! o""&rring in t'e "e"&0 oft'e "'i",en* t&r,e an! !&",. It i% )roa!l crescent-shapedan! non+/at'ogeni".T. enteris fo&n! in t'e "e"&0 an! "olon of t'e o4 an! 6e)&.

T. muris + fo&n! in t'e "e"&0 an! "olon of rat* 0o&%e* 'a0%teran! -il! ro!ent%.T. minuta - "e"&0 an! "olon of rat* 'o&%e 0o&%e an! gol!en'a0%terT. caviae "e"&0 an! "olon of t'e g&inea /ig.

(enus Trichomonas /rifor0 an! 'a$e : free anteriorflagella -it' no trailing flagell&0.

T. gallinae - i% t'e "a&%e of a$ian tri"'o0onia%i% of t'e &//er!ige%ti$e tra"t in /igeon% "a&%ing %erio&% !i%ea%e of o&ng

)ir!%. T'e 0o%t $ir&lent %train i% t'e one%F ;arn 8;9 %train.Sign%? a""&0&lation of greeni%' fl&i! or "'ee% 0aterial in t'e0o&t' an! "ro/ an! e4&!e% fro0 t'e )ea,. On /o%t 0orte0*ello-i%' to grai%' ne"roti" le%ion% are e$i!ent in t'e 0o&t'*"ro/* an! e%o/'ag&% -it' e4ten%ion to t'e )one% of t'e %,&ll*t'e li$er* et". Tran%0i%%ion i% !ire"t fro0 "arrier ol!er )ir!% to

t'e ne-l 'at"'e! /igeon %2&a) $ia t'e /igeonF% 0il,F fro0 t'e"ro/.T. phasioni "a&%e% enteri" !i%ea%e of /'ea%ant /o&lt%T. vaginalis o""&r% in t'e $agina* /ro%tate an! &ret'ra of0an. T'e large%t of t'e '&0an tri"'o0ona!%. Tran%0i%%ion0a o""&r t'ro&g' "onta0inate! to-el%* "lot'ing an! toilet%eat%.

17


18/24

M&)&!+R!&M&)A*'*A+

(enus istomonas amoeoid :ith single nucleus.. melagridis fo&n! in t'e "e"a an! li$er an! "a&%e

'i%to0onia%i%* infe"tio&%n entero'e/atiti%* or )la",'ea!F in/o&ltr. Re/ro!&"tion i% ) )inar fi%%ion. Pri0ar infe"tiono""&r% in t'e "e"&0 an! t'e 0ain ro&te of infe"tion i% )inge%tion of e0)ronate! egg% of t'e "e"al -or0 etera!is

gallinarum . 7i%to0onia%i% i% a !i%ea%e of o&ng t&r,e% an!!ie if not treate!. T'e "'i",en i% 0&"' 0ore re%i%tant to t'e

/at'ogeni" effe"t% of t'e infe"tion. C'i",en i% t'e /rin"i/alre%er$oir of infe"tion for t&r,e% an! o&t)rea,% of 'i%to0onia%i%o""&r -'en t&r,e% are reare! -it' !o0e%ti" fo-l% or -'en t'eare /la"e! on gro&n! re"entl $a"ate! ) !o0e%ti" /o&ltr.C'ara"teri%ti" %ign of entero'e/atiti% in t&r,e i% theappearance o sulphur yello: colored droppings. T'i% %igni% not "o00on in t'e "'i",en. T'e sulphur yello: droppings

are %&gge%ti$e of entero'e/atiti%* -'ile at /o%t 0orte0 t'enecrotic lesions o the li0er are pathognomonic.

(enus Costia are e"to/ara%ite% of fre%'+-ater fi%' in%"l&!ing"o00on a2&ari&0 fi%'.

(enus a"amita - -it' n&"lei an! or flagella. Para%iti" in

in%e"t%* fi%' an! frog%.. meleagridis - fo&n! /rin"i/all in t'e !&o!en&0 an! %0allinte%tine of t&r,e%. A%%o"iate! -it' an infe"tio&% "atarr'alenteriti% of t&r,e%. M&lti/li"ation i% ) longit&!inal )inar fi%%ionan! tran%0itte! ) "onta0inate! fee! an! !rin,ing -ater.. columbae i% in /igeon% an! not tran%0i%%i)le to t&r,e%

(enus Giardia /rifor0 to elli/ti"al in o&tlineG. muris and G. duodenalis - %/e"ie% o""&rring in -i!e rangeof ani0al% in"l&!ing 0an* !og% an! "at%.

P"#$%M AP'!&MP$+


19/24

a%e4&al ) )inar or 0&lti/le fi%%ion 8%"'i6ogon9 or %e4&al8ga0etogon9.

S&)"la%% Co""i!ia are intra"ell&lar an! "'iefl in $erte)rate%.

+imeriidaeTyzzeria'no %/oro"%t * eig't %/oro6oite% in t'e oo"%t#sospora t-o %/oro"%t ea"' "ontaining : sporo#oites$imeria - : %/oro"%t ea"' "ontaining %/oro6oite%%enyonella - : %/oro"%t% ea"' -it' : %/oro6oite%

Cryptosporidium+ : %/oro6oite%* not en"lo%e! ina %/oro"%t-'i"' i% not /ara%iti" -it'in t'e 'o%t "ell.

Eimeria arloingi ' /ro)a)l t'e 0o%t "o00on "o""i!i&0 ofgoat%E% bo+is ' one of t'e 0o%t "o00on "o""i!ian of "attleE% #uernii ' t'e 0o%t "o00on an! 0o%t /at'ogeni" of t'e

)o$ine "o""i!ian.E% debliec0i and E% scabra ' are /ro)a)l t'e 0o%t /at'ogeni"%/e"ie% in /ig%.E% tenella an! E% necatrix ( 0o%t /at'ogeni" an! i0/ortant%/e"ie% in !o0e%ti" /o&ltr.+A( 67

Sarcocystidae

(enus To"oplasma fa"&ltati$e or o)ligator 'etero4eno&%Toxoplasma gondii + t'e =7 i% "at(enus &arcocystis infe"ti$e %/oro"%t% 8fro0 t'e fe"e% oft'e =7 "at* !og* 0an* et"9 are inge%te!* %/oro6oite% are

relea%e! in t'e inte%tine an! t'e in$a!e 0anti%%&e%.S"'i6ogon o""&r% in t'e en!ot'elial "ell% of )loo!$e%%le% in 0o%t organ%* /re"e!ing t'e !e$elo/0ent of t/i"al"%t% in t'e %triate! 0&%"&lat&re. C%t% are generall fo&n! int'e 0&%"le% an! o""a%ionall in t'e )rain.&. cruzi - i% t'e 0o%t /at'ogeni" %/e"ie% in "attle.

(enus 'esnoitia 'a$e "%t% "ontaining )ra!6oite% infi)ro)la%t% an! /o%%i)l ot'er "ell%. T'e "%t -all o""&r% aro&n!

19


20/24

t'e infe"te! "ell an! )ra!6oite% in a /ara%ito/'oro&% $a"&ole.S/or&late! oo"%t% of t'e =7 infe"t onl t'e inter0e!iate 'o%t.C&taneo&% )e%noitia%i% i% a %erio&% %,in "on!ition of "attle an!'or%e% "'ara"teri6e! ) /ainf&l %-elling%* t'i",ening of t'e %,in*

lo%% of 'air* an! ne"ro%i%.

(enus ammondia t'e =7 i% "at an! t'e inter0e!iate 'o%t%are ro!ent%. C%t% o""&r in %,eletal 0&%"le* o""a%ionall 'eart0&%"le an! )rain. C%t% %tage% are infe"ti$e onl for t'e =7 an!%/or&late! oo"%t% fro0 t'e !efiniti$e 'o%t.

(enus (ren!elia "%t% o""&r in t'e )rain an! %/inal "or!?t'e o""&/ t'e 'o%t "ell "o0/letel "a&%ing '/ertro/' of t'en&"le&%. ;ir! of /re i% t'e =7 an! t'e I7 "on%i%t% of t'e 2&arrof /re!ator%.

amily "aemogregagerinidae %i0ilar to Ei0eri!ae* )&t

0i"ro+ an! 0a"roga0ont% )e"o0e atta"'e! to ea"' ot'er in/air% 8%6g9 !&ring !e$elo/0ent into ga0ete%. T'e 6gote)e"o0e% an oo"%t /ro!&"ing n&0ero&% %/oro)la%t%* ea"' of

-'i"' !e$elo/% into a %/ore "ontaining +: %/oro6oite%. T'e%e/ara%ite% o""&r in t'e "ell% of t'e "ir"&lator %%te0 of$erte)rate%.

(enus epatozoon o""&r% in t'e en!ot'elial "ell% of t'e li$er*an! t'e ga0eto""te% are fo&n! in le&,o"te% or ert'ro"te%a""or!ing to t'e %/e"ie% of organi%0. S/orogon o""&r% in$ario&% )loo!+%&",ing art'ro/o!%.

Suorder "emosporina - t'e!e$elo/0ent i% %i0ilar in

Co""i!ia. 7o-e$er* in t'e 7ae0o%/orina t'e life ""le i%%'are! ) 2 hosts/ %"'i6ogon in $erte)rate% an! ge0etogonan! %/orogon in )loo!+%&",ing in$erte)rate%.

amily Plasmodiidae t'e 6gote i% 0otile* %"'i6ogon o""&r%in $erte)rate% an! %/orogon in in$erte)rate% an! /ig0ent i%&%&all for0e! in t'e 'o%t "ell. 8lasmodium, !aemoproteus,

Leu0ocyto#oon)

20


21/24

(enus )lasmodium "ontain% t'e 0alarial organi%0% of 0an*ot'er 0a00al% an! $erte)rate%. S"'i6ogon o""&r% in t'eR;C* en!ot'elial "ell% of inner organ%* -'ile t'e %e4&al /'a%e oft'e ""le o""&r% in )loo!+%&",ing in%e"t%5 for t'e 0a00alian

for0% t'e anopheline mos1uitoesan! for t'e a$ian for0% culicine mos1uitoes.

A0ian malaria= S/e"ie% -it' ro&n! or irreg&lar ga0ont% -'i"'!i%/la"e t'e n&"le&% of t'e 'o%t "ell.lasmodium cathemerium, % gallinaceum, % 1uxtanucleare, %

relictum and % gri--ithsi

A0ian malaria= S/e"ie% -it' elongate ga0ont% -'i"' !o not&%&all !i%/la"e t'e n&"le&% of t'e 'o%t "ell.% circum-lexum, % durare, % elongatum, % -allax, %hexamerium, % lophurae, % polare, % rouxi and % +aughani

lasmodium 0no2lesi ' fo&n! in t'e P'ili//ine%. lasmosiumcynomolgi + i% tran%0i%%i)le to 0an.

(enus "aemoproteus - ga0eto"te% o""&r in t'e ert'ro"te%an! /o%%e%% a halter-shaped appearance 8%n 7alteri!i&09.S"'i6ogon o""&r% in t'e en!ot'elial "ell% of t'e )loo! $e%%el%of inner organ%* e%/e"iall in t'e l&ng%. T'e /ara%ite% are

tran%0itte! ) 'i//o)o%"i! flie% an! Culicoides% It i% -i!e%/rea!in )ir!% an! in re/tile%.

. columbae - t'e onl for0% in t'e R;C are t'e gamonts.T'e%e 0a range fro0 tin for0% to elongate* "re%"ent+%'a/e!ga0ont% -'i"' /artiall en"ir"le t'e n&"le&% of t'e 'o%t "ell in

t'e for0 of a 'alter. T'e n&"le&% 0a )e !i%/la"e! )&t not tot'e e!ge of t'e "ell.

(enus $eucocyto>oon t'e /ara%ite% &n!ergo %"'i6ogon int'e en!ot'elial an! /aren"'0ato&% "ell% of t'e li$er* 'eart*,i!ne an! ot'er organ% of a$ian 'o%t%. Large %"'i6ont% are/ro!&"e!. T'e ga0etogono&% %tage% o""&r in t'e "ir"&lating

)loo!* an! t'e inected host cells ecome grossly distortedand assume a spindle shape. No /ig0ent i% /ro!&"e!.

21


22/24

S%,!$ASS P'R&P$ASM'A

a0il ;a)e%ii!ae relati$el large* /rifor0* a0e)oi!

organi%0%. =e$elo/0ental %tage% o""&r in ert'ro"te%.T'e 0&lti/l ) )inar fi%%ion* or %"'i6ogon in t'e R;C.T'e $e"tor% are i4o!i! ti",%.

(enus ,aesia - organi%0% 0&lti/l in t'e R;C ) a%e4&al!i$i%ion* /ro!&"ing * : or 0ore non+/ig0ente!

a0oe)oi! /ara%ite%. C'ara"teri%ti"all* t'e are /ear+%'a/e! for0% ling at an angle -it' t'e narro- en!% ina//o%ition. T'e tran%0i%%ion i% eit'er?

19 ) tran%o$arian tran%0i%%ion* i% t'e onl 0o!e oftran%0i%%ion for one 'o%t ti",%. 9 ) %tage to %tagetran%0i%%ion.

amily Theleriidae - are ro&n!* o$oi!* ro!+li,e or irreg&larfor0%* fo&n! in l0/'o"te%* 'i%tio"te% an! R;C. T'e !o not/ro!&"e /ig0ent an! are tran%0itte! ) i4o!i! ti",%. T'eo""&r in "attle* %'ee/ an! goat% an! ot'er r&0inant%.

(enus Theleria - organi%0% 0&lti/l ) %"'i6ogon inl0/'o"te% an! finall in$a!e R;C. Tran%0itte! ) ti",%.T. parva - "a&%e% t'e Ea%t Coa%t fe$er or )o$ine t'eleria%i%

-'i"' i% re%/on%i)le for 'ig' 0ortalit a0ong %&%"e/ti)le an!i0/orte! %to",.

+A( 67(enus aemato"enous - re%e0)le% Theleria )&t t'eert'ro"ti" %tage% 'a$e a rectangular ?0eil@ e4ten!ing fro0t'eir %i!e t'at %tain% $iolet.

P"#$%M M'!R&SP&RA - t'e /ara%ite% are all o)ligateintra"ell&lar /ara%ite%* t'e /ro!&"e %/ore%* 'a$e a $e%i"&lar

n&"le&% an! 'a$e a /olar fila0ent. S/ore% /o%%e%% a /olarfila0ent originating in a /olar %a" an! "oile! in t'e /eri/'eral

22


23/24

laer% of t'e "to/la%0. T'e /olar fila0ent %er$e% to "on!&"tt'e %/oro/la%0 o&t of t'e %/ore* t'ro&g' t'e 'ollo- t&)e of t'efila0ent* into t'e 'o%t "ell. A%e4&al !i$i%ion i% ) )inar an!0&lti/le fi%%ion. Para%ite% of $erte)rate% an! in$erte)rate%

*osema bombycis t'e "a&%e of %il,-or0 !i%ea%e 8/e)rine9"a&%ing !e$a%tation of t'e %il, in!&%tr. .

(enus +ncephalito>oon o)ligate intra"ell&lar /ara%ite% in-'i"' %/orogon i% ) )inar fi%%ion. Para%ite% of -ar0+

)loo!e! $erte)rate%.

P"#$%M !'$'&P"&RACLASS (INTEORAGMINOP7OREA + t'e /ara%ite% /o%%e%%"ilia for lo"o0otion* -it' n&"lei. T'e 0a"ron&"le&% i% largean! 0a%%i$e an! re%/on%i)le for t'e "to/la%0i" a"ti$itie% of t'e

organi%0 an! t'e 0i"ron&"le&% i% $e%i"&lar an! i% re%/on%i)lefor t'e re/ro!&"ti$e /ro"e%%. Re/ro!&"tion i% a%e4&al )tran%$er%e )inar fi%%ion or* in t'e %e4&al /'a%e*) "on


24/24

Chilodonella cyprini - an e"to/ara%ite )&t !oe% not /enetratet'e e/i!er0i%. A /ara%ite of t'e gill% an! %,in of tro&t an! 0anot'er %/e"ie% of fi%'.(enus Trichodina /o%%e%% an! oral "iliat&re -it' 3 "iliar

gir!le%. T'e 'a$e a "'itinoi! atta"'ing !i%" -it' ra!iallarrange! 'oo,e! teet'.Trichodina domerguei i% "o00on on t'e %,in an! gill% of$ario&% fi%'.(enus $pistylis 'a$e an in$erting )ell for0. A "o00on/ara%ite of t'e %,in of $ario&% fre%'+-ater fi%'* tro&t* )la", )a%%*

et". Tran%0i%%ion i% ) !ire"t "onta"t. #%&all non+/at'ogeni".

&R*+R R'!+TT'A$+S

(enus+naplasma - a//ear a% %0all* %/'eri"al )o!ie%* re! to!ar, re! in "olor -'en %taine! in%i!e t'e R;C of "attle* !eer*

%'ee/ an! goat%.+naplasma marginale - "attle are t'e 0a

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