Review Grade 11 Art 2012. A French term meaning "low-raised work." Sculpture meant to be seen primarily from one direction -- as opposed to sculpture.

Review Grade 11 Art 2012

• A French term meaning "low-raised work." Sculpture meant to be seen primarily from one direction -- as opposed to sculpture which is in the round

• (possible used by Van Meer and view painting) its simplest form it consisted of a darkened room or box with a small hole through one wall. Light rays could pass through the hole to transmit an inverted image of the scene outside the room onto a flat surface on its inside (which could be traced by the artist).

• Usually seen in sculpture- devised by the Greeks, rediscovered and copied by the sculptors in the Early Renaissance. the weight of the on one leg, the shoulders and the hips counterbalanced each other in a natural way so the figure does not fall over.

• Effective and dramatic use of light and shade in order to create volume and depth . Used by Leonardo da Vinci

• a method of drawing or painting an object or person that is not parallel to the picture plane so that it seems to recede in space, giving the illusion of three dimensions. Parts get smaller as the go back in space

• A method of painting on plaster, either dry or wet .

• colour and movement emphasized by rapid and powerful brush strokes, textures surface quality

• The technique of blurring or softening sharp outlines by gradual of one tone into another. It creates a smokelike haziness.

• a style of painting characterized by high contrast between light and shade -- emphasis placed on chiaroscuro to achieve dark, dramatic effects. Frequently the main subjects of tenebrist pictures are illuminated by a single source of light, as if a spotlight shone upon them, leaving other areas in darkness.

Bas –Relief

Camera Obscura

Contraposta

Chiaroscuro

Foreshortening

Fresco

Painterly style

Sfumato

Tenebrism – Tenebroso

Printing terms:

• Intaglio prints are categorized as having the image produced from below the surface. A print is made by inking the incised lines and recessed texture of a plate, wiping the surface, placing damp paper over the plate, and running it through am etching press.

• is the simplest and most direct of the intaglio process. The technique consists of scratching into the surface of a lexan plate using a strong, sharp point. The point is used to score the surface, which causes a ridge of lexan-called a burr, to be thrown up on one or both sides of the line. This burr holds more ink than the relatively shallow scratches and contributes a velvety, rich quality to the impression.

• Burr- see definition above

Intaglio Prints, Relief Print, Dry Point

Intaglio Prints-

Relief Print-

Eras

• Renaissance

• High renaissance

• Northern Renaissance

• Baroque

• Rococo

• Neoclassicism

• Romanticism

Renaissance

• the ”rebirth” of civilization (after 1000 years of the middle ages also referred to the dark ages). The Renaissance can refer to the rebirth of classical learning (Ancient Roman and Greek culture) and knowledge or to the ensuing rebirth of European culture. (Started in Florence, Italy)

• Separate Eras- Early Renaissance, High Rennaisiance (Golden Age),

• Northern Rennaisiance (more attention to detail, realism, use of everyday objects and heavy symbolism)( we did Germany, Holland)

Fabriario-Adoration of the Magi

Paolo Uccello : Battle of San Romano- Paolo Uccello : Battle of San Romano- note use of perspectivenote use of perspective

Andrea Mantega- Dead Christ- Andrea Mantega- Dead Christ- note- foreshortneingnote- foreshortneing

Botticelli- Birth of VenusBotticelli- Birth of Venus

Sculpture- Donatello- Sculpture- Donatello- first life size sculpture in first life size sculpture in the round since the round since antiquityantiquity

Controposto styleControposto style

High Renaissance

• Leonardo.

• Michelangelo

• Raphael

Mona Lisa- Leonardo da Vinci

ChiaroscuroSfumato

Leonardo da Vinci- Last supper- fresco, principles of art

Virgin on the Rocks- Leonardo da Vinci

sfumato

Michelangelo-Pieta

Triangular composition

Michelangelo- David

Michelangelo- Sistine Chapel- Creation of Man

Raphael- School of Athens

Raphael -Tondo- Alba Madonna

Northern Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Jan Van Eyck Jan Van Eyck The Arnolfini The Arnolfini MarriageMarriage

Use of oil paint- Use of oil paint- symboloismsymboloism

Albert Durer- Adam and EveKnown for printing (copper engraving and wood cuts)

Hieronymus Hieronymus BoschBosch

Garden of Garden of Earthly Earthly DelightsDelights

Baroque• 1590-1680• ( started in Rome, Italy)• Emphasis- Religious works• Patron- Church• Style- High Emotion, dynamic• Qualities-Drama, Intensity, MovementItaly• Painter- Caravaggio• Sculpture- BerniniHolland• Rembrandt

Caravaggio- Judith and HolofernesDavid and Goliath

Tenebrism

Bernini- Apollo and Daphne

Rembrandt- The Night Watch

Rembrandt- the Jewish bride

Johannes Vermeer's – The balance

The girl with the pearl earring

Camera Obscura

Rococo• In France Rococo style prominent- light and playful- “Rococo”

comes from the French ‘rocaille’, which means “ a fanciful design derived from the twists and turns of seashells and tiny pebbles.

• Born in Paris (1723-74)• Mood- playful, superficial, alive with energy• Subject matter – fete galante- outdoor romp peopled with by

elegantly dressed young lovers• Shapes- Sinuous s and c curves, arabesque, ribbon-like scrolls-

very ornate (over the top)• Style- Light , graceful, delicate.• -Decorative and non functional• Colours- white, silver, gold, light pinks, blues, greens• - often pearlized• Target audience- French aristocracy

Baroque- still in countries outside of FranceDeath of General Wolfe- Benjamin West

View Pinting- camera obscura

Neoclassicism (1775-1815)• Neo-classicism may be defined as a controlled academic approach to

art.• A serious reaction to the frivolous Rococo, a way of life in

revolutionary times.• Values

-Order, solemn, very conservative• Tone-

-Calm, Rational• Subjects-

-Greek and Roman History, mythology-subject matter illustrated and glorified heroic, patriotic subject matter-allegorical paintings- symbolic of truths or generalizations about human nature

• Role of Art- Morally uplifting, inspirational

• Technique- -Stresses drawing with lines, not colour, no trace of brushstrokes

• Founder--David (France).

• Important features: clear and precise form, simplicity, balanced compositions, and idealized beauty.

• Style- smooth brushwork, surface of the painting appears ploished

• - severely precise drawn figures in the foreground

• -Shallow depth- almost like a bas relief sculpture (Lord Elgin had just brought back the Elgin marbles taken off the Parthenon)

• -Simple compositions not fussy like Rococo

• -Backgrounds usually contain Roman touches

Jacques-Louis David's Oath Of The Horatii)

• Shapes-Arches- tie in composition and add touch of Rome

• Space- shallow depth• Line-emphasized the emphasized the

strong line of the men strong line of the men with the gentle line of with the gentle line of the woman (to express the woman (to express determination and determination and suffering)suffering)

• Emphasis- spot lighting, colour, central, framed by arch, focus on swords in father’s hand

• Balance-father helps balance the strong image of the sons

• Movement- arms reaching for swords

Romanticism• An art movement and style that flourished in the early nineteenth

century. • It emphasized the emotions painted in a bold, dramatic manner.• Romantic artists rejected the cool academic reasoning of classicism

-- the established art of the times -- to paint pictures of nature in its untamed state, or other exotic settings filled with dramatic action, often with an emphasis on the past.

• Name based on a revival of interest in medieval stories known as ‘romances’-stories involving fictional hero’s and great adventures of individual heroism and emotion.

• Classicism was nostalgic too, but Romantics were more emotional, usually melancholic, even melodramatically tragic.

Goya- Third of May

Theodore Gericault -Raft of the MedusaTheodore Gericault -Raft of the Medusa

Liberty leading the People- Liberty leading the People- Delacroix

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters and poets, and critics, founded in 1848

•greatly influenced by nature and they used great detail to show the natural world using bright and sharp focus techniques on a white canvas

•Influenced by Romanticism, fascinated by medieval subject matter

•art was essentially spiritual in character

Millais - Ophelia

The period - approx. 1860- 1890

Impressionism is characterized by the use of:•based on the use of color, which has to "draw" the images without resorting to line •a bright palette- limited to pure light colors, black is rarely used •broken brushwork•an emphasis on depictions of contemporary life and landscape. •It attempts to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of the transient effects of light and colour.•They escaped to the countryside to paint en plein air (in the open air)

Impressionism

Édouard Manet (who did not regard himself, nor is he generally considered, as an Impressionist, but who supported the Impressionists and was a great influence on them)

Claude Monet (the most prolific of the Impressionists and the one who embodies their aesthetic most obviously)

Edgar Degas (a realist who despised the term Impressionist, but is considered one, due to his loyalty to the group) – known for pastel ballerinas, horses

Pierre-Auguste Renoir – would eventually go back to realism- painted mostly human figures.

Camille Pissarro – Impressionist, also produced pointillism artworks in his latter life

Mary Cassatt (American-born), Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children.

Paul Cézanne – Known for Landscapes and still life- beginnings of abstract art- influenced cubism)

Berthed Morisot- Morisot painted what she experienced on a daily basis. Her paintings reflect the 19th-century cultural restrictions of her class and gender. She avoided urban and street scenes as well as the nude figure andfocused on domestic life and portraits in which she could use family and personal friends as models.

Alfred Sisley

Post Impressionism• Term used to describe everything that

immediately followed Impressionism. Artists took aspects that developed in Impressionism and continued to push them to extremes.

• Post-Impressionists continued using vivid colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brushstrokes and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour

(approx. 1880 – 1910)

Vision after the Sermon, 1888

Paul Gauguin

Toulouse Lautrec• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was born on Nov. 24, 1864, in Albi, France. He was an aristocrat, the son and heir of Comte Alphonse-Charles de Toulouse and last in line of a family that dated back a thousand years. Henri's father was rich, handsome, and eccentric. His mother was overly devoted to her only living child. Henri was weak and often sick. By the time he was 10 he had begun to draw and paint. • At 12 young Toulouse-Lautrec broke his left leg and at 14 his right leg. The bones failed to heal properly, and his legs stopped growing. He reached young

adulthood with a body trunk of normal size but with abnormally short legs. He was only 1.5 meters tall.

• Deprived of the kind of life that a normal body would have permitted, Toulouse-Lautrec lived wholly for his art. He stayed in the Montmartre section of Paris, the center of the cabaret entertainment and bohemian life that he loved to paint. Circuses, dance halls and nightclubs, racetracks--all these spectacles were set down on canvas or made into lithographs.

Vincent Van Gogh

Starry Night, 1889

Self Portrait, 1889

His work, all of it produced during a period of only 10 years, hauntingly conveys through its striking colour, coarse brushwork, and contoured forms the anguish of a mental illness that eventually resulted in suicide

Starry Night was painted while Vincent was in the asylum at Saint-Rémy and his behavior was very erratic at the time, due to the severity of his attacks. Unlike most of Van Gogh's works, Starry Night was painted from memory and not outdoors as was Vincent's preference. This may, in part, explain why the emotional impact of the work is so much more powerful than many of Van Gogh's other works from the same period.

Starry Night: Saint-Remy 1889 is probably Vincent van Gogh's most famous painting. Instantly recognizable because of its unique style, this work has been the subject of poetry, fiction, CD‑ROMs as well as the well known song "Vincent" or "Starry, Starry Night" by Don McLean.

Starry Night stands out as one of the most important works of art produced in the nineteenth century.

Expressionismis an art movement of the early 20th century in which traditional adherence to realism was replaced by the artist's emotional connection to the subject. These paintings are often abstract, with the subject matter distorted in colour and form to emphasize the intense emotion of the artist.The search for harmony and form is not as important as trying to achieve the highest expressive intensity.

Edvard Munch (1863-1944)- MadonnaThe Scream

Expressioinism-FAUVISM (Wild Beasts)- Wild Beasts)-simple bright bold colours, loose brush strokes, often distorted forms

Henri Matisse - Green Stripe

German Expressionism- Der Blaue Reiter (the Blue Rider) Dir Blaue Reiter believed in a spiritual renewal that can only be achieved through the individual examination of the design elements.

Wassily Kandindsky

German Expressionism- Der Blaue Reiter (the Blue Rider)

Franz Marc- The Yellow Cow

Expressionism (Italy)

Amedeo Modigliani

Expressionism (Mexico)

Diego Rivera- Liberation of the Peon

Expressionism (Mexico)

Frida Kahlo-The Two Fridas

Cubism an abstract movement in art, developed in the early 1900's It is based on the theory that objects should be captured by showing multiple points of view simultaneously. Forms are simplified and broken apart into planes, then reassembled in an abstract form emphasizing geometric shapes. The planes are sometimes tilted by means of shading. Pablo Picasso – Les

Demoiselles D’Avignon

Braque- Castle at La Roch Guyon (influenced by Cezanne)

Marcel Duchamo- Nude descending the staircase

Futurism (Italian movement) 1909 until the end of WW!) was a celebration of the machine age, glorifying war Futurist painting and sculpture were especially concerned with expressing movement and the dynamics of natural and man-made forms

Umberto Boccopni- Unique forms of Continuity in Space

Artist: Giacomo BallaTitle: The Street Light-Study of Light

De Stijl (the style- mid 1920’s)- cold intellectual approach to design. Dutch for ‘the style’ it was non-representational art with the elimination of all feeling and emotion. Exact opposite of Expressionism.

Piet Mondrian

Brancusi- Birds in Space

Fantasy Art comes from the imagination as much or more than from direct observation of the real world. Like the word implies, it can be an especially wild visionary fancy, unreal, capricious, fantastic, and dreamlike.

Henri Rousseau (1910)

Marc Chagall- I and the Village

Twittering Machine (1922) watercolour/pen/ink 64 x41 cm) MOMA

Paul Klee

Dadaism

Marcel Duchamp- Fountain (1917) Designed to test the policy limits of an art exhibition, it lives on as an enduring test of the limits of art, which was a lifelong project for the master chess player, Duchamp

The French word for rocking horse. A nihilistic movement that arose in 1915 in disillusionment of the First World War and lasted until 1922. It was anti-art and tended towards the absurd in its desire to shock and scandalize. They believed all European culture was decant and devoid of meaning. Members joined but left hurriedly because they could not get along with each other for very longThey randomly incorporated found art from the trash, manufactured items. Illustrations and other items to create new disturbing art that puzzled and frequently alienated the observers..

Surrealism (~1920’s to 1960’s after WW1) explored the subconscious and irrational elements of the human mind. Surrealism was dedicated to the expression of imagination. The essence of surrealism is the dreamworld. The surrealists believed that logic had failed humankind, so they turned to the unconscious and dreams in an attempt to transcend the boundaries of reasonHeavily influenced by the writings of Sigmund Freud, they dedicated their movement to the expression of the imagination as revealed in dreams, free of the conscious control of reason.

Salvador Dali- Persistence of Memory -1931

Rene Magritte- Son of man 1964

Armory Show of 1913 - This was the first large exhibition of modern art in America. It was held in the 69th Regiment Armory building in New York City in 1913. Although the show was soundly criticized by the public and the press, it had a great impact on American artists who were influenced by the works of modern European artists. Among the art exhibited were examples of Symbolism,.Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism nd Cubism, along with works by numerous American artists, Among those artists whose work was seen in the US for the first time were Wassily Kandinsky Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp (his cubist work).

North American- Abstraction Imagery which departs from representational accuracy, to a variable range of possible degrees

Charles Demut The Figure Five in Gold 1928

Alexander Calder-Lobster Trap and Fish Tail 1939

In the evening I go up in the desert where you can see the world all around—far away. The hours I spend each evening watching the sun go down—and just enjoying it –and every day I go out and watch it again.

Georgia O’Keefe1929

Black iris

Abstract Expressionism

Jackson Pollock Mark Rothco

Pop Art

Roy Liechtenstein Andy Warhol

Colour Field Painting

Mark Rothco Barnett Newman- Voices of Fore

New Realism

Chuck Close

More definitions

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