Review for Semester 1 test

Review for Semester 1 test

SC.912.N.1

• Nature of Science and L.14.4-Interpreting graphs• -Correct use of microscope: light microscope is used

for living things, electron for high magnification but the items are Dead!

• -Predicting reliability: large sample size and peer review ( scientific journal)

• -Scientific theory/law• Multiple sets of data (by different people) help

support the same hypothesis to help it become a theory!

14.1 Cell theory

• Cells are the basic functioning unit of all living things• Cells come from other cells• The cell is the smallest unit of life

• Use and know the parts of the cell theory! • All matter is NOT made up of cells!!! • Only life!!! • The microscope helped develop the cell theory by

being able to observe cells of many different types!

• SC.912.L.14.2• Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the

role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

• -Draw a diagram of the cell membrane and label the parts. What is its function?• -Explain how the cell membrane works• -Define osmosis and diffusion, know which direction

water will move (high to low)• -Define active and passive transport and give an

example of each. Active is low to high and uses energy! • -List the parts of animal and plant cells and explain

what they do.

Osmosis!

• Celery in fresh water will swell as water moves into its cells

• Celery in salt water will shrink, as the water in the cells moves out!

• water moves from high concentration to low concentration!!!

SC.912.L.14.3• Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and

contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

• -Compare and contrast plant and animal cells (cell wall, chloroplasts)

• -Compare/contrast cell types • -Define Eukaryote and Prokaryote—compare

and contrast them• Remember both plant and animal cells need

mitochondria for cell respiration!

• Plants : cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria large vacuole

• Animal: cilia, flagella, centrioles, small vacuoles, no cell wall

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

• Organelles and a nucleus in eukaryotic!

SC.912.L.18.1

• Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.

• - Name and -Give the function of each macromolecule for life

• What are their basic building blocks?

Basic organic molecules

• Carbohydrates – quick energy, CH2O• Lipids: long term energy storage, CHO• Proteins: enzymes and structures, amino acids • Nucleic acids: genetic information, nucleitides

SC.912.L.16.14

• Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction.

• -Predicting # of daughter chromosomes• -Draw and label the cell cycle• -Describe what happens in each stage of the

cell cycle• -Draw and label the stages of mitosis• -Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis

Cell cycle• S is when DNA replicates • Double the amount of DNA until the cell splits

in cytokinesis

• Mitosis: keeps the chromosome number the same as the parent cell. Less variation!

• Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by ½ to make gametes!

• Meiosis adds variation by crossing over and fertilization combining 2 different sets of chromosomes.

cancer

• Uncontrolled cell growth.• Worst in gametes, only in one place of the

body if in somatic cells.

SC.912.L.16.16

• Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores.

• -Draw and label the stages of meiosis• -Describe what happens in each stage of

meiosis• -Define crossing over and how it affects genetic

diversity• -Define gametogenesis, oogenesis, gametes,

somatic cells,

SC.912.L.16.17

• Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation.

• -Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis• -define sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction• -Explain how sexual reproduction affects genetic

diversity

• Sexual reproduction adds variation! Recombining of genes occurs in meiosis and not in mitosis.

• Mitosis is more like cloning! Exact copies of the parents are made.

• Mitosis is what is used to grow! It makes more cells!

SC.912.L.18.7

• Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.

• - Write the basic formula for photosynthesis• -Explain how the energy is transferred in

photosynthesis• Know the reactants and products!

photosynthesis

• The energy of the sun is stored in the glucose • ( sugar) when the process is finished! This

removes the carbon dioxide from the air and adds oxygen!

SC.912.L.18.8

• Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.

• -Write the basic formula for respiration• -define aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration• -Explain how anaerobic respiration is different

than aerobic.

• You produce carbon dioxide and water from cell respiration.

• If no oxygen is present… alcohol or lactic acid is made along with Co2

SC.912.L.18.9

• Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

• -Describe relationship between photosynthesis and respiration

• Oxygen and glucose are produced during photosynthesis and used during respiration to release energy to do work for the cells!

SC.912.L.18.10

• Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell.

• -Define ATP • -Describe how ATP functions in energy

transfer within a cell

ATP

• Found in almost all organisms!

• Releases energy when the phosphate bonds are broken!

SC.912.L.18.11

• Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.

• -Define enzymes • -Explain how enzymes function in a cell• -Define active site, catalyst, activation energy,

substrate.• -Explain how temperature and pH affect

enzyme activity

enzymes

• Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction

• Too high of a temp can denature the enzyme by changing its shape ( active site) where the substrate binds.

• Same with too low!

SC.912.L.16.9

• Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms.

• -Draw and label DNA?• -How do DNA bases match up?• -How are amino acids made?• What are the sides made up of? • What are the “rungs” made up of?

DNA

• DNA has the code for making proteins in its nitrogen bases.

• The code is universal meaning it is almost the same in all organisms.

SC.912.L.18.12

• Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.

• -List the properties of water that are important for life

• -Give an example of each property as seen in living things

• -Draw a water molecule and label the parts• -Define polar, covalent bonds, adhesion,

cohesion, specific heat, heat of vaporization•

Water

• Cohesion: water to water capillary action, bugs walking on water!

• High specific heat! Keeps us at a constant temp! Hydrogen bonds!

• Polar: helps things dissolve in water so they can be transported. Universal solvent!

• Ice floats! Lets life survive under a frozen lake!

SC.912.L.16.8• Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth

potentially resulting in cancer.

• -Describe how mutations affect cells• -Compare and contrast a healthy cell with a

cancer cell.• There are lots of genetic changes in a cancer cell!

This can lead to loss of control of the cell cycle! • G1 check point errors are the first and most

common place for mistakes in the mutations that lead to cancer