Review for Quiz

Review for Quiz What is the unit for measuring length? What is the unit for measuring volume? What is the unit for measuring mass?

Convert: 1m = km 13.45 kg= g 145.67L= mL

Cell Features

Robert Hooke Discovered cells Looked at cork under microscope Saw little boxes Coined the term cells.

Anton Von Leewenhoek Responsible for the discovery of the

microscope.

Looked at spirogyra

The Cell TheoryAll living things are made of one or

more cells.

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

All cells arise from existing cells.

Cell Size Small cells function more efficiently than large cells.

Surface area-to-volume ratio

If the surface area-to-volume ratio is too low, substances cannot enter and leave the cell in numbers large enough to support the cell’s needs.

Small cells can exchange substances more readily than large cells.

Small cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio.`

Table 2

Page 56- Math LabPlease complete the math lab on

page 56 with a partner.

Complete it on lined paper.

Do Analysis Questions # 1-3

Common Features of Cells Cell membrane- encloses the cell and separates

the cell’s interior from surroundings. Regulates what goes into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm- interior of the cell.

Cytoskeleton- inner structure of the cell, made of tiny fibers.

Ribosomes- structures in a cell that make proteins.

Quiz1. List the three components of the cell theory.

2. Who looked under the microscope and discovered cells?

3. Who invented the microscope?

Prokaryotes Smallest and simplest cells.

Lacks a nucleus and internal compartments.

Most common example: bacteria

Some do not need oxygen to survive

DNA material is circular

Have a cell wall

Flagella- threadlike structures that protrude from the cell’s surface and enable movement.

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotes have a nucleus.

Nucleus- an internal compartment that houses the cell’s DNA.

Organelle- a structure that carries out specific activities in a cell.

Eukaryotes

Cilia and Flagella Cilia- short hair-like structures that

protrude from the cell.

Flagella- long hair-like structure.

Cilia and Flagella

The Cell Membrane Not rigid like an eggshell Fluid like a soap bubble. Made of lipids

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE- allows certain substances to pass through

Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipid- made of a phosphate group

and two fatty acid tails. Hydrophilic head- water loving- polar Hydrophobic tail- water hating- nonpolar

Lipid bilayer- 2 layers of lipids

Allows lipids and substances that dissolve in lipids to pass through the membrane

Membrane Proteins

Marker protein- attach to a carbohydrate on the cell’s surface. Advertise cell type

Receptor protein- bind specific substances such as single molecules.

Enzymes- involved in important chemical reactions.

Transport proteins- aid in the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Membrane Proteins

Complete Section 2 Review Page 61 # 1-5

Nucleus

Control most functions in a cell

Surrounded by a nuclear envelope

Nuclear envelope - made of two lipid bilayer

Nuclear pores-small channels on the nuclear envelops

Nucleolus- ribosomes are assembled here

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Eukaryotic DNA is wound tightly around proteins

Chromosomes- one of the structures in the nucleus made of DNA and protein.

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes

Garden peas have 14 chromosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Extensive system of internal membranes that

move proteins and other substances through the cell.

Membrane of ER is made of a lipid bilayer

ER with ribosomes- rough ER Helps transport proteins that are made in

ribosomes

ER without ribosomes- smooth ER Makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances

Vesicle Small membrane bound sac that

transports substances in cells.

Processing of Proteins

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP.

ATP- the main energy currency of cells.

Cells have a high energy requirement

Would a muscle cell have a lot of mitochondria? Yes! Why ? Requires a lot of energy

Mitochondria Double membrane

Outer membrane is smooth Inner membrane is folded

Mitochondria have DNA and ribosomes

Different from nuclear DNA

More like circular DNA in prokaryotes

Plant Cells

Plant cells have three structures that are different from animal cells.

1. Cell Wall 2. Central Vacuole 3. Chloroplasts

Lab Report – plant vs. animal cells Follow same format as murder and a meal Can be hand written if it needs to be. Make sure you use a source in your

introduction. Make sure you cite your sources. Come to me for help. Late labs= -10 per day- no exceptions Results- your drawings

Cell Wall

Thick outer covering of a plant cell

Rigid

Composed of proteins and carbohydrates

Support and maintain the shape of the cell

Connects the cell with adjacent cells

Central Vacuole

Makes up much of the volume of a plant cell

Stores water and other substances- ions, nutrients, and wastes

When the vacuole is full it makes the cell rigid.

This is what enables a plant to stand upright

Chloroplasts Organelles that use light energy to make

carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis!

Also found in algae

Supply much of the energy plant cells need

Surrounded by a double membrane

Contain their own DNA

Protein Synthesis 1. proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the

rough ER

2. vesicles carry proteins from rough ER to golgi body

3. Proteins are modified in the gogli body and put into new vesicles

4. some vesicles release proteins outside of the cell

5. Other vesicles become lysosomes and other vesicles.

Cytoskeleton Provides the internal framework for the cell.

Composed of an intricate network of protein fibers anchored to the inside of the plasma membrane.

1. microfilaments- made of actin 2. microtubules- made of tubulin 3. intermediate fibers- thick ropelike

Cytoskeleton

Create a Graphic Organizer in your notes

Actin Fibers Microtubules Intermediate Filaments

Structure

Protein subunits

Main function

Shape

Cell Size

Fill the two cups with water Add about 3 drops of food coloring to the

cups. Place one small potato cube in one cup. Place a large potato cube in the other cup. Set for ten minutes. After ten minutes cut both cubes in half. What does this tell you about surface area-to-

volume ratio.

Cell Membrane Draw and label a phospholipid bilayer Be sure to include the following

Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Integral protein Peripheral protein Sterol