“ask the structure.” Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency By Wagdy Anis, LEED AP, FAIA
“ask the structure.”
Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency
By Wagdy Anis, LEED AP, FAIA
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c.USACE – ENERGY ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP
Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency
WAGDY ANIS FAIA, LEED AP, PRINCIPAL,
WISS, JANNEY, ELSTNER & ASSOCIATES, Inc.Engineers, Architects, Material Scientists
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THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE• According to the Energy Information Administration EIA
2007, Energy usage of buildings in the United States accounts for 40% of total energy usage.
• 80% of the building energy for heating or cooling or 32% of the United States energy use.
• Studies have shown that the existing building stock is comprised mainly of buildings with single pane glass, inadequate insulation and significant amounts of unmanaged air leakage.
• These conditions are responsible for substantial energy consumption, corrosion and decay of materials.
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THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE• A new nuclear power plant generating 2000 Megawatts of power has an estimated cost of $20 billion.
• For the same investment we can save TWICE that amount of power by implementing proven, American-manufactured energy efficiency technologies to existing buildings – insulation, better windows, and good air sealing.
• BETEC proposes that addressing the energy efficiency of our existing building stock directly addresses three crises facing the global community, climate change, energy security and the financial crisis.
• This conference on RETROFITTING BUILDING ENCLOSURES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY directly addresses these issues facing the nation.
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c. HEAT FLOW
VA
WARM COLD
THERMAL TRANSFERConduction
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c. HEAT FLOW - CONDUCTION
VA
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c. HEAT FLOW - CONVECTIONTHERMAL TRANSFER
Convection
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c. HEAT FLOW - RADIATIONTHERMAL TRANSFER
Radiation
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c. THE THERMAL GRADIENT
THE TEMPERATURE AT ANY POINT DEPENDS ON THE RATIO OF R VALUE OF THE MATERIAL TO THE TOTAL R OF THE ASSEMBLY X TEMP DROP
700
200
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
VA
R-19 Batts, R-7 Total
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. Convective Loops
cold side warm side
spaces allow air movement
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
VA
R-12.5 Insulation R-14.3 Total
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VA
HEAVYWEIGHT WALLS
R-55 Insulation R-5 total
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VA
HEAVYWEIGHT WALLS
R-8.6 Insulation R-11.25 Total
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c. INSULATION INSTALLATION
Fig 4 Fig. 5
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Fig 4 Fig. 5
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
VAR-7 Insulation Stud wall=
Masonry wall with R-5
“THERMAL MASS”
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EFFECT OF FENESTRATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
200 ft2, R-20, U =0.05, 10 BTUADD WINDOW, 100 ft2 at R-3
Average of R-20+R3???100 x 0.05 + 100 x 0.35 = 5 + 35 = 40/200 = 0.2 = R-5
40 BTU
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c.
Polyamide thermal break
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c.Choosing windows for energy efficiency:
Rules of thumb • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) < 0.3
• U-value < 0.35• Visible transmittance (VT) > 0.70)
As stipulated by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
RULE of THUMB for GLARE AVOIDANCE:• “EFFECTIVE APERTURE” CONCEPT
• WWR x VT = 0.15-0.3
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DAYLIGHT PENETRATION
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DAYLIGHT PENETRATION
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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN
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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN
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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. Restoration & Energy Retrofit• HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL
GALLATIN HALL CASE STUDYMcKim Mead and White Dormitory Building
• Gut rehab – LEED Gold
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c. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Replace copper flashings, roofing, metal siding.
Replace Copper gutters, drainage.Repoint brickwork.Replace windows.
Replace wood trim close to water-line.Remove objects mounted to the exterior.
Strip, patch, seal precast with sealer.
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c. ENCLOSURE REQUIREMENTSRepair and cold galvanize structural steel
beams, columns and lintels in the North wing.
Insulate roof with SPF insulation.Insulate brick walls with 2” SPF. Alternative: vapor
permeable air barrier with 2” rigid insulation fully adhered. Flash window
perimeters with membrane flashing tied to the air barrier.
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c. Vapor Control
Transient Hygrothermal Analysis
WUFI Pro 4.0
8760 Hour Calculations
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c. Modeling Summary of Findings
1”-2” (R-6 to R-12 Continuous) of SPF works well.
1” – 2” XPS with VP Air Barrier works well.
1 1/2” of low density foam is not recommended.
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c. How Much Insulation?• NEW:
– R-10 underslab R-20 Below Grade R-40 Walls, R-60 Roof
• RETROFIT– Masonry buildings R-6 to R-12 continuous.– Maximize insulation in roofs – obstacles?
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c. THE END
• End