Reticulated Science Steven C. Hayes, University of Nevada
Dec 18, 2015
Reticulated ScienceSteven C. Hayes, University of Nevada
The Purpose of ACBS
Creating a psychology more adequate to the challenge of the human condition
Where CBS Started:Behavior Analysis
Philosophical clarity
Basic principles from the lab
Inductive extensions using functional analysis
Time series designs evaluating extensions
What do you do when you hit a wall?
COG NI TION
COG NI TION
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COG NI TION
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Why That is Not Enough
The CBS Strategy
Rearrange the relation between applied and basic psychology
You Cannot Turn This Over to Someone Else
The CBS approach: Applied and basic psychologists need to take responsibility for each other and for the field as a whole
ACT in Silence
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
0
5
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RCTs on ACT by Year
Its Not Bottom Up vs Top Down
It’s reticulated development versus silos
Context Theory of Cognition
Manipulable variables linked to actions of importance
This is controlled by history and context
Limoo
Betrang
1. Mutual Entailment
2. Combinatorial Entailment
Functions
Betrangsour
salivation
citrus
bumpy
lemonade yellow
3. Transformationof Functions
soursalivation
citrus
bumpy
lemonade yellow
Manipulable variables linked to actions of importance
This is controlled by history and context
A Classic Example all Parents Know
A child learns that a nickel is “smaller than” a dime
5 10
And thus that a dimeis “bigger than” a nickel
10 5
& is worth moregood
5If
Good
10then
Our Fence-Post DumbBehavioral Idea
• Maybe it is operant behavior• View it as a contextual
controlled relational response, based originally on multiple exemplar training
It Can Be Trained Berens and Hayes, JABA, 2008
It Makes a DifferenceGiven A < B < C; Shocks to B
Dougher et al., JEAB, 2007
The Applied Basic GambitFound a New Way Forward
Expand Behavioral Principles to Account for Human Language and Cognition: Relational Frame Theory
Liberalized Language
Practitioners need middle level terms. These needs to be linked to basic principles and integrated into models and theories.
Self asContext
Contact with the Present Moment
Defusion
Acceptance
Committed Action
Values
Probability of Avoidance
100%
50%
100%
50%
“Don’t Think “Bear” Earlier
Remove “Bear”B
EA
R
GE
ED
ER
(C
)
UN
RE
LAT
ED
BE
AR
GE
ED
ER
(C
)
UN
RE
LAT
ED
PosD NegD
High BDI -0.023 -0.116
Low BDI 0.3 0.041-0.095
-0.045
0.005
0.055
0.105
0.155
0.205
0.255
0.305
Me
an
D-I
RA
P S
co
re m
sExpectations of Depressives
Liv Kosness, Louise A. McHugh, Jo Saunders & Robert Whelan
IAT versus IRAPSarah Roddy, Ian Stewart & Dermot Barnes-Holmes
.1
.05
R2 Above Explicit Anti-Fat Attitudes
R2 Above Feelings toward Fat People
IAT
IRA
P
IAT
IRA
P
.1
.05
Relation to behavioral intentions
ExampleJared Chase dissertation
Adjusted Cumulative GPA
3.05
3.1
3.15
3.2
Beginning Spring 2009
End Spring 2009
End Fall 2009
3 Group RCT: Wait list, Goal-Setting, Values plus Goal-Setting
Psych Majors Not in Study (N = 447)
Goal Setting Alone (N = 48)
Wait list (N = 33)
Values plus Goal Setting (N = 51)
Now add: Values plus Goal Setting
THEN
NOW
YOU
I
HERE
THERE
Deictic Frames
Perspective Taking Self
Self-as-context
Figure 6. Within subject analysis for Abu. Multiple baseline across levels of Complexity includes data series for each deictic relational frame. The
lower panel represents Theory of Mind probe percentages.
30
4050
6070
8090
100
Pre Simple DoubleReversals
Phases
Per
cen
t C
orr
ect Deictic
ToM
Relation of Deictic Framing to Theory of Mind Performance
For Example: Caring About Being
With Others
Roger Vilardaga, Ana Estévez, Michael E. Levin and Steven C. Hayes
Social Anhedonia
I/You
Here/There
Now/Then
-
Perspective Taking
EmpathyExperiential Avoidance
JoySadness
- - +
Repertoire Narrowing
Social AnhedoniaR2 ∆F β
Step 1 .036 1.865 Gender -.17 Age -.09Step 2 .10* 6.914 Gender -.13 Age -.10 Deictic ability -.26*Step 3 15* 5.172 Gender -.06 Age -.04 Deictic ability -.23* Empathic concern -.23*Step 4 .26** 14.599 Gender -.02 Age .05 Deictic ability -.18† Empathic concern -.26* Experiential Avoidance .35**
Its Not Bottom Up vs Top Down
It’s reticulated development versus silos