RESULTS - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9410/15/15_chapter 4.pdf · Curcuma caesia Kali Haldi Zingiberaceae H 119 95.2 5 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adarak

CHAPTER- IV

RESULTS

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS

After completion of observation and data collection, the data was analyszd

parameter wise. Results of main parameters have been described and discussed from

previous findings.

4.1 Socio Economic Profile of the Respondents (Traditional Healers)

4.1.1 Age

Age of the respondents was determined by the number of years from their date

of birth to date of interview. The age of the traditional healers ranged from 20 to 80

years. Based on their age, the traditional healers were classified into three categories

i.e. young (20 - 39 years), middle (40 - 59 years) and old (60 - 80 years) (Figure

4.1).It was revealed that 38.4 % of the traditional healers were in young age group,

whereas 49.6 percent of the Traditional Healers were in middle-age group and 12 %

were in old age group, respectively. It indicated that relatively aged traditional healers

were involved in Vaidhyas profession.

4.1.2 Education

Education helps an individual to acquire knowledge, to change the attitude, to

exercise the modern practices and to promote their skill. Through education, one

becomes aware of new ideas, views and acquires the ability to analyze facts and

phenomenon by scientific way. It was measured in terms of their schooling at

different levels. The findings showed that 24 % of the respondents had no formal

education, while 18.4, 21.6, 20.8, and 15.2 % of the respondents had primary, middle

school level, high school level (HS) level and above higher secondary level education,

respectively (Figure 4.2). This result indicated that 76 % of the respondents were

literate.

4.1.3 Experiences of the Baigas (Traditional Healers) in Baiga profession

Table 4.1 revealed that 45.6% of the respondents had experiences in this

occupation from 1 to 15 years. Nearly 30.4% of the respondents from 16 to 30 years,

whereas, only 24% of the respondents for above 30 years.

Table 4.1 Categorization of Baigas according to their age of experiences in this

profession

Duration (Years) Number Percent

1-15 years 57 45.6

16-30 years 38 30.4

Above 30 years 30 24

4.2 Sources of ethnobotanic knowledge

Through ancestors seem to be the main source of traditional knowledge (TK)

with respect to traditional healers as 62.4% of the study population reported to gain

their knowledge from such sources. Other information sources were obtained from

own earned knowledge, training and others sources (Figure 4.3).

4.3 Sources of medicinal plants

With respect to sources of utilization of medicinal plants by in traditional

healers in the study area, 49.6% of informants collected plants were from forest area,

35.2% purchased medicinal plants were from local market and 15.2% were some of

the cultivated plants (Figure 4.4).

The findings of the current study showed that families in the study population

saved a monthly average of 9 visits to their physicians by relying on herbal treatment

for minor health problems that otherwise required medical attention.

4.4 Storage of medicinal plants

The results showed that 85% of study population dried fresh material by

exposing it to air at room temperature. The dried form was then stored in suitable

containers till use. The remaining population did not rely on any home stored

material.

Figure 4.1 Categorization of the respondents according to age.

Figure 4.2 Categorization of the respondents according to education.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20-39 40-59 60-80

38.4

49.6

12

Per

cen

tage

of

Info

rman

ts

Age Group

0

5

10

15

20

25

No Formal Education

Primary Education

Middle Level Education

High School Education

Above

24

18.4

21.620.8

15.2

Per

cen

tage

of

Info

rman

ts

Education Level

Figure 4.3 Sources folk medical knowledge

Figure 4.4 Sources of medicinal plants.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Through

ancestors

Own earned

knowledge

Training Other sources

62.4

17.6

6.4

13.6

Per

cen

tag

e o

f In

form

an

ts

Sources of Knowledge

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Collection from

Forest area

Buying from

market

Cultivation

49.6

35.2

15.2

Per

cen

tag

e o

f In

form

an

ts

Sources of medicinal plants

4.5 Taxonomic diversity of plants under investigation

The current study reported 110 plants species that were still in use in

Traditional Herbal Medicine in study area (Bilaspur, Jashpur and Kanker District)

(Appendix 2 Table A.1). Out of 110 plants, 82 plants were selected for further

analysis on the basis that they were reported by three or more informants. A total of

82 plant species distributed over 75 genera and 44 familie were reported by the 125

informants (Appendix 5 Table A.2 and Table 4.3) The rest of the plants (28) are

shown in (Appendix 2 Table A.1). The plants were distributed across 44 families, and

75 genera (Table 4.2). The most represented families were: Liliaceae (7 genera, 7

species), Fabaceae (6 genera, 6 species), Caesalpiniaceae (3 genera, 5 species),

Asteraceae (4 genera, 4 species), Acanthaceae (3 genera, 3 species), Combretaceae (1

genera, 3 species), Euphorbiaceae (3 genera, 3species), Lamiaceae (3 genera, 3

species), Moraceae (1 genera, 3 species), Rutaceae (3 genera, 3 species), Solanaceae

(3 genera, 3 species), Zingiberaceae (2 genera, 3 species), Apocynaceae (2 genera, 2

species), Asclepiadaceae (2 genera, 2 species), Sapotaceae (2genera, 2 species),

Verbenaceae (2 genera, 2 species), Amaranthaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Apiaceae (1

genera, 1 species), Araceae (1 genera, 1species), Basellaceae (1 genera, 1species),

Burseraceae (1 genera, 1 species), Celastraceae (1 genera, 1 species), Chenopodiaceae

(1 genera, 1 species), Cleomaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Convolvulaceae (1 genera,

1species), Costaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Crassulaceae (1 genera, 1 species),

Cucurbitaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Cyperaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Gentianaceae

(1 genera, 1 species), Loganiaceae (1 genera, 1species), Lythraceae (1genera, 1

species), Malvaceae (1 genera, 1species), Meliaceae (1genera, 1 species),

Menispermaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Mimosaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Myrtaceae

(1 genera, 1 species), Nyctaginaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Papaveraceae (1 genera, 1

species), Piperaceae (1 genera, 1 species), Plumbaginaceae (1 genera, 1 species),

Scrophulariaceae (1 genera, 1 species) and Vitaceae (1 genera, 1 species) (Table 4.2).

Herbs (34 species) were found to be the most used plants (Figure4.5) followed

by trees (20 species), shrubs (16 species) and climbers (12 species) in descending

order.

Figure 4.5 Habits of medicinal plants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Herb Tree Shrub Climber

34

20

16

12

Nu

mb

er o

f m

edic

ina

l p

lan

ts s

pec

ies

Habits of Medicinal Plants

Table 4.2 Distribution of plant families by number of genera and species

SN Family Name No. of Genera No. of Species

1. Acanthaceae 3 3

2. Amaranthaceae 1 1

3. Apiaceae 1 1

4. Apocynaceae 2 2

5. Araceae 1 1

6. Asclepiadaceae 2 2

7. Asteraceae 4 4

8. Basellaceae 1 1

9. Bixaceae 1 1

10. Burseraceae 1 1

11. Caesalpiniaceae 3 5

12. Celastraceae 1 1

13. Chenopodiaceae 1 1

14. Cleomaceae 1 1

15. Combretaceae 1 3

16. Convolvulaceae 1 1

17. Costaceae 1 1

18. Crassulaceae 1 1

19. Cucurbitaceae 1 1

20. Cyperaceae 1 1

21. Euphorbiaceae 3 3

22. Fabaceae 6 6

23. Gentianaceae 1 1

24. Lamiaceae 3 3

25. Liliaceae 7 7

26. Loganiaceae 1 1

27. Lythraceae 1 1

28. Malvaceae 1 1

29. Meliaceae 1 1

30. Menispermaceae 1 1

31. Mimosaceae 1 1

32. Moraceae 1 3

33. Myrtaceae 1 1

34. Nyctaginaceae 1 1

35. Papaveraceae 1 1

36. Piperaceae 1 1

37. Plumbaginaceae 1 1

38. Rutaceae 3 3

39. Sapotaceae 2 2

40. Scrophulariaceae 1 1

41. Solanaceae 3 3

42. Verbenaceae 2 2

43. Vitaceae 1 1

44. Zingiberaceae 2 3

75 82

4.6 Most cited plants and remedies

The most frequently utilized plants were Terminalia bellirica Roxb. (Behera)

(124 informants, 99.2%); Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) (123, 98.4%);

Terminalia chebula Retz. & willd (Harra) (123, 98.4%); Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

(Neem) (122, 97.6%) Madhuca indica Gmel. (Mahua) (122 informants, 97.6%);

Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Arjuna) (122, 97.6%); Curcuma caesia (Kali Haldi) (119,

95.2%); Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Adarak) (119, 95.2%); Withania somnifera L.

(Asgandh) (116, 92.8%); Adhaatosa vasika (Adusa) (115, 92%) as shown in Table

4.3.

Altogether, 82 species were used to treat 69 different human health problems

(ailments treated by species) (Table 4.4), the great majority of which (74 species or

90%) having more than one medical application. The most cited species were

Achyranthes aspera L. (15 NA), Aegle marmelos L. Corr. (9 NA), Azadirachta indica

A. Juss., Acorus calamus L., Boerhaavia diffusa L., Abrus precatorius L. (7 NA each

species), Terminalia bellirica Roxb., Zingiber officinale Rosc. , Withania somnifera

L., Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. , Ocimum americanum L., Solanum nigrum L. (6 NA

each species), Terminalia chebula, Curcuma caesia , Cassia tora L., Tinospora

cordifolia , Asparagus racemosus Wild., Datura metel L., Ficus bengalensis L., Butea

monosperma (LAM.) , Cuscuta reflexa Roxb, Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb, Hemidesmus

indicus L. , Mimusops elengi L., Cassia occidentalis L. (5 NA each species),

Andrographis paniculata ,Terminalia arjuna Roxb., Rauvolfia serpentina L.,

Mucuna pruriens L., Syzygium cumini L. , Curcuma aromatica Salisb., Crinum

latifolium L., Ficus racemosa L., Aloe vera L. Burm. , Vitex negundo L.,

Sphaeranthus indicus L. , Celastrus Paniculatus Willd., Abutilon indicum L. (4 NA

each species), Madhuca indica Gmel., Adhaatosa vasika, Xanthium strumarium,

Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Pongamia pinnata, Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. , Acacia

catechu L.F.Willd. , Cyperus rotundus L., Jatropha curcas L., Piper nigrum L.,

Argemone mexicana L., Commiphora mukul, Cassia fistula L., Plumbago zeylanica

L., Anacyclus pyrethrum L., Bixa orellana L., Bauhinia variegata L., Emilia

sonchifolia L., Chenopodium album L. , Citrullus lanatus Nakai , Clerodendrum

serratum L.(3 NA each species), Catharanthus roseus L. , Ficus religiosa L., Cissus

quadrangualaris L., Murraya koenigii L. SPR., Chlorophytum tuberosum , Gloriosa

superba L., Euphorbia hirta L., Costus speciosus , Coleus ambionicus Lour. , Clitoria

ternatea L. , Bacopa monnieri L. Pennell , Barleria prionitis L. , Cleome viscosa L.,

Pueraria tuberosa , Centella asiatica L. (2 NA each species) and one cited species

Mentha arvensis L., Bryophyllun pinnatum, Basella alba L., Smilax Zeylanica ,

Swertia angustifolia Ham. , Saraca asoca , Strychnos potatorum L. , Lawsonia

inermis L. (1 NA each species) (data shown Table 4.4).

Medicinal plants were reported to be used for the treatment of several ailments

as shown in table 4.5. The largest number of remedies was used to treat abdominal

disorders (Alimentary system), 58 plants (70.7%). The second commonly used

remedies for the treatment of general complaint were represented by 43 plants

(52.4%). Remedies for the treatment of problems related to skin disorders were

represented by 39 plants (47.5%) (Table 4.5.).

Table 4.3 Distribution of plant by number of informants.

SN Scientific Name Common Name Family H NIMU NIMU% NA

1. Terminalia bellereca Roxb. Behera Combretaceae T 124 99.2 6

2. Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Acanthaceae H 123 98.4 4

3. Terminalia chebula Harra Combretaceae T 123 98.4 5

4. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Meliaceae T 122 97.6 7

5. Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahua Sapotaceae H 122 97.6 3

6. Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Arjuna Combretaceae T 122 97.6 4

7. Curcuma caesia Kali Haldi Zingiberaceae H 119 95.2 5

8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adarak Zingiberaceae H 119 95.2 6

9. Withania somniferan L. Asgandh Solanaceae S 116 92.8 6

10. Adhaatosa vasika Adusa Acanthaceae S 115 92 3

11. Acorus calamus L. Bach Araceae H 112 89.6 7

12. Cassia tora L. Charota Caesalpiniaceae H 112 89.6 5

13. Rauvolfia serpentina L. Sarpgandha Apocnaceae H 111 88.8 4

14. Mucuna pruriens L. Kaunch Fabaceae C 109 87.2 4

15. Syzygium cumini L. Jamun Myrtaceae T 107 85.6 4

16. Catharanthus roseus L. Sdabahar Apocynaceae H 105 84 2

17. Tinospora cordifolia Giloy Menispermaceae C 104 83.2 5

18. Xanthium strumarium Chotta ghokuru Asteraceae H 104 83.2 3

19. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Aonla Euphorbiaceae T 103 82.4 3

20. Pongamia pinnata Karanj Fabaceae T 103 82.4 3

21. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli Liliaceae H 98 78.4 3

22. Asparagus racemosus Wild. Satavar Liliaceae C 97 77.6 5

23. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Van haldi Zingiberaceae H 96 76.8 4

24. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Gudmar Asclepiadaceae C 95 76 6

25. Datura metel L. Dhatura Solanaceae S 94 75.2 5

26. Ocimum americanum L. Van tulsi Lamiaceae H 94 75.2 6


27. Ficus bengalensis L. Bargad Moraceae T 93 74.4 5

28. Ficus religiosa L. Pipal Moraceae T 92 73.6 2

29. Butea monosperma (LAM.) Palas Fabaceae T 89 71.2 5

30. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb Amarbel Convolvulaceae S 89 71.2 5

31. Mentha arvensis L. Pudina Lamiaceae H 88 70.4 1

32. Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarg Amaranthaceae H 86 68.8 15

33. Aegle marmelos L. Corr. Bael Rutaceae T 82 65.6 9

34. Acacia catechu L.F.Willd. Khair Mimosaceae T 80 64 3

35. Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punarnava Nyctaginaceae H 77 61.6 7

36. Bryophyllun pinnatum Patharchata Crassulaceae H 76 60.8 1

37. Cissus quadrangualaris L. Hadjod Vitaceae C 73 58.4 2

38. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb Tejabala Rutaceae S 73 58.4 5

39. Cyperus rotundus L. Nagarmotha Cyperaceae H 72 57.6 3

40. Crinum latifolium L. Sudarshan Liliaceae H 70 56 4

41. Hemidesmus indicus L. Ananthamul Asclepiadaceae C 69 55.2 5

42. Murraya koenigii L. SPR. Mitha Neem Rutaceae T 68 54.4 2

43. Ficus racemosa L. Gular Moraceae T 67 54.4 4

44. Aloe vera L. Burm. Ghikumari Liliaceae H 66 52.8 4

45. Vitex negundo L. Nirgundi Verbeneceae S 66 52.8 4

46. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Gorakh Mundi Asteraceae H 65 52 4

47. Chlorophytum tuberosum Safed Musli Liliaceae H 63 50.4 2

48. Abrus precatorius L. Ratti Gunja Fabaceae C 60 48 7

49. Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot Euphorbiaceae S 59 47.2 3

50. Piper nigrum L. Kalimirch Piperaceae C 59 47.2 3

51. Mimusops elengi L. Bakul Sapotaceae T 57 45.6 5

52. Argemone mexicana L. Satyanasi Papaveraceae S 54 43.2 3

53. Commiphora mukul Guggul Burseraceae T 53 42.4 3


54. Cassia fistula L. Amaltash Caesalpiniaceae T 49 39.2 3

55. Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitrak Plumbaginaceae S 49 39.2 3

56. Celastrus Paniculatus Willd. Malkagni Celastraceae S 47 37.6 4

57. Anacyclus pyrethrum L. Akarkara Asteraceae H 46 36.8 3

58. Abutilon indicum L. Atibala Malvaceae S 45 36 4

59. Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari Liliaceae C 43 34.4 2

60. Bixa orellana L. Sinduri Bixaceae S 40 32 3

61. Solanum nigrum L. Makoi Solanaceae H 39 31.2 6

62. Cassia occidentalis L. Kasoundi Caesalpiniaceae T 38 30.4 5

63. Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhi Euphorbiaceae H 38 30.4 2

64. Costus speciosus Kevukand Costaceae H 37 29.6 2

65. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar Caesalpiniaceae T 33 26.4 3

66. Emilia sonchifolia L. Hirankhuri Asteraceae H 26 20.8 3

67. Basella alba L. Poi Basellaceae H 22 17.6 1

68. Coleus ambionicus Lour. Patharchur Lamiaceae H 22 17.6 2

69. Smilax Zeylanica Ram Dataun Liliaceae C 19 15.2 1

70. Swertia angustifolia Ham. Chirayata Gentianaceae H 17 13.6 1

71. Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita Fabaceae C 13 10.4 2

72. Saraca asoca Ashok Caesalpiniaceae T 13 10.4 1

73. Strychnos potatorum L. Nirmali Loganiaceae H 13 10.4 1

74. Bacopa monnieri L. Pennell Brabmbhi Scrophulariaceae H 12 9.6 2

75. Barleria prionitis L. Vajradanti, Acanthaceae S 9 7.2 2

76. Chenopodium album L. Bhathua Chenopodiaceae H 9 7.2 3

77. Cleome viscosa L. HulHul Cleomaceae H 9 7.2 2

78. Pueraria tuberosa Patalkumhda Fabaceae H 9 7.2 2

79. Citrullus lanatus Nakai Indrayan Cucurbitaceae S 7 5.6 3

80. Lawsonia inermis L. Mehandi Lythraceae S 5 4 1


81. Centella asiatica L. Mandupparni Apiaceae C 4 3.2 2

82. Clerodendrum serratum L. Padma Verbenaceae S 4 3.2 3

NIMU: No. of informants who mentioned the plant for any medicinal use, NA: No. of ailments

treated by species, H: Herb, S: Shrub, C: Climber T: Tree.

Table 4.4 Distribution of plants by number of ailments treated.

SN Scientific Name Common Name NA Ailments treated by species

1. Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarg 15 Easy Delivery, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis,

Itching, Fever, Cough & cold, Abscess,

Pyorrhea, Mouth-blisters, Toothache,

Indigestion, Cut & Wound, Asthma, Scorpion

bite, Snake-bite.

2. Aegle marmelos L. Corr. Bael 9 Sunstroke, Ulcer, Fever, Jaundice, Intestinal

worms, Diabetes, Wounds, Eye diseases,

Diarrhea.

3. Abrus precatorius L. Ratti Gunja 7 Fever, Menstrual disorders, Diabetes,

Asthma, Skin diseases, Snake bite, Scorpion

Bite.

4. Acorus calamus L. Bach 7 Cough & Cold, Children for clarity of speech,

Asthma-, Menstrual disorders, Throat

problem, Epilepsy, Weakness.

5. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem 7 Cough & Cold, Toothache , Malaria, Fever,

Tuberculosis, Chicken-pox, Skin diseases.

6. Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punarnava 7 Dog bite, Jaundice, Stomach disorder,

Swelling, Headache, Cough, Jaundice.

7. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Gudmar 6 Piles, Fever, Diabetes, Milk secretion, Snake-

bite, Scorpion stings.

8. Ocimum americanum L. Van tulsi 6 Piles, Dog bite, Cough and Cold, Skin disease,

Malaria, Burns/Cuts/ wounds.

9. Solanum nigrum L. Makoi 6 Cough, Weakness, Swelling-, Skin disease

Asthma, Arthritis.

10. Terminalia bellirica Roxb. Behera 6 Abdominal pain / Vomiting, Ulcer, Diarrhea,

Heart ailments, Cough & Cold, Fever.

11. Withania somnifera L. Asgandh 6 Ear pain, Ulcer, Rheumatism, Weakness,

Restore fertility, Skin disease.

12. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adarak 6 Jaundice, Cold, Indigestion, Diarrhea, Skin

diseases, Blood pressure.

13. Asparagus racemosus Wild. Satavar 5 Weakness, Menstrual disorder, Tuberculosis,

Easy delivery, Stomach-ache.

14. Butea monosperma (LAM.) Palas 5 Contraception, Leucorrhoea, Indigestion,

Gonorrhea, Fracture.

15. Cassia occidentalis L. Kasoundi 5 Snake bites, Rheumatism, Eczema,

Fractures, Piles.

16. Cassia tora L. Charota 5 Diabetes, Ring worm, Easy delivery,

Malaria, Blood pressure.

17. Curcuma caesia Kali Haldi 5 Cough & Cold, Fever, Skin diseases, Ring

worms, Jaundice.

18. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb Amarbel 5 Diabetes, Fracture, Ring worms, Malaria,


Anti fertility.

19. Datura metel L. Dhatura 5 Leprosy, Menstrual disorder, Earache,

Asthma, Arthritis.

20. Ficus bengalensis L. Bargad 5 Pain, Fracture, Weakness, Diabetes,

21. Hemidesmus indicus L. Ananthamul 5 Scabies/Ring worm, Dog bite, Snake bite,

Urinary disorders, Milk secretion.

22. Mimusops elengi L. Bakul 5 Weakness, Diarrhea, Wound, Constipation,

Toothache.

23. Terminalia chebula Harra 5 Indigestion, Scabies, Throat infection,

Cough, Bleeding gums.

24. Tinospora cordifolia Giloy 5 Fever, Anemia, Tuberculosis, Wounds,

Stomach trouble Indigestion, Scabies, Throat

infection, Cough, Bleeding gums.

25. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb Tejabala 5 Ulcers, Diarrhea, Intestinal worms, Wound,

Indigestion.

26. Abutilon indicum L. Atibala 4 Diarrhea, Piles, Dental problems, Fever.

27. Aloe vera L. Burm. Ghikumari 4 Arthritis, Diabetes, Easy delivery-, Burns &

wounds.

28. Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh 4 Malaria, Snake bite, Scorpion. Bite, Diabetes.

29. Celastrus Paniculatus Willd. Malkagni 4 Rheumatism, Diarrhea, Leprosy, Piles.

30. Crinum latifolium L. Sudarshan 4 Boils, Blood pressure, Rheumatism,

Weakness.

31. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Van haldi 4 Cancer, Wound, Indigestion, Cough & Cold.

32. Ficus racemosa L. Gular 4 Weakness, Piles, Jaundice, Diarrhea.

33. Mucuna pruriens L. Kaunch 4 Weakness, Worm infection, Fever, Diabetes.

34. Rauvolfia serpentina L. Sarpgandha 4 Snake bite, Menstrual disorder, Blood

pressure, Epilepsy.

35. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Gorakh Mundi 4 Skin diseases, Piles, Weakness, Jaundice .

36. Syzygium cumini L. Jamun 4 Diabetes, Wounds, Diarrhea, Asthma.

37. Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Arjuna 4 Diabetes, Wounds, Headache, Malaria.

38. Vitex negundo L. Nirgundi 4 Menstrual disorders, Headache, Cough &

cold, Fever.

39. Acacia catechu L.F.Willd. Khair 3 Cancer, Cough and cold, Diarrhea.

40. Adhaatosa vasika Adusa 3 Tuberculosis, Fever, Asthma.

41. Anacyclus pyrethrum L. Akarkara 3 Toothache, Diarrhea, Weakness.

42. Argemone mexicana L. Satyanasi 3 Sunstroke, Regulating fertility, Cough &

Cold.

43. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar 3 Diarrhea, Cough, Tuberculosis.

44. Bixa orellana L. Sinduri 3 Burn treatment, Diarrhea, Epilepsy.

45. Cassia fistula L. Amaltash 3 Constipation, Gonorrhoea, Rheumatism.

46. Chenopodium album L. Bhathua 3 Constipation, Piles, Skin Disorders.

47. Citrullus lanatus Nakai Indrayan 3 Jaundice, Sunstroke, Tuberculosis.

48. Clerodendrum serratum L. Padma 3 Stomach disorder, Rheumatism, Asthma.


49. Commiphora mukul Guggul 3 Asthma, Epilepsy, Diabetes.

50. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli 3 Weakness, Nose bleeding, Diarrhea.

51. Cyperus rotundus L. Nagarmotha 3 Arthritis, Scorpion bite, Milk secretion.

52. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Anola 3 Diabetes, Indigestion, cough and cold.

53. Emilia sonchifolia L. Hirankhuri 3 Indigestion, Respiratory troubles, Stomach

complaints.

54. Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot 3 Rheumatism, Menstrual disorder, Toothache.

55. Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahua 3 Indigestion, Skin disease, Diabetes.

56. Piper nigrum L. Kalimirch 3 Throat problem, Cough & cold, Asthma.

57. Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitrak 3 Arthritis, Skin diseases, Anemia.

58. Pongamia pinnata Karanj 3 Weakness, Indigestion, Piles.

59. Xanthium strumarium Chotta ghokuru 3 Tooth ache, Indigestion, Memory.

60. Bacopa monnieri L. Pennell Brabmbhi 2 Constipation, Fever.

61. Barleria prionitis L. Vajradanti, 2 Toothache, Wounds

62. Catharanthus roseus L. Sdabahar 2 Diabetes, High blood pressure.

63. Centella asiatica L. Mandupparni 2 Fever, Snake-bite.

64. Chlorophytum tuberosum Safed Musli 2 Weakness, Diabetes.

65. Cissus quadrangualaris L. Hadjod 2 Fracture, Indigestion.

66. Cleome viscosa L. HulHul 2 Tuberculosis, Wound.

67. Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita 2 Indigestion, Headache.

68. Coleus ambionicus Lour. Patharchur 2 Stones, Indigestion.

69. Costus speciosus Kevukand 2 Headache, Weakness.

70. Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhi 2 Milk secretion, Wounds.

71. Ficus religiosa L. Pipal 2 Weakness, Body pain.

72. Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari 2 Leprosy, Small-pox.

73. Murraya koenigii L. SPR. Mitha Neem 2 Scorpion bite, Diabetes.

74. Pueraria tuberosa Patalkumhda 2 Snake bite, Weakness.

75. Basella alba L. Poi 1 Mouth blisters.

76. Bryophyllun pinnatum Patharchata 1 Fracture

77. Lawsonia inermis L. Mehandi 1 Bleeding gums.

78. Mentha arvensis L. Pudina 1 Indigestion.

79. Saraca asoca Ashok 1 Menstrual disorder.

80. Smilax Zeylanica Ram Dataun 1 Blood pressure.

81. Strychnos potatorum L. Nirmali 1 Constipation.

82. Swertia angustifolia Ham. Chirayata 1 Diabetes.

NA: No. of ailments treated by species.

Table 4.5 Diversity of medicinal use – categories.

Categories Diseases No. of Plants & (%)

Abdominal disorders

(Alimentary System)

Abdominal pain & Vomiting(1),

Cancer(2), Constipation(5),

Diarrhea(14), Indigestion(15), Piles(9),

Stomach disorder(5), Ulcer(4), Worm

Infection(3).

58, (70.7%)

General complaint Anemia (2), Body pain(1), Eye

diseases(1), Fever (14), Headache(5),

Pain(1), Swelling(2),Weakness (17).

43, (52.4%)

Skin disorders Abscess(1), Boils(1), Burn treatment(3),

Cuts(4), wounds(6), Eczema(4),

Itching(3), Leprosy(3), Ring worm(3),

Scabies(4), Skin disease(5),

Sunstroke(2).

39, (47.5%)

Respiratory system Asthma(11), Cough and cold(17),

Pneumonia(1), Respiratory troubles(1),

Tuberculosis(8).

38, (46.3%)

Female genital organ problems

(FGO)

Anti fertility(1), Contraception(1), Easy

delivery(4), Gonorrhea(2),

Leucorrhoea(1), Menstrual disorder(8),

Milk Secretion(4), Regulating fertility(1),

Restore fertility(1), Urinary disorders(1).

24, (29.2%)

Metabolic disorders Diabetes (18). 18, (21.9%)

Joint disorders Arthritis (5), Fracture (6),

Rheumatism(7).

18, (21.9%)

Poisonous disorders Dog bite (3), Scorpion Bite (6), Snake

bite (9).

18, (21.9%)

Mouth problems Bleeding gums (2), Dental problems(1),

Mouth blisters(2), Pyorrhea(1), Tooth

ache(8).

14, (17%)

Liver/Gall bladder disorders Jaundice (8), Stones (1). 9, (10.9%)

Cardio vascular system Blood pressure(6), Heart ailments(1), 7, (8.5%)

Central nervous system (CNS) Children for clarity of speech(1),

Epilepsy (1), Memory (1).

6, (7.3%)

Ear, Neck & Throat disorders Ear pain (2), Nose bleeding (1), Throat

problem (3).

6, (7.3%)

Tropical disease Malaria (6). 6, (7.3%)

Infectious disease Chicken-pox (1), Small-pox (1). 2, (2.4%)

4.7 Used parts

The most frequently utilized plant parts were roots / rhizomes and leaves,

which were represented by 35.94 % and 32.02 %, respectively. Other plant parts were

also reported to be used in traditional healers as shown in figure 4.6 and table 4.6.

4.8 Forms of use and preparation

According to the observation during survey, the informants used to administer

their remedies in various forms as fresh material in salads, inhalation of volatile

compound and oils, as ointment and as paste. The methods of preparation fall into

five categories, viz., powdered form made from fresh or dried plant parts (28%), juice

extracted from fresh plant parts (26%), as a paste (24%), decoction (18%), and other

methods (Burnt /Smoked /Chewed) (4%). The remedies were administered orally or

used externally according to the disease and preparation method (Figure 4.7, Table

4.6, and Plate 4.1 to 4.14).

Most of the plants described in table 4.6 are as used medicines. Some plants

are used for more ailments. About 69 (15 categories) diseases are mentioned in the

same table and table 4.5 with their remedy. The remedy prescribed in the table is

reported by local traditional healers or “Baigas” of the study area (Bilaspur, Jashpur

and Kanker district of Chhattisgarh).

A brief summary of the common ailments of this area and the plants used for

their remedy delt in table 4.6 is given below.

Figure 4.6 Percentage of used plant parts.

0

10

20

30

40 35.9432.02

8.16 7.18 6.2 4.572.61 2.61

0.65

Per

cen

tag

e o

f p

art

s u

se

Plant Parts

Figure 4.7 Percentage of used preparation methods.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Powdered Juice Paste Decoction Other

methods

2826

24

18

4Per

cen

tag

e o

f p

rep

ara

tio

n

Methods of preparation

Table 4.6 Methods of preparation and medicinal used by traditional healers (Baigas) in the study area (Bilaspur, Jashpur and Kanker District of C.G.

SN Scientific Name (C.N.) Parts Used Ailments treated Methods of preparation and medicinal used by traditional healers (Baigas)

1 Abrus precatorius

(Ratti Gunja)

Roots -

Fever-

Menstrual disorders-

Diabetes-

Asthma-

Skin diseases-

Snake bite-

Scorpion Bite-

Extract two tsp juice from root. Mix with ½ teaspoon of honey. Take 2 tsp twice

a day for 2 days.

Extract two tsp juice from root. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 15 to 45 days.

Boil 60 gm of root part in four glasses of water and reduce it to one glass and

the decoction 50 ml. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 15 to 45 days.

Boil 100 gm of Root part in four glasses of water and reduce it to one glass and


Root paste is applied on the effected skin.

Root powder is taken orally along with cow's milk.

Root powder is taken orally along with cow's milk.

2 Abutilon indicum

(Atibala)

.

Roots-

Seeds-

Diarrhea-

Piles-

Dental problems-

Fever-


the decoction 50 ml. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 3 days.

Extract 2 tsp juice from root. Mix with ½ tsp of honey. Take 1 tsp twice a day

for 2 days.

Root juice is taken orally to treat dental problems.

Powdered seeds (5g) are taken orally with water twice a day for 2 month.

3 Acacia catechu

(Khair)

Barks - Cancer-

Cough and cold-

Diarrhea-

For internal cancer make bark decoction with 500 gm, bark in 5 liter of water,

and boil it down to half. Take half cup twice a day for 15 to 45 days.

Boil 200 gm of Bark part in four glasses of water and reduce it to one glass and

the decoction 50 ml. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 5 days.

Powdered bark (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2-3 days.

4 Achyranthes aspera

(Apamarg)

Roots-

Easy Delivery-

Fresh and Dried root is grinded and decoction is made with water and given to a

pregnant women for relief in painful delivery. ½ cup decoction is given 1 or 2 at

the time of delivery.


W. Plant

Leaves -

Pneumonia-

Tuberculosis-

Itching-

Fever-

Cough & cold-

Abscess-

Pyorrhea-

Mouth-blisters-

Toothache-

Indigestion-

Cut & Wound-

Asthma-

Scorpion bite-

Snake-bite-

Root paste (5 gm) with honey is given twice daily for 7 days in pneumonia.

Powdered roots (10g) are taken orally with water twice a day for 15 days.

Powdered roots (5g) are taken orally with water twice a day for seven days.

Roots (5g) are grind with half black pepper into a fine powder, which is

administered orally.

Powdered Root (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2-3 days.

Root paste is applied on the abscess.

Extract 2 tsp juice from root. Mix with ½ tsp of honey. Take 2 tsp twice a day

for 20days.

Prepare root paste mix with honey and applied on the effected blisters.

Toothache Teeth are brushed with freshly plucked roots

Root (Fresh/dried) is grinded with water & filter the mixture. Filtrate can be

taken orally.

W. Plant paste is applied on the wound.

The leaves (50-100g) are ground into a fine powder. 5g of this powder is taken

with water till cured.

Grind fresh leaves and put on affected area.

Grind fresh leaves and put on affected area.

5 Acorus calamus

(Bach)

Rhizomes-

Cough & Cold-

Children for clarity of

speech.-

Asthma-

Menstrual disorders-

Throat problem-

Fresh and Dried Rhizome is grinded and decoction is made with water and given

to a patient.

Dried rhizome is ground in water and the paste is given orally to children for

clarity of speech.

Powdered Rhizome (10g) is taken orally with honey twice a day for 1 month.

Boil 200 gm of Rhizome part in four glasses of water and reduce it to one glass

and the decoction 50 ml. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 15 to 45 days.

Powdered Rhizome (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2-3 days.


Epilepsy-

Weakness

Powdered Rhizome (5g) is taken orally with honey twice a day for 3 month.

Powdered Rhizome (10g) is taken orally with honey and milk twice a day for

daily.

6 Adhaatosa vasika

(Adusa)

Barks-

Leaves-

Tuberculosis-

Fever -

Asthma-

Extract 2 tsp juice from bark. Mix with ½ tsp of honey. Take 1 tsp 2 a day for 3

month.

Leaves part 250g are boiled in a liter of water to obtain a decoction of 250g.

100g decoction is given to the patient twice a day for 3 days.

The dried leaves are rolled into the form of cigarettes and smoked twice a day

for a week.

7 Aegle marmelos

(Bael)

Leaves-

Fruits

Sunstroke-

Ulcer-

Fever-

Jaundice-

Intestinal worms-

Diabetes-

Wounds-

Eye diseases -

Diarrhea-

Juice is extracted from the fresh leaves and taken orally.

Leaves of Bael (100g), petals of rose (100g) and turmeric (50g) are powdered

and mixed With honey (50g).Tablets are prepared from this mixture and given

thrice a day for 7days.

Leaves part 250g are extracted in a liter of water to obtain a juicr of 250g. 100g

juice is given to the patient twice a day for 3 days.

Leaves of bel and Kalmegh 250g each is boiled in a lit. of water to obtain a

decoction of 250g. 100g decoction is given to the patient twice a day for 7 days.

Freshly plucked green leaves are soaked in a glass of water. This water is taken

on an empty stomach 2-3 times a day till the ailment cures.

Juice is extracted from the green leaves and taken orally.

Equal quantity of leaves of bel and fruits of Indian gooseberry are taken and the

juice is extracted. A teaspoon of the juice is given to combat the disease

Leaf paste is applied topically to heal wounds.

Juice is extracted from the green leaves and two drops are put in the eye.

Pulp of the ripen fruit is taken orally.


8 Aloe vera

(Ghikumari)

Leaves- Arthritis-

Diabetes-

Easy delivery-

Burns & wounds-

Extract two teaspoons juice from aloe leaf. Mix with 6-8 drops of lemon juice

and ½ tsp of Jira powder. Apply on the joints once a day.

Juice is extracted from the green leaves and taken orally.

Juice of leaves is given to lessen labor pain during delivery.

The leaf is cut lengthwise and tied on the burn part or wound after cleaning.

The juice of the leaf is applied externally for burns, wounds and eczema.

9 Anacyclus pyrethrum

(Akarkara)

Roots- Toothache-

Diarrhea-

Weakness-

Root juice is taken orally to treat dental problems.

Juice is extracted from the fresh root and taken orally. Twice a day for 2-3 days.

The root part is ground into a fine powder. 5g of this powder is taken with

water till cured.

10 Andrographis paniculata

(Kalmegh)

W. Plant-

Leaves-

Malaria-

Snake bite-

Scorpion. Bite-

Diabetes-

Boil 60 gm of whole plant in four glasses of water and reduce it to one glass and

the decoction 50 ml.

Leaf paste is applied topically at the bitten site.

Leaf paste is applied topically at the bitten site.

Powdered leaf is mixed with cow or goat's milk and taken orally to treat

diabetes.

11 Argemone mexicana

(Satyanasi)

Roots-

Flowers-

Sunstroke-

Regulating fertility-

Cough & Cold-

Root powder is taken orally twice a day for 2-3 days.

Dried root powder used as tea for regulating fertility.

Flower is grinded and mixed with sugar - cane and it is taken in the form of

tablets. Twice daily up to relief

12 Asparagus racemosus

(Satavar)

Roots-

Weakness-

Menstrual disorder-

Tuberculosis-

Powdered roots (5g) are taken orally with water twice a day for 30 days.

Fresh and Dried roots is soaked in a glass of water for one hour. Taken orally

early morning in empty stomach. One glass daily up to 7 days.

Dried or wet root is grinded and mixed with 1/2 glass of water. These mixtures

are taken orally. Once daily up to 40 days.


Leaves -

Flower-

Easy delivery -

Stomach -ache

Leaf juice (two teaspoon a day) is given during pregnancy for easy delivery.

Dried flower is grinded and made Twice daily one or two tablets in form of

tablets with milk. Up to relief.

13 Azadirachta indica

(Neem)

Barks-

Leaves -

Leaves -

Cough & Cold-

Toothache -

Malaria-

Fever-

Tuberculosis-

Chicken-pox-

Skin diseases-

Fresh and Dried Bark is grinded and decoction is made with water and given to

a patient. Once daily up to 7 days.

The young twigs are used as toothbrush to develop strong teeth

Juice extracted from the fresh bark is given orally for three days consecutively.

Bark is burnt in fire the ash is bark used as drug, ash is added with milk and

taken orally. Not fixed. Dose taken up to relief, 1-2 times daily.

Powdered leaf is mixed with Honey and taken orally. Once daily up to 20days.

Leaf paste is applied topically on the body to treat small pox.

Leaves are ground into a fine paste and applied on the Skin.

14 Bacopa monnieri

(Brabmbhi)

Leaves - Constipation-

Fever-

Boil 10-15 thin leaves in one glass of water. Add a pinch of salt to the solution.

Drink one glass twice a day for 2-3 days.

Leaf juice is extracted and orally administered 5-10 ml. twice a day for a period

of 10 days

15 Barleria prionitis

(Vajradanti)

Leaves-

Toothache-

Wounds-

The young leaves prepared paste are used as toothbrush to develop strong

teeth.

Leaves are ground into a fine paste and applied on the wounds.

16 Basella alba

(Poi)

Leaves- Mouth blisters- Juice extracted from the leaves is given orally for three days consecutively.

17 Bauhinia variegata

(Kachnar)

Leaves-

Diarrhea-

Cough-

Tuberculosis-

Juice extracted from the fresh leaves is given orally for three days consecutively.

Powdered leaves is mixed with honey and taken orally.

Juice is extracted from the fresh leaves and taken orally. Twice a day for 2-3


month.

18 Bixa orellana

(Sinduri)

Seeds -

Roots -

Leaves-

Burn treatment-

Diarrhea-

Epilepsy-

Seeds ground and boiled in oil and applied.

Root part 250g are boiled in a liter of water to obtain a decoction of 250g. 100g

decoction is given to the patient twice a day for 3 days.

Juice is extracted from the fresh leaves and taken orally. Twice a day for 2-3

month.

19 Boerhaavia diffusa

(Punarnava)

W. Plant-

Leaves-

Dog bite

Jaundice

Stomach disorder

Swelling

Headache

Cough

Jaundice

Whole plant of Punarnava in equal amount is made in to a paste and pills of 2 gm

each.

Juice extracted from the plant is given orally for three days consecutively.

Juice is extracted from the plant and mixed with equal amount of cow’s urine.

Two spoonful of the mixture is Taken.

Take 2 tsp of leaf juice in empty stomach in the morning for a week.

Leaves are ground into a fine paste and applied on the forehead

Leaves of Punarnava (5g), one small onion, a small piece of ginger and a

spoonful of cardamom are cooked well and taken orally.


20 Bryophyllun pinnatum.

(Patharchata)

Leaves Fracture Leaves are crushed and tied on the affected part after setting in properly.

21 Butea monosperma.

(Palas)

Seeds-

Roots-

Barks-

Contraception-

Leucorrhoea-

Indigestion

Gonorrhea-

Fracture-

Seed oil is used as Contraception.

Half spoon of Powder of dried Root is mixed with Honey and taken orally. One

spoonful of the preparation taken daily up to 5 days during menstrual periods.

Dried root is boiled with 1 glass of water till the quantity becomes 1/4, then it is

taken orally in morning. Once daily up to seven days.

Paste of the bark is applied to treat gonorrhea.

Fresh bark is crushed and tied on the affected part after setting the bone.


22 Cassia fistula

(Amaltash)

Leaves -

Flowers-

Constipation-

Gonorrhoea-

Rheumatism-

Half spoon of Powder of dried leaves is mixed with Honey and taken orally.

Paste of the flower is applied on the affected part to treat gonorrhea.

Juice extracted from the Flowers is given orally for three days consecutively.

23 Cassia occidentalis

(Kasoundi)

Roots-

Seeds-

Leaves-

Snake bites-

Rheumatism-

Eczema-

Fractures-

Piles-

Root paste is applied.

Powdered seed (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2-3 days.

Leaf paste is applied.

Leaf paste is applied topically to treat heal bone fractures.


24 Cassia tora

(Charota)

Seeds-

Roots-

Leaves-

Diabetes-

Ring worm-

Easy delivery-

Malaria-

Blood pressure-

10 seeds are put in the water overnight and drink the water with the seeds in the

following morning in empty stomach for 5 days.

Seeds paste is used for the treatment of skin troubles like eczema and ringworm.

This oil is applied externally.

Young seedling of the plants after washing is chewed by pregnant women for

timely and easy delivery.

Decoction is prepared and administered orally.

Leaf powder with warm rice water is taken twice a day for 1-3 months.

25 Catharanthus roseus

(Sdabahar)

W. Plant

Flowers

Diabetes

High blood pressure

Whole plant is powdered and mixed with cow's milk and taken orally to treat

diabetes.

Eat 7-9 flowers in the morning.

26 Celastrus Paniculatus

(Malkagni)

Roots - Rheumatism-

Diarrhea-

Leprosy-

Piles-

Root powdered and mixed with honey and taken orally twice a day for 2-5

days.

Take 2 tsp of root juice in empty stomach in the morning for 3 days.

Root paste is applied.

Powdered root (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 20-30days.


27 Centella asiatica

(Mandupparni)

Leaves-

Fever-

Snake-bite-

Juice extracted from the leaves is given orally for three days consecutively.

Leaves paste is applied.

28 Chenopodium album

(Bhathua)

Leaves- Constipation-

Piles-

Skin Disorders-

Boil 15-20 Bathua leaves in one glass of water Strain it and mix one tsp of lemon

juice. Drink one glass once a day for 2-3 days.

Eat 7-9 leaves in the morning twice a day for 2 month.


29 Chlorophytum tuberosum

(Safed Musli)

Roots - Weakness -

Diabetes -

Powdered root (10g) is taken orally with milk twice a day 6 month.

Root powdered and mixed with honey and taken orally twice a day for daily.

30 Cissus quadrangualaris

(Hadjod)

Roots - Fracture -

Indigestion -

Root paste is applied. on the affected part after setting the bone.

Paste of root is taken orally for easy digestion.

31 Citrullus lanatus Nakai

(Indrayan)

Roots -

Fruits-

Jaundice-

Sunstroke-

Tuberculosis-

Half spoon of Powder of dried root is mixed with Honey and taken orally.

Powdered root (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2- 3 days.

Unripe fruit is wrapped by moist clay and placed in burnt coal to become

roasted. Then it is peeled and used with salt twice a day for about 3 months.

32 Cleome viscosa

(HulHul)

Roots-

Leaves-

Tuberculosis-

Wound-

Juice extracted from the plant is given orally for three days consecutively.

Leaf paste is applied topically to heal wounds.

33 Clerodendrum serratum

(Padma)

Leaves-

Roots -

Stomach disorder-

Rheumatism-

Asthma-

A powdered leaf is taken orally with water twice a day for 2- 5 days.

Take 2 tsp of root juice in morning for 3 days.


34 Clitoria ternatea

(Aparajita)

Roots -

Indigestion -

Headache -

Root powder is mixed with water and taken orally twice a day for 2-3 days.

Root paste is applied on the forehead.

35 Coleus ambionicus

(Patharchur)

Leaves -

Stones-

Indigestion-

Take 2 tsp of leaves juice in empty stomach in the morning for 30 days.

Leaf juice is taken orally by children to treat Indigestion.


36 Commiphora mukul

(Guggul)

Root -

Leaves-

Asthma-

Epilepsy -

Diabetes -


Extract 2 tsp of leaves juice in in the morning for 30 days.

Eat 7-9 leaves in the morning twice a day for 2 month.

37 Costus speciosus

(Kevukand)

Rhizomes-

Headache-

Weakness-

Rhizome paste is applied on the forehead.

Powder of rhizomes is prepared and one spoon of powder is taken orally with

milk. Twice daily for 2-3 month.

38

Crinum latifolium

( Sudarshan)

Rhizomes-

Boils-

Blood pressure-

Rheumatism-

Weakness -

Rhizome paste is applied.



Powder of rhizomes is prepared and one spoon of root powder is taken orally

with cold water. Twice daily for 6 month.

39 Curculigo orchioides

(Kali musli)

Rhizome-

Weakness-

Nose bleeding-

Diarrhea-

Powder of dried Kalimusli, Kalimirch and llaichi is prepared in tablet form. Two

capsule is taken in morning and evening after meal. Twice daily for 15 days.

Decoction 30 ml is given once daily to stop nose bleeding.

Powdered rhizome (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2- 3 days.

40 Curcuma aromatica

(Van haldi)

Rhizomes- Cancer-

Wound-

Indigestion-

Cough & Cold-

Decoction is prepared and administered orally. Twice daily up to relief.

Rhizome paste is applied topically to heal wounds.

A teaspoon of rhizomes paste taken daily once for three days.

Mix turmeric powder with one glass of hot milk. Give twice a day for 5-7 days.

41 Curcuma caesia

(Kali Haldi)

Rhizomes-

Flowers-

Cough & Cold-

Fever-

Skin diseases-

Ring worms-

Jaundice -

Mix turmeric powder with one glass of hot milk. Give twice a day for 5-7 days.

Rhizomes powder is mixed with milk and taken orally twice a day for 2-3 days.

Grind fresh Rhizomes and put on affected area.

Paste is mixed with Neem oil is applied.

Flower Dried flower is boiled with oil. After cooling the mixture extract is

applied on body and baked in and substrate part can be taken directly. Twice


daily up to relief.

42 Cuscuta reflexa

(Amarbel)

Leaves-

Rhizomes-

W. Plant-

Seeds-

Diabetes-

Fracture-

Ring worms-

Malaria-

Anti fertility-

Eat 7-9 leaves in the morning twice a day for daily.

Rhizomes is crushed and tied on the affected part after setting the bone.

Paste is mixed with Neem oil is applied.

Plant decoction is prepared and administered orally. Twice daily up to relif.

Powder of seeds used orally for twice a day 2 month.

43 Cyperus rotundus

(Nagarmotha)

Rhizomes- Arthritis-

Scorpion bite-

Milk secretion-

Powder ½ rhizome and 2gms dry ginger. Mix powder in a glass of warm water.

Consume twice a day when pain is severe.

Paste of dried tuber is applied on topically on bitten site of scorpion.

Paste of dried tuber is applied on breast of women to secrete more milk

44 Datura metel

(Dhatura)

Roots-

Leaves-

Leprosy-

Menstrual disorder-

Earache-

Asthma-

Arthritis-

Root Paste is mixed with Neem oil is applied.

One teaspoon powdered roots given twice a day for 15 days after menstruation

for permanent sterility.

Few drops of leaf juice is poured into ear.

Dried leaf with seed is smoked to treat asthma.

Take 8-10 leaves and put in any hot oil till they turn black. Strain oil and use for

massaging. Massage for 15 days twice a week.

45 Emblica officinalis

(Anola)

Fruits-

Diabetes-

Indigestion -

cough and cold-

Extract 10ml fruit juice by crushing the fruit. Mix with a pinch of turmeric. Take

once in a day in empty.

Powder of fruit used orally for twice a day 2 month.

Fruit powder is mixed with cow's or goat's milk and taken orally .

46 Emilia sonchifolia

(Hirankhuri)

Leaves-

Indigestion -

Respiratory troubles-

Stomach complaints-

Extract two tsp juice from Leaves. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 15 to 45 days.

Juice is extracted from the fresh leaves and taken orally.

Leaves are crushed and the extract is taken orally with honey once a day in the


morning for a month.

47 Euphorbia hirta

(Dudhi)

Leaves -

Latex-

Milk secretion-

Wounds -

Decoction of fresh leaf prepared with milk, taken orally. Twice daily for 2-4

days.

The milky latex is applied topically to treat wounds and lip cracks.

48 Ficus bengalensis

(Bargad)

Latex-

Barks -

Stem-

Pain-

Fracture -

Weakness-

Diabetes -

Toothache -

The milky juice is applied on the affected part.

Stem latex is applied topically on heel cracks.

Extract two tsp latex from leaves. Mix with ½ teaspoon of honey. Take 1 tsp

twice a day for 3 month.

Grind dries bark on sand stone to get powder. Take ½ tsp powder once daily for

3-4 days.

Young stem is used as tooth brush.

49 Ficus racemosa

(Gular)

Latex-

Leaves-

Barks -

Weakness-

Piles-

Jaundice -

Diarrhea-



Extract two tsp juice from leaves. Mix with ½ teaspoon of honey. Take 1 tsp


Bark is grind fine and kept in half glass of water overnight and take early in the

morning daily for 3-7 days.

Bark infusion is taken once a day for diarrhea thrice a day half glass each.

50 Ficus religiosa

(Pipal)

Latex-

Leaves -

Weakness-

Body pain-



Dried leaf powder is mixed with water and taken orally to get relief from body

pain.

51 Gloriosa superba

(Kalihari)

Rhizomes-

Leprosy-

Small-pox-

Paste is applied on leprosy.

Paste is applied on smallpox.


52 Gymnema sylvestre

(Gudmar)

Leaves -

Roots-

Piles-

Fever-

Diabetes-

Milk secretion-

Snake-bite-

Scorpion stings-

Extract two tsp juice from leaves. Take 1 tsp twice a day for 3 month.

Juice is extracted from the fresh leaves & taken orally. Twice a day for 2-3 days.

Prepare dried leaves powder. Take ½ tsp once in a day. Three leaves are

chewed and eaten each day for 7 days.

Fresh root is prepared juice and taken orally in morning and evening. Twice

daily for 1-2 days.

Roots paste is applied topically at the bitten site.

Roots paste is applied topically at the bitten site.

53 Hemidesmus indicus

(Ananthamul)

W. Plant-

Roots-

Roots -

Scabies/Ring worm-

Dog bite-

Snake bite-

Urinary disorders-

Milk secretion-

The plant paste or the juice is applied.

The plant paste is applied.

The plant paste is applied.

Root juice is given in treatment of urinary disorders.

Paste of fresh root is prepared and taken orally. Twice daily for 1-2 days.

54 Jatropha curcas

(Ratanjot)

Seeds-

Latex -

Rheumatism-

Menstrual disorder-

Toothache -

The seed decoction is applied.

Extract two tsp latex from leaves. Take 1 tsp twice a day for 3 month.

The latex juice is applied.

55 Lawsonia inermis

(Mehandi)

Barks- Bleeding gums- The bark decoction is applied.

56 Madhuca indica

(Mahua)

Leaves-

Flowers-

Indigestion-

Skin disease-

Diabetes-

One Cup of leaves are boiled in 8 cups of water till 2 cups remains and one cup

each. Stomach ache- The leaf juice is taken 2 tsp.

The leaves paste is applied.

Juice is extracted from the flowers and taken orally. Twice a day for 2-3 days.

57 Mentha arvensis

(Pudina)

W. Plant- Indigestion- The l whol plant juice is applied.


58 Mimusops elengi

(Bakul)

Seeds-

Leaves -

Weakness-

Diarrhea-

Wound -

Constipation -

Toothache -

2 teaspoon powdered seed given twice a day for 2 days .

One teaspoon powdered seed given twice a day for 2 days.

Paste is applied wound.

Prepare dried leaves powder. Take ½ tsp once in a day. Three leaves are

chewed and eaten each day for 15days.

Paste is mixed with Neem oil is applied

59 Mucuna pruriens

(Kaunch)

Seeds-

Leaves -

Weakness-

Worm infection-

Fever-

Diabetes-

1 teaspoon powdered seed given twice a day for 2 month.

1 teaspoon powdered with Jeera and lime juice given twice a day for 1 month.

1 teaspoon powdered given twice a day for 2 days.

Decoction of the leaves is taken orally for 40 days

60 Murraya koenigii

(Mitha Neem)

Leaves - Scorpion bite-

Diabetes -

Paste is applied bite point.

Eat 10 Leaves daily in the morning or take leaf juice 15-12 ML.

61 Ocimum americanum

(Van tulsi)

Seeds-

Flowers-

Fruits-

Leaves -

Piles-

Dog bite-

Cough and Cold-

Skin disease-

Malaria -

Burns/Cuts/ wounds-

Seed paste is taken orally with water.

The leaves and flowers mixed with turmeric and leaves of Boerhavia diffusa in

equal amount is applied on the affected part and is taken only 6 gm.

To a glass of warm sweet milk add 2 pinch of black pepper. Drink for 2 days.

Leaves juice is taken orally with water.

Leaves juice is taken orally with water.

Topical application of leaf paste gives relief.

62 Piper nigrum

(Kalimirch)

Seeds-

Throat problem -

Cough & cold-

Asthma-

Grinded seed is mixed with congestion honey and taken (only one drop). Taken

up to relief.

Powder of seeds is prepared and 1/4 of powder mix with Harra fruits taken

orally with milk. Twice daily for 2-3 month

Powder of seeds is prepared and one spoon of powder mix with sugar is taken

orally with milk. Twice daily for 2-3 month


63 Plumbago zeylanica

(Chitrak)

Leaves- Arthritis-

Skin diseases-

Anemia -

Boil full hand of leaves in just enough water to prepare a paste. Apply on

affected parts once in a day.



64 Pongamia pinnata

(Karanj)

Roots- Weakness-

Indigestion -

Piles-

Powdered root (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2- 3 days.

Juice of root is mixed with equal amount of coconut milk, boiled and applied

topically to cure wound and gastric trouble.

Juice extracted from the roots is given orally for 30 days consecutively.

65 Pueraria tuberosa

(Patalkumhda)

Roots- Snake bite -

Weakness -

Root paste is given immediately after the bite.

Powder of root is prepared and one spoon of root powder is taken orally with

cold water. Twice daily for 6 month.

66 Rauvolfia serpentina

(Sarpgandha)

Roots- Snake bite-

Menstrual disorder-

Blood pressure-

Epilepsy -

Root paste is given immediately after the Snake bite.

The root decoction is taken 20 ml is taken once a day for three days.



67 Saraca asoca

(Ashok)

Roots-

Menstrual disorder-

A decoction is made with water and taken orally after completion of menstrual

discharge. One or half cup decoction is given once daily in morning for 3 days.

68 Smilax Zeylanica

(Ram Dataun)

Roots- Blood pressure- Root powder is mixed with water and taken orally twice a day for 2-3 days for

30 days.

69 Solanum nigrum

( Makoi)

W. Plant- Cough -

Weakness-

Swelling-

Skin disease -

Whole plant parts are taken as food to treat cough.

Decoction is prepared and administered orally. Twice daily.

Paste is applied.

Paste is applied.


Asthma-

Arthritis-



70 Sphaeranthus indicus

(Gorakh Mundi)

W. Plant- Skin diseases-

Piles-

Weakness-

Jaundice -

Leaf, flower and seeds are ground into paste and applied topically to treat skin

diseases.


Decoction is prepared and administered orally. Twice daily.


71 Strychnos potatorum

(Nirmali)

W. Plant- Constipation- Boil the whole plant in sufficient water till the quantity reduces to half. Take 1-2

tsp of decoction 2-3 times a day till the problem persists.

72 Swertia angustifolia

(Chirayata)

W. Plant- Diabetes- Whole plant part is grinded and decoction is made with water and given to a

patient.

73 Syzygium cumini

(Jamun)

Seeds -

Leaves-

Barks -

Diabetes-

Wounds-

Diarrhea -

Asthma-

Seeds are ground to make powder. The powder is taken 3 times daily. This is

recommended for diabetes.

250 gms of young leaves along with tender stem are washed with water, well

crushed and mixed with 125 gms of pure butter to make paste. The paste is

applied to the wounds caused due to burning.


Make powder of bark put honey in it and take early in the morning once a day.

74 Terminalia arjuna

(Arjuna)

Barks -

Diabetes-

Wounds -

Headache -

Malaria -

Powdered bark (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2-3 days.

Bark paste is applied topically on wounds.

Bark powder is boiled with water and inhaled to cure headache to.

Bark decoction is used as tonic and in cure of malarial fever

75 Terminalia bellerica Barks-

Abdominal pain /

Vomiting-

Half cup of bark is kept is a cup of water for 10 minutes and the infusion is taken

thrice a day.


(Behera)

Fruits-

Leaves-

Ulcer-

Diarrhea-

Heart ailments-

Cough & Cold-

Fever-



Grind it make a fine powder. Mix with one tsp of honey. Take once in a day.

Grind it make a fine powderof fruits. Mix with one tsp of honey. Take once in a

day.

Extract two tsp juice from leaves. Take 2 tsp twice a day for 15 to 45 days.

76 Terminalia chebula

(Harra)

Fruits- Indigestion-

Scabies-

Throat infection-

Cough -

Bleeding gums-

The fruit rind as finely powdered and 1 tsp powder is taken with a pinch of

turmeric

fruit paste is applied on the scabies.

The fruit grind is powdered and is mixed with honey.

Grind fruits make a fine powder. Mix with one tsp of honey. Take once in a day.

Fruit paste is applied on the Bleeding gums.

77 Tinospora cordifolia

(Giloy)

Stems-

Roots -

Leaves -

Fever-

Anemia-

Tuberculosis-

Wounds-

Stomach trouble-

About 8 stem is crushed after removing the bark and a decoction is prepared. 1

cup decoction.



Grind root make a fine powder. Mix with one tsp of honey. Take once in a day.

Leaf paste is applied topically to treat wounds.

Grind leaves make a fine powder. Mix with one tsp of honey. Take once in a

day.

78 Vitex negundo

(Nirgundi)

Leaves - Menstrual disorders -

Headache -

Cough & cold-

Fever-

One teaspoon powder of young root along with milk is given to ladies in

menstrual disorders and also to restore fertility.

Leaves are boiled in water and the vapor is inhaled twice a day to get relief from

headache.

A powdered leaf (5g) is taken orally with water twice a day for 2-3 days.

Extract two tsp juice from leaves. Mix with ½ teaspoon of honey. Take 1 tsp


twice a day for 2 days.

79 Withania somnifera

(Asgandh)

Leaves-

Roots-

W. Plant

Ear pain-

Ulcer-

Rheumatism-

Weakness-

Restore fertility

Skin disease

Leaves are boiled in mustard oil, oil is then filtered and used as an ear drop.

Half cup juice is extracted from the leaves and taken Orally

A fresh leaf is grinded and decoction is made with water and given to a patient.

Powdered Root (10g) is taken orally with honey twice a day for 1 month.

One teaspoon powder of young root along with milk is given to ladies in

menstrual disorders and also to restore fertility.

Small pieces of plant are mixed with cow’s urine and applied on the affected

skin

80 Xanthium strumarium

(Chotta ghokuru)

Leaves - Tooth ache-

Indigestion-

Memory -

The leaf juice is mixed with jaggery is applied on the sore. The root or the plant

is chewed and place the root in the tooth cavity.

Powdered leaf is mixed with Honey and taken orally. Once daily up to 20 days.

Fresh leaves are grinded and decoction is made with water and given to a patient.

81 Zanthoxylum alatum

(Tejabala)

Leaves-

Roots-

Ulcers-

Diarrhea-

Intestinal worms-

Wound -

Indigestion-

Powdered leaves is mixed with honey and taken orally.

A fresh leaf is grinded and decoction is made with water and given to a patient.

Leaf juice is extracted and orally administered 5-10 ml. twice a day (morning

/evening) for a period of 8- 10 days.

Leaves are ground into a fine paste and applied on the wound.

Powdered Roots is mixed with Honey and taken orally. Once daily up to 15

days.

82 Zingiber officinale

(Adarak)

Rhizomes- Jaundice-

Cold-

Indigestion-

Diarrhea-

Skin diseases-

Rhizomes juice is extracted and orally administered 5-10 ml. twice a day.

Take 1 tsp. of ginger juice with honey at regular intervals.

Powdered Rhizomes is mixed with Honey and taken orally. Once daily up to 20

days.

Rhizomes juice is extracted and orally administered 5-10 ml. twice a day.

Rhizomes are ground into a fine paste and applied on the Skin.


Blood pressure- Rhizomes juice is extracted and orally administered 5-10 ml. twice a day.

4.9 Chemical Constituents

The Chemical Constituents of different plants are obtain from National

Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB), C.G. State Medicinal Plant Board (C.G.SPMB) and

from some research literature. In the table 4.7 this above contains 82 plants with its

medicinal properties.

The plant scientists and phytochemists isolated serval biologically active

compounds from these plants such as saponin, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, essential

oil, volatile oils etc. The medicinal value of a plant lies in some chemical substances

that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The most important

of these bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and

phenolic compounds (Edeoga et al., 2005).

Achyranthes aspera whichness for these use for treatment of easy delivery,

pneumonia, tuberculosis, itching, fever, cough & cold, abscess, pyorrhea, mouth-

blisters, toothache, indigestion, cut & wound, asthma, scorpion bite, snake-bite etc.

Contains pentatriacontane, 6-pentatriacontane, hexatriacotane, tritriacontane,

hentriacontane, 10-octacosanone, 4-trtriacontanone, pentatriacontane, 6-

pentatriacontane, hexatriacotane, tritriacontane, hentriacontane, 10-octacosanone,

4-trtriacontanone. Aegle marmelos contains marmelosin, alloimperatorin, marmelide,

tannic acid, marmin, umbelliferone, skimmianine, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin,

marmelin, skimmin, marmesin, marmesinin and it is used for treatment of sunstroke,

ulcer, fever, jaundice, intestinal worms, diabetes, wounds, eye diseases, diarrhea etc.

Abrus precatorius contains mucilage, aspargin and it is used for treatment of fever,

menstrual disorders, diabetes, asthma, skin diseases, snake bite, scorpion bite etc.

Acorus calamus contains asaryl aldehyde, α-asarone, β-asarone, acorin, eugenol,

caffeine and it is used for treatment of cough & cold, children for clarity of speech,

asthma-, menstrual disorders, throat problem, epilepsy, weakness etc. Azadirachta

indica contents nimbin, nimbolides, nimocinolides, isonimocinolides, quercetin, β-

sitoterol and it is used for treatment of cough & cold, toothache, malaria, fever,

tuberculosis, chicken-pox, skin diseases etc.

Boerhaavia diffusa contains punarnavin, β-sitosterol, ursolic acid and it is used

for treatment of dog bite, jaundice, stomach disorder, swelling, headache, cough,

jaundice etc. Gymnema sylvestre contains gymnemagenin, gymnemagenin, gymnemic

acid, gymnemic acid, betaine, choline, valine, alanine, ferulic, gymnemagenin,

gymnemagenin, gymnemic acid and it is used for treatment of piles, fever, diabetes,

milk secretion, snake-bite, scorpion stings etc. Ocimum americanum contains β -

sitosterol, ursolic acid, beta -sitosterol, ursolic acid and it is used for treatment of

piles, dog bite, cough and cold, skin disease, malaria, burns/cuts/ wounds. Solanum

nigrum cotains vitamin b, vitamin c, citric acid, flacokinase, glycoalkaloids viz.,

solasonine, solanigrine, steroidal, genin, solasodine, solasodiene, diosgenin,

solamargine and it is used for treatment of cough, weakness, swelling-, skin disease

asthma, arthritis etc. Terminalia bellerica contains chebulagic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl

ester, gallic acid, mannitol, rhamnose, bellericanin, oxalic acid, palmitic, oleic acid,

linoleic acid and it is used for treatment of abdominal pain / vomiting, ulcer, diarrhea,

heart ailments, cough & cold, fever. Withania somniferan contains withanoloides α &

β, withaferin, withanine, sominine and it is used for treatment of ear pain, ulcer,

rheumatism, weakness, restore fertility, skin disease etc. Zingiber officinale contains

asparogine, pipecolic acid, free amino acids and it is use for treatment of jaundice,

cold, indigestion, diarrhea, skin diseases, blood pressure etc. Asparagus racemosus

contains asparagamine a, saponin and it is used for treatment of weakness, menstrual

disorder, tuberculosis, easy delivery, Stomach-ache etc.

Andrographis paniculata contains andrographidines b, c, d, e, and f,

andrographolide, andrographin, panicolin, andrographolide, tetramethoxyflavone,

andrograponine, chlorogenic, oanicolide, myrsitic acids, cavacrol, eugenol,

hentriacontane, tritricontane and it is used for treatment of malaria, snake bite,

scorpion bite, diabetes. Rauvolfia serpentina L. it is used for treatment of snake bite,

menstrual disorder, blood pressure, epilepsy etc.

The different chemical constituent obtained from the plants in below (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7 Chemical Constituents of the plant parts.

SN Scientific Name (Common Name) Chemical Constituents Medicinal used by Baigas in study area

1 Abrus precatorius (Ratti Gunja) Abrin, Abrine, Abralin. Fever, Menstrual disorders, Diabetes,

Asthma, Skin diseases, Snake bite,

Scorpion Bite.

2 Abutilon indicum (Atibala) Mucilage, Aspargin. Diarrhea, Piles, Dental problems, Fever.

3 Acacia catechu (Khair) Catechin, Catechutannic acid, Epicatechin, Tetrmer,

Dicatechin, Gallocatechin, Kaempferol, Taxifolin,

Isorhamnetin.

Cancer, Cough and cold, Diarrhea.

4 Achyranthes aspera (Apamarg) Pentatriacontane, Hexatriacotane, tritriacontane,

Hentriacontane, 10-octacosanone, 4-

trtriacontanone, Pentatriacontane.

Easy Delivery, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis,

Itching, Fever, Cough & cold, Abscess,

Pyorrhea, Mouth-blisters, Toothache,

Indigestion, Cut & Wound, Asthma,

Scorpion bite, Snake-bite.

5 Acorus calamus(Bach) Aldehyde, α-asarone, β-asarone, Acorin, Eugenol,

Caffeine.

Cough & Cold, Children for clarity of

speech, Asthma-, Menstrual disorders,

Throat problem, Epilepsy, Weakness.

6 Adhaatosa vasika (Adusa) Vasicine Vasicol, Adhatonine, Vasicinone, Vasicinol. Tuberculosis, Fever, Asthma.

7 Aegle marmelos (Bael) Marmelosin, Alloimperatorin, Marmelide, Tannic

acid, Marmin, Umbelliferone, Skimmianine,

Isoimperatorin, Isopimpinellin.

Sunstroke, Ulcer, Fever, Jaundice,

Intestinal worms, Diabetes, Wounds, Eye

diseases, Diarrhea.


8 Aloe vera (Ghikumari) Barbalin, Aloesin, Aloesone, Aloeemodin. Arthritis, Diabetes, Easy delivery, Burns &

wounds.

9 Anacyclus pyrethrum (Akarkara) The roots contain anacyclin, pellitorine, enetriyne

alcohol, hydrocarolin, inulin, traces of volatile oil

and seasamin.

Toothache, Diarrhea, Weakness.

10 Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) Andrographidines B, C, D, E, and F, Panicolin,

Andrographolide, Tetramethoxyflavone,

Andrograponine, Chlorogenic, Oanicolide, Myrsitic

acids, Cavacrol, Eugenol, Hentriacontane,

Tritricontane.

Malaria, Snake bite, Scorpion. Bite,

Diabetes.

11 Argemone mexicana (Satyanasi) Alkaloid Berberine, Protopine. Sunstroke, Regulating fertility, Cough &

Cold.

12 Asparagus racemosus (Satavar) Asparagamine A, Saponin. Weakness, Menstrual disorder,

Tuberculosis, Easy delivery, Stomach-ache.

13 Azadirachta indica (Neem) Nimbin, Nimbolides, Nimocinolides, Isonimocinolides, Quercetin,

β-sitoterol.

Cough & Cold, Toothache , Malaria, Fever,

Tuberculosis, Chicken-pox, Skin diseases.

14 Bacopa monnieri (Brabmbhi) Brahmine, Bacoside α & β, Monniern, Hersaponin,

Betulic acid, Sigmasterol, β –Sitosterol.

Constipation, Fever.

15 Barleria prionitis (Vajradanti) Procyanidin β-2, Betulinic acid, 7-methylphyscion,

β-sitosterol.

Toothache, Wounds


16 Basella alba (Poi) Polysacch a rides, organic acids, provitamin A, Carotenoids as α-

carotent, β-carotene, lutein, tunaxanthin & phytonene.

Mouth blisters.

17 Bauhinia variegata (Kachnar) Hentricontane, Octacosanol, Stigmasterol. Diarrhea, Cough, Tuberculosis.

18 Bixa orellana (Sinduri) Tetracyclic sesquiterpene-ishwarane, Tomentosic acid, Bixin. Burn treatment, Diarrhea, Epilepsy.

19 Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarnava) Punarnavin, β-sitosterol, Ursolic acid. Dog bite, Jaundice, Stomach disorder,

Swelling, Headache, Cough, Jaundice.

20 Bryophyllun pinnatum. (Patharchata) Malic, isocitric and citric acids. Fracture

21 Butea monosperma. (Palas) Palasonin, β-sitosterol, a-amyrin, Palastrin, Butrin. Contraception, Leucorrhoea, Indigestion,

Gonorrhea, Fracture.

22 Cassia fistula (Amaltash) Sennosides α & β, Rhein, its glucoside barbaloin,

Aloin, Epiafzelchin dimers, Epicatechin - Epifzelchin

dimers, (+) Catechin, Epicatechin, Procyanidin β-2,

Betulinic acid, 7-methylphyscion, Beta-sitosterol.

Constipation, Gonorrhoea, Rheumatism.

23 Cassia occidentalis(Kasoundi) Emodin, Oxymethyl-anthraquiniones, Toxalbumin, Tannic and

Mucilage, Fatty oil.

Snake bites, Rheumatism, Eczema,

Fractures, Piles.

24 Cassia tora (Charota) Emodin, Kaempferol, D-mannitolstachydrine,

Choline, Emodin, Kaempferol, D-

mannitolstachydrine.

Diabetes, Ring worm, Easy delivery,

Malaria, Blood pressure.

25 Catharanthus roseus (Sdabahar) Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vincaleukoblastine. Diabetes, High blood pressure.


26 Celastrus Paniculatus (Malkagni) Acetic, Benzoic, Formic, Linolenic, Linoleic, Palmitic,

Stearic acid, Celapagine, Celapanigine, Celapanine,

Celastrol, Celastrine, Paniculatine, Celapanine.

Rheumatism, Diarrhea, Leprosy, Piles.

27 Centella asiatica (Mandupparni) Asiaticoside, Asiaticoside, Brahmoside, asiatic acid,

hydrocotylin, butulinic acid, Kaempferol, Glycosides

.

Fever, Snake-bite.

28 Chenopodium album (Bhathua) Kaempferol-7 rhamooniside and Ambroside. Vitamin C. Constipation, Piles, Skin Disorders.

29 Chlorophytum tuberosum

(Safed Musli)

Asparagin, Albuminic matter, Cellulose. Weakness, Diabetes.

30 Cissus quadrangualaris (Hadjod) Protien, fat, Vitamine C, Peptine. flavanoids, triterpenoids,

Vitamin C, stilbene.

Fracture, Indigestion.

31 Citrullus lanatus Nakai(Indrayan) Coloshithin, Saponin, Volatile oil, Glycaide, tenin. Jaundice, Sunstroke, Tuberculosis.

32 Cleome viscosa (HulHul) Viscosic acid, Viscosin. Tuberculosis, Wound.

33 Clerodendrum serratum (Padma) Saponin, Colestrane. Stomach disorder, Rheumatism, Asthma.

34 Clitoria ternatea (Aparajita) Tannins, resins, Starch, Taraxerol & Taraxerone. Indigestion, Headache.

35 Coleus ambionicus (Patharchur) Caryophyllene. Stones, Indigestion.

36 Commiphora mukul (Guggul) Guggulipid. Asthma, Epilepsy, Diabetes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxerol&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxerone&action=edit&redlink=1


37 Costus speciosus (Kevukand) Starch. Headache, Weakness.

38 Crinum latifolium (Sudarshan) Lycorine. Boils, Blood pressure, Rheumatism.

39 Curculigo orchioides (Kali musli) Flavone glycoside-5, 7-dimethoxy-dihydromyricetin,

Curculigo saponins, Hentriacontanol, Curculigosid,

Alkaloid lycorine, Aliphatic methoxy ketone,

Palmitic.

Weakness, Nose bleeding, Diarrhea.

40 Curcuma aromatica (Van haldi) Volatic oil, resin, starch, mucilage, sugar, gum, albuminoids,

curcumin.

Cancer, Wound, Indigestion, Cough & Cold.

41 Curcuma caesia (Kali Haldi) Volatic oil, resin, starch, mucilage, sugar, gum, albuminoids,

curcumin.

Cough & Cold, Fever, Skin diseases, Ring

worms, Jaundice.

42 Cuscuta reflexa (Amarbel) Cuscutalin, Cuscutin, Pigments, Amerbelin and Cuscutin, Wax. Diabetes, Fracture, Ring worms, Malaria,

Anti fertility.

43 Cyperus rotundus (Nagarmotha) Cineole, Pinene, Isocyperol, Cineole, Pinene,

Isocyperol.

Arthritis, Scorpion bite, Milk secretion.

44 Datura metel (Dhatura) Sitosterols, Pinene, Cineol, Linolenic, Linolic acid,

Oleic, Myrsitic, Stearic acid, Glycerol,

Cyperotundone, Cyperolone, Luteolin, Aureusidin.

Leprosy, Menstrual disorder, Earache,

Asthma, Arthritis.

45 Emblica officinalis (Anola) Kaempferol-36-D, Galactoside, Quercitrin, Rutin, Ursolic acid, N-

hexacosanol, Triacontane, Hyperoside, Pyrrolizidine, Alkaloids as

Senkirkine, Cloroine, β- Sitosterol, Ralmitic acid, Stigmasterol.

Diabetes, Indigestion, cough and cold.


46 Emilia sonchifolia (Hirankhuri) be simiral, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, palmitic acid and honey

acid.

Indigestion, Respiratory troubles, Stomach

complaints.

47 Euphorbia hirta (Dudhi) Alkaloids, Essential oil, I-Inositol and alkaloid Xanthorhamnin Milk secretion, Wounds.

48 Ficus bengalensis (Bargad) Leucoanthocyanin, 5, 7-dimethyl ether of

leucopelargonidin, Quercetin-3-galactoside, Rutin,

Friedelin, Tiglic acid ester

Pain, Fracture, Weakness, Diabetes,

Toothache.

49 Ficus racemosa (Gular) Albumine, fat, phosphorus, tenin. Weakness, Piles, Jaundice, Diarrhea.

50 Ficus religiosa (Pipal) Bergenin, Lupin-3-one, Methyl oleanolate,

Lanosterol, n-Octacosanol, Stigmasterol, Caeffic

acid

Weakness, Body pain.

51 Gloriosa superba (Kalihari) Colchicines, Gloriosine, Superbine, Colchicines,

Superbine.

Leprosy, Small-pox.

52 Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar) Gymnemagenin, Gymnemagenin, Gymnemic acid,

Gymnemic acid, Betaine, Choline, Valine, Alanine,

Ferulic, Gymnemic acid.

Piles, Fever, Diabetes, Milk secretion,

Snake-bite, Scorpion stings.

53 Hemidesmus indicus

(Ananthamul)

Vanillin, Lupeol, Hexadecanoic acid, Hemidesminine,

Dehydrolupeol acetate, Dehydrolupanyl -3-acetate,

Vanillin, Lupeol, Hexadecanoic acid, Hemidesminine.

Scabies/Ring worm, Dog bite, Snake bite,

Urinary disorders, Milk secretion.

54 Jatropha curcas (Ratanjot) Curcin, Fatty oil, Phytosterol, Phytosterolin, Surose,

Resinous matter.

Rheumatism, Menstrual disorder,

Toothache.


55 Lawsonia inermis (Mehandi) Esculetin, Scopoletin, 1- hydroxy-3,7 - dimethoxy- 6

- acetoxyxanthone, Glycosides, Lawsone,

Hennotannic acid, Essential Oil containing ß-Ionone.

Bleeding gums.

56 Madhuca indica (Mahua) Saponin-bassianin, Xylose, Arabinose, Glucose,

Myricetin, Quercetin, Rhamnoside, Histidine, Lysine,

Proline, Tryosine, Tryptophan, Cystine, Glutamine,

Arachidic, Oleic.

Indigestion, Skin disease, Diabetes.

57 Mentha arvensis (Pudina) Menthol, Menthone, Methy1 acetate. Indigestion.

58 Mimusops elengi (Bakul) Oleic, Linoleic, Palmitic, Stearic and Behenic acids,

Mimusopic and Mimusopsic acids, Bassic acid, β–

Amyrin.

Weakness, Diarrhea, Wound, Constipation,

Toothache.

59 Mucuna pruriens (Kaunch) Reddish viscous oiland Alkaloid Mucunine and Mucunadine. Weakness, Worm infection, Fever,

Diabetes.

60 Murraya koenigii (Mitha Neem) Coumarin, Glucoside, Scopolin. Scorpion bite, Diabetes.

61 Ocimum americanum (Van tulsi) β -Sitosterol, Ursolic acid, Beta -Sitosterol, Ursolic

acid.

Piles, Dog bite, Cough and Cold, Skin

disease, Malaria, Burns/Cuts/ wounds.

62 Piper nigrum (Kalimirch) Sabinene, Myrcene, Limonene and β-Pnene. Throat problem, Cough & cold, Asthma.

63 Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) Plumbagin, Biplumbagin, Chitranone, Zeylinone,

Plumbagic acid, Plumbazeylanone, Napthelenone,

Isoshinanolone.

Arthritis, Skin diseases, Anemia.


64 Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) Karanjin, Kanjone, Pongaglabrone, Arachiic,

Behenic, Lignolenic, Oleic, Linoleic, Myristic, Cerotic,

Glabrin.

Weakness, Indigestion, Piles.

65 Pueraria tuberosa (Patalkumhda) Hydroxytuberosone, anhydroxytuberosin, puerarostan,

puerarone, daidzen, Aphrodisiac.

Snake bite, Weakness.

66 Rauvolfia serpentina (Sarpgandha) Serpentine, Serpentinine, Ajmaline, Ajmalinine. Snake bite, Menstrual disorder, Blood

pressure, Epilepsy.

67 Saraca asoca (Ashok) Glycosidic principles, Non-phenolic, Sapogenetic,

Sterols, Tannins, Catechol, N-alkanes, Ester,

Epicatechin.

Menstrual disorder.

68 Smilax Zeylanica (Ram Dataun) Mannogalactan, Harmane carboxamide,

Norharmane, Cantleyine.

Blood pressure.

69 Solanum nigrum (Makoi) Vitamin b, Vitamin c, Citric acid, Flacokinase,

Glycoalkaloids viz. solasonine, Solanigrine,

Steroidal, Genin, Solasodine.

Cough, Weakness, Swelling-, Skin disease

Asthma, Arthritis.

70 Sphaeranthus indicus

(Gorakh Mundi)

Isoflavone glycoside-5, Citral, Eugenol, Geraniol,

Geranylacetate, Indicusene, Sphaerene,

Stigmasterol, β eudesmol, Ilicic acids.

Skin diseases, Piles, Weakness, Jaundice .

71 Strychnos potatorum (Nirmali) Mannogalactan, Harmane carboxamide,

Norharmane, Cantleyine, 18,19-

Constipation.


dihydrousambarensine, Polyneuridine,

Mannogalactan.

72 Swertia angustifolia (Chirayata) Carvacrol, v-terpinine & p-cymene, α & β pinene, Camphene. Diabetes.

73 Syzygium cumini (Jamun) Β-sitosterol. Diabetes, Wounds, Diarrhea, Asthma.

74 Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) Bark contains Sugars, Tannins (20 - 24 %),

colouring matter, Calcium and Sodium carbonates.

Arjunine, Arjunetin, Arjunolic.

Diabetes, Wounds, Headache, Malaria.

75 Terminalia bellerica (Behera) Chebulagic acid, Ellagic acid, Ethyl ester, Gallic acid,

Mannitol, Rhamnose, Bellericanin, Oxalic acid,

Palmitic, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid.

Abdominal pain / Vomiting, Ulcer,

Diarrhea, Heart ailments, Cough & Cold,

Fever.

76 Terminalia chebula (Harra) Chebulic acid, Chebulinic acid, Chebulagic acid,

Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Terchebin acid, Organic

acids.

Indigestion, Scabies, Throat infection,

Cough, Bleeding gums.

77 Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) Berberine, Giloin, Gilenin, Gilosterol and Tinosporin. Fever, Anemia, Tuberculosis, Wounds,

Stomach trouble Indigestion, Scabies,

Throat infection, Cough, Bleeding gums.

78 Vitex negundo (Nirgundi) Hentriacontane, Stigmasterol, Luteolin, Vanillic acid,

Limonene, Camphne, Syringic acid, Ferulic acid,

Glycine, Alanine, Valine.

Menstrual disorders, Headache, Cough &

cold, Fever.

79 Withania somnifera (Asgandh) Withanoloides α & β, Withaferin, Withanine, Sominine. Ear pain, Ulcer, Rheumatism, Weakness,


Restore fertility, Skin disease.

80 Xanthium strumarium

(Chotta ghokuru)

Glucoside, Xanthostrumarin, Oxalic acid. Tooth ache, Indigestion, Memory.

81 Zanthoxylum alatum (Tejabala) Barbenine, Magnoflonin, Xanthoflornin, Voltoil oil. Ulcers, Diarrhea, Intestinal worms, Wound,

Indigestion.

82 Zingiber officinale (Adarak) Asparogine, Pipecolic acid, Free amino acids. Jaundice, Cold, Indigestion, Diarrhea, Skin

diseases, Blood pressure.

Source: NMPB, C.G.SMPB and Ashalata et al., 2004

4.10 Soil profile of the study area

Soil profiles of study area were obtained block wise. All the soil samples of

different blocks of study area showed acidic pH (Figure 4.8). Electrical conductivity

of all blocks was found tobe neutral and ranges from 0.9 to 0.1 (Figure 4.9). About

0.9 electrical conductivity found in Patthalgaon block of Jashpur district and the

minimum (neutral) electrical conductivity 0.1 was found in Jashpur block of Jashpur

district (Figure 4.9). Ranges (OM) 0.88% to 0.27% in Masturi block of Bilaspur

district 0.88% Organic matter reported while in Takhatpur block of Bilaspur district

very low Organic matter 0.27% were found. (Figure 4.10). Very low nitrogen

contents, ranges from 74 to 21, were found in all the bloks of study area (Figure 4.11).

Range for phosphorus contents were as far as 61.9 phosphorus in Pathariya block of

Bilaspur district and minimum phosphorus content 12.95 (medium) was found in

Pendra block of Bilaspur district (Figure 4.12).

Range of maximum potassium content was 343 (high), found in Gaorella

block of undivided Bilaspur district and the minimum potassium content was 206

(medium), found in Antagarh block of Kanker district (Figure 4.13). Range of

maximum boron content was 0.4 (critical limit 0.5 mg /kg soil)) found in Farshabahar,

Manora & Kunkuri blocks of Jashpur district & the minimum boron content 0.2 mg

(critical limit 0.5 mg /kg soil)) found in Lorami block of Bilaspur district, Kansabel

and Bagicha blocks of Jashpur district and Koyalibeda & Bhanupratappur blocks of

Kanker District. (Figure 4.14). Sulfur content 0.5 mg (critical limit 0.5 mg /kg soil))

found in Gaorela block of Bilaspur district, Antagarh block of Kanker district. Few

blocks of Jashpur and Bilaspur showed 0.1 sulfer content (Figure 4.15). The calcium

content ranges from 0.19 Ppm to 0.94 Ppm in Tkhatpur and Gaorela blocks of

Bilaspur district respectively (Figure 4.16). Figure 4.17, Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19 show

the trace element found in different blocks of study area (Appendix- 4).

Figure 4.8 pH of soil of studied area.

6.1

5.88

5.9

5.91

5.99

5.9

6.05

6.35

5.55

6.18

5.48

6.15

5.68

6.45

6

5.95

5.46

5.76

6.18

5.55

6.45

6.25

6

6.45

5.7

1 Bhanupratappur, Dist: Kanker

2 Durgkondal, Dist: Kanker

3 Koyalibeda, Dist: Kanker

4 Narharpur, Dist: Kanker

5 Charma, Dist: Kanker

6 Kanker, Dist: Kanker

7 Antagarh, Dist: Kanker

8 Patthalgaon, Dist: Jashpur

9 Bagicha, Dist: Jashpur

10 Manora, Dist: Jashpur

11 Kunkuri, Dist: Jashpur

12 Farshabahar, Dist: Jashpur

13 Jashpur, Dist: Jashpur

14 Kansabel, Dist: Jashpur

15 Duldula, Dist: Jashpur

16 Bilha, Dist: Bilaspur

17 Gaorela, Dist: Bilaspur

18 Kota, Dist: Bilaspur

19 Lormi, Dist: Bilaspur

20 Marwahi, Dist: Bilaspur

21 Masturi, Dist: Bilaspur

22 Mungeli, Dist: Bilaspur

23 Pathariya, Dist: Bilaspur

24Takhatpur, Dist: Bilaspur

25 Pendra, Dist: Bilaspur

pH

Sa

mp

le n

o. a

nd

Pla

ce o

f sa

mp

lin

g

pH

pH

Figure 4.9 Electrical Conductivity of soil of studied area.

0.6

0.11

0.3

0.17

0.19

0.18

0.4

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.18

0.7

0.1

0.4

0.8

0.13

0.12

0.12

0.7

0.3

0.2

0.18

0.4

0.21

0.11


























Electrical Conductivity

Sam

ple

no

. an

d P

lace

of

sam

plin

gEC

EC

Figure 4.10 Organic matter of soil of studied area.

0.6

0.39

0.6

0.66

0.41

0.69

0.44

0.64

0.67

0.66

0.67

0.45

0.49

0.86

0.68

0.36

0.39

0.32

0.49

0.28

0.88

0.43

0.31

0.27

0.64


























OM

Sam

ple

no

. an

d P

lace

of

sam

plin

gOM

OM

Figure 4.11 Nitrogen content of soil of studied area.

64

26

44

74

61.8

53

71

44

60.8

29.5

66

62

48

26

56

63

53

69

46

23

54.5

21

26

21

29


























Nitrogen

Sam

ple

no

. an

d P

lace

if S

amp

ling

Nitrogen

Nitrogen

Figure 4.12 Phosphorus content of soil of studied area.

44.1

42

48.18

41.4

47

40.5

31

39.65

53.1

44.8

34.9

48.95

33.5

37.1

41

40.1

23.1

33.9

24

14.98

33.77

18.2

61.9

15.5

12.95


























Phosphorus

Sam

ple

no

. an

d P

lace

of

sam

plin

gPhosphorus

Phosphorus

Figure 4.13 Potassium content of soil of studied area.

257

303

291

332

277

315.5

206

277

277

250

334

301

297.5

211

241

298

343

211

256

281

265

297

207

211

303


























Potassium

Sam

ple

no

. an

d P

lace

of

sam

plin

gPotassium

Potassium

Figure 4.14 Boron content of soil of studied area.

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3


























Boron

SAm

ple

no

. an

d P

lace

of

Sam

plin

gAvailable "B"

Available "B"

Figure 4.15 Sulfur content of soil of studied area.

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6


























SULPHER

PLA

CE

OF

SAM

PLI

NG

Available"S"

Available "S"

Figure 4.16 Calcium content of soil of studied area.

0.52

0.56

0.55

0.49

0.45

0.54

0.5

0.29

0.5

0.44

0.76

0.64

0.41

0.43

0.42

0.54

0.94

0.5

0.68

0.28

0.76

0.51

0.75

0.19

0.81

0 0.5 1


























Calcium

Sam

ple

no

.an

d P

lace

of

sam

plin

gAvailable "Ca"

Available "Ca"

Figure 4.17 Magnesium content of soil of studied area.

0.48

0.41

0.39

0.44

0.39

0.4

0.46

0.77

0.75

0.94

0.43

0.27

0.78

0.47

0.84

0.4

0.4

0.41

0.41

0.43

0.91

0.86

0.32

0.7

0.63


























Magnesium

Sam

ple

no

. an

d S

amp

ling

Pla

ceAvailable "Mg"

Available "Mg"

Figure 4.18 Zinc content of soil of studied area.

65

69

69

60

57

53

56

80

92

56

98

89

64

68

44

56

81

56

97

76

42

38

87

99

44


























Zinc

Sam

ple

no

. an

d s

amp

ling

pla

ceAvailable "Zn"

Available "Zn"

Figure 4.19 Colony Frequency Unit of soil of studied area.

4.2

4

4.5

4.4

4.2

4

5

4

4.6

4

4.8

4.5

4

4.8

4

5

4

4.5

4

4.5

4

4

4.5

4

4.5


























Colony Frequency Unit

Sam

plin

g p

lace

an

d s

amp

le n

o.

C.F.U

C.F.U

4.11Status of medicinal plants of current studied

About 82 plants selected for study are at the margin of endangered condtion

because of their excessive exploitation by the Baiga.s As far as concern with the

literacy point of view, mostly Baigas are found illiterate or poor in education that is

why they only know the medicinal use of plants but they do not aware about

conservation practices. Table 4.8 shows endangered spp. Costus speciosus, Celastrus

Paniculatus, Euphorbia hirta , Gymnema sylvestre, Acorus calamus, Butea

monosperma, Curculigo orchioides, Madhuca indica, Strychnos potatorum , Swertia

angustifolia , Zanthoxylum alatum, Rauvolfia serpentina, Curcuma aromatic,

Curcuma caesia, Chlorophytum tuberosum , Gloriosa superb, Hemidesmus indicus,

Plumbago zeylanica, Clerodendrum serratum vulnerable spp. Andrographis

paniculata, Smilax Zeylanica, Terminalia chebula near threatened spp. Abrus

precatorius, Asparagus racemosus, Mucuna pruriens low risk least concern spp. Vitex

negundo and low risk spp. Terminalia arjuna as decleared by National Botanical

Research Institute (NBRIL), Lucknow and FRLHT, Bangalore inIndia. Out of 82, 17

plants fall under endangered spp. (Table 4.8, Appendix- 1).

Table 4.8 Distribution of plant by Status.

SN Scientific Name Common Name Family Status

1. Abrus precatorius L. Ratti Gunja Fabaceae NT (FRLHT)

2. Abutilon indicum L. Atibala Malvaceae

3. Acacia catechu L.F.Willd. Khair Mimosaceae

4. Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarg Amaranthaceae

5. Acorus calamus L. Bach Araceae EN (FRLHT)

6. Adhaatosa vasika Adusa Acanthaceae

7. Aegle marmelos L. Corr. Bael Rutaceae

8. Aloe vera L. Burm. Ghikumari Liliaceae

9. Anacyclus pyrethrum L. Akarkara Asteraceae

10. Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Acanthaceae VU (FRLHT)

11. Argemone mexicana L. Satyanasi Papaveraceae

12. Asparagus racemosus Wild. Satavar Liliaceae NT (FRLHT)

13. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Meliaceae

14. Bacopa monnieri L. Pennell Brabmbhi Scrophulariaceae

15. Barleria prionitis L. Vajradanti, Acanthaceae


16. Basella alba L. Poi Basellaceae

17. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar Caesalpiniaceae

18. Bixa orellana L. Sinduri Bixaceae

19. Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punarnava Nyctaginaceae

20. Bryophyllun pinnatum Patharchata Crassulaceae

21. Butea monosperma (LAM.) Palas Fabaceae EN (NBRIL)

22. Cassia fistula L. Amaltash Caesalpiniaceae

23. Cassia occidentalis L. Kasoundi Caesalpiniaceae

24. Cassia tora L. Charota Caesalpiniaceae

25. Catharanthus roseus L. G.Don Sdabahar Apocynaceae

26. Celastrus Paniculatus Willd. Malkagni Celastraceae EN (NBRIL) VU (FRLHT)

27. Centella asiatica L. Mandupparni Apiaceae

28. Chenopodium album L. Bhathua Chenopodiaceae

29. Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker Safed Musli Liliaceae EN( NBRIL) VU (FRLHT)

30. Cissus quadrangualaris L. Hadjod Vitaceae

31. Citrullus lanatus Nakai Indrayan Cucurbitaceae

32. Cleome viscosa L. HulHul Cleomaceae DD (NBRIL)


33. Clerodendrum serratum L. Padma Verbenaceae EN (FRLHT)

34. Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita Fabaceae

35. Coleus ambionicus Lour. Patharchur Lamiaceae

36. Commiphora mukul Guggul Burseraceae

37. Costus speciosus Kevukand Costaceae EN (NBRIL)VU (FRLHT)

38. Crinum latifolium L. Sudarshan Liliaceae

39. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli Liliaceae EN (NBRIL)

40. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Van haldi Zingiberaceae EN (NBRIL) EN (FRLHT)

41. Curcuma caesia Kali Haldi Zingiberaceae EN (NBRIL) EN (FRLHT)

42. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb Amarbel Convolvulaceae

43. Cyperus rotundus L. Nagarmotha Cyperaceae

44. Datura metel L. Dhatura Solanaceae

45. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Anola Euphorbiaceae

46. Emilia sonchifolia L. Hirankhuri Asteraceae

47. Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhi Euphorbiaceae EN (NBRIL)

48. Ficus bengalensis L. Bargad Moraceae

49. Ficus racemosa L. Gular Moraceae


50. Ficus religiosa L. Pipal Moraceae

51. Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari Liliaceae EN (NBRIL) VU (FRLHT)

52. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Gudmar Asclepiadaceae EN (NBRIL) VU(FRLHT)

53. Hemidesmus indicus L. Ananthamul Asclepiadaceae EN( NBRIL) VU(FRLHT)

54. Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot Euphorbiaceae

55. Lawsonia inermis L. Mehandi Lythraceae

56. Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahua Sapotaceae EN( NBRIL)

57. Mentha arvensis L. Pudina Lamiaceae

58. Mimusops elengi L. Bakul Sapotaceae

59. Mucuna pruriens L. Kaunch Fabaceae NT(FRLHT)

60. Murraya koenigii L. SPR.

Mitha Neem Rutaceae

61. Ocimum americanum L. Van tulsi Lamiaceae

62. Piper nigrum L. Kalimirch Piperaceae

63. Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitrak Plumbaginaceae EN (NBRIL) VU (FRLHT)

64. Pongamia pinnata Karanj Fabaceae

65. Pueraria tuberosa Patalkumhda Fabaceae

66. Rauvolfia serpentina L. Sarpgandha Apocnaceae EN (NBRIL) CR (FRLHT)


67. Saraca asoca

Ashok Caesalpiniaceae

68. Smilax Zeylanica Ram Dataun Liliaceae VU (NBRIL)

69. Solanum nigrum L. Makoi Solanaceae

70. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Gorakh Mundi Asteraceae

71. Strychnos potatorum L. Nirmali Loganiaceae EN (NBRIL)

72. Swertia angustifolia Ham. Chirayata Gentianaceae EN (NBRIL)

73. Syzygium cumini L. Jamun Myrtaceae

74. Terminalia arjuna Roxb.

Arjuna Combretaceae LR (NBRIL) NT(FRLHT)

75. Terminalia bellerica Roxb. Behera Combretaceae

76. Terminalia chebula Retz. & willd Harra Combretaceae VU(FRLHT)

77. Tinospora cordifolia Giloy Menispermaceae

78. Vitex negundo L. Nirgundi Verbeneceae LRLC( NBRIL)

79. Withania somnifera L. Asgandh Solanaceae

80. Xanthium strumarium Chotta ghokuru Asteraceae

81. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb Tejabala Rutaceae EN( NBRIL)

82. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adarak Zingiberaceae

Source: National botanical research Institute, Lucknow (NBRIL) and Foundation for the revitalization of local health traditions, Bangalore (FRLHT).

DD- Data Deficient, VU- Vulnerable, EN- Endangered, CR- Critically Endangered, LR- Low Risk, LRLC- Low Risk Least Concern, NT- Near Threatened. NBRIL-, FRLHT-

PLATE – 4.1

(i) Abrus precatorius (Ratti Gunja) (ii) Abutilon indicum (Atibala)

(iii) Acacia catechu (Khair) (iv) Achyranthes aspera (Apamarg)

(v) Acorus calamus (Bach) (vi) Adhaatosa vasika (Adusa)

PLATE – 4.2

(i) Aegle marmelos (Bael) (ii) Aloe vera (Ghikumari)

(iii) Anacyclus pyrethrum (Akarkara) (iv) Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh)

(v) Argemone mexicana (Satyanasi) (vi) Asparagus racemosus (Satavar)

PLATE – 4.3

(i) Azadirachta indica (Neem) (ii) Bacopa monnieri (Brabmbhi)

(iii) Barleria prionitis (Vajradanti) (iv) Basella alba (Poi)

(v) Bauhinia variegata (Kachnar) (vi) Bixa orellana (Sinduri)

PLATE – 4.4

(i) Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarnava) (ii) Bryophyllun pinnatum (Patharchata)

(iii) Butea monosperma (Palas) (iv) Cassia fistula (Amaltash)

(v) Cassia occidentalis (Kasoundi) (vi) Cassia tora (Charota)

PLATE – 4.5

(i) Catharanthus roseus (Sdabahar) (ii) Celastrus Paniculatus (Malkagni)

(iii) Centella asiatica (Mandupparni) (iv) Chenopodium album (Bhathua)

(v) Chlorophytum tuberosum(Safed Musli) (vi) Cissus quadrangualaris (Hadjod)

PLATE – 4.6

(i) Citrullus lanatus (Indrayan) (ii) Cleome viscosa.(HulHul)

(iii) Clerodendrum serratum (Padma) (iv) Clitoria ternatea (Aparajita)

(v) Coleus ambionicus (Patharchur) (vi) Commiphora mukul (Guggul)

PLATE – 4.7

(i) Costus speciosus (Kevukand) (ii) Crinum latifolium (Sudarshan)

(iii) Curculigo orchioides (Kali musli) (iv) Curcuma aromatica (Van haldi)

(v) Curcuma caesia (Kali Haldi) (vi) Cuscuta reflexa (Amarbel)

PLATE – 4.8

(i) Cyperus rotundus (Nagarmotha) (ii) Datura metel (Dhatura )

(iii) Emblica officinalis (Anola) (iv) Emilia sonchifolia (Hirankhuri)

(v) Euphorbia hirta (Dudhi) (vi) Ficus bengalensis (Bargad)

PLATE – 4.9

(i) Ficus racemosa (Gular) (ii) Ficus religiosa (Pipal)

(iii) Gloriosa superba (Kalihari) (iv) Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar)

(v) Hemidesmus indicus (Ananthamul) (vi) Jatropha curcas (Ratanjot)

PLATE – 4.10

(i) Lawsonia inermis (Mehandi) (ii) Madhuca indica (Mahua)

(iii) Mentha arvensis (Pudina) (iv) Mimusops elengi (Bakul)

(v) Mucuna pruriens (Kaunch) (vi) Murraya koenigii (Mitha Neem)

PLATE – 4.11

(i) Ocimum americanum (Van tulsi) (ii) Piper nigrum (Kalimirch)

(iii) Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak ) (iv) Pongamia pinnata (Karanj)

(v) Pueraria tuberosa (Patalkumhda) (vi) Rauvolfia serpentina (Sarpgandha)

PLATE – 4.12

(i) Saraca asoca (Ashok) (ii) Smilax Zeylanica (Ram Dataun)

(iii) Solanum nigrum (Makoi) (iv) Sphaeranthus indicus (Gorakh Mundi)

(v) Strychnos potatorum L. (Nirmali) (vi) Swertia angustifolia Ham. (Chirayata)

PLATE – 4.13

(i) Syzygium cumini (Jamun) (ii) Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna)

(iii) Terminalia bellirica (Behera) (iv) Terminalia chebula (Harra)

(v) Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) (vi) Vitex negundo (Nirgundi)

PLATE – 4.14

(i) Withania somniferan (Asgandh) (ii) Xanthium strumarium (Chotta ghokuru)

(iii) Zanthoxylum alatum (Tejabala) (iv) Zingiber officinale (Adarak)

RESULTS - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9410/15/15_chapter 4.pdf · Curcuma caesia Kali Haldi Zingiberaceae H 119 95.2 5 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adarak

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