Республика Казахстан. Президент. Институты демократии

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5. J\HAepCTBO KilK l!HCTpyMeHT AOCTHJKemrn: n:eAeii OII­

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6. J\11AepCTBO KaK C03AaHHe CTpyKTYPhI, pe3yAhTilTOM

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cpopM \HAepCTBa? 06hl'IH0, OHO KacaeTC5I KOHTpOM! HaA

pe!lleH115IMH OTHOCl1TeAhHO 06IUCCTBeHI-IOH IIOAHTHKH. CTo­

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CTB11e 3aH5ITH5I Bh!COKOM AOAJKHOCTH B 3aKOHHOM rrpaBH­

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cpeAH KOHKyp11py10ru11x HHAHBHAOB, HMe10ru11x pa3AH'!­

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O'!eBHAeH CAeAy10ru11i1: "KTo TaKHe IIOAHTH'IeCKHe AHAe­

]Jh!?" KaKHe THIIbl A!OAeH CTpeM5ITC5I l1 B KOHUe KOHUOB 3a­

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B 3<1Bl1Cl1MOCTl1 OT HHAHBHAYaAhHOH Cl1Abl HAH CAa60CTH aKTepa (4).

Apyr11M11 CAOBaMH, 11HA11BHAYilAhHOCTh IIOAHTH'leCKO­

ro dKTepa crroco6Ha IIOAHTl1'1eCKl1 rrp05IBHTbC5I TO.l\bKO B

C;\y•rae 6.1\aronpm!THOI'O (IIOAaT.l\HBOro) OKpyJKeHH5I, KO­

rAil OH pacnO.l\OJKeH Ha Bep!llHHe H.l\H 6.1\113 Hee l1 KOI'Aa era

KOHKpeTHOe yMeH11e OTBe<raeT II0Tpe6HOCT5IM KOHKpernoH:

CJ1Tyau1111. c 3TOH TO'IKH 3peHH5!, AHAep II05IBA5IeTC5! KaK

pe3yAhTaT YAil'IHOro COBIIaAeHlrn MeJKAY AH'IHOCTblO KOH­

KpeTHOI'O ilKTepa l1 ycAOBI15!MH OKpyJKatorue:H cpeAbl.

8

3p11K 3pl1KCOH rrnca.I\, 'ITO HaCTOllIIIHe .l\HAepbI (B rrpo­THBOIIO.l\OJKHOCTb pyKOBOAHTe.l\5IM) MOryT IIOllBHTbCll TO.l\b­

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Ha BOIIpOChI: "KaKOBO OKpyJKeH11e?" H "KTO IIOC.l\eAoBaTe­

.1\H?" To ecTh Heo6xOAHMO aHa.l\11311ponaTh KOM611Haumo

BHyTpeHHero l1 BHerrmero MHpa (5). 3pl1KCO!-I CBOHMH IICH­XO.l\Orll'recKHMH 6rrorpaq:mllMH MapTHHa .l\10Tepa KrrHra

11 MaxaTMhI faHAH y6eJKAaeT, 'ITO Be.l\HKHMH .l\HAepaMH

He POJKAaIOTCll, OHH ITOllB.l\lllOTCll H3 Toro pe30HaHca, KO­TOpbIH y HHX eCTb c TeMH, KOro 0!-IH IIOBeAyT .

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JKeHHll, 'IeM B IIO.l\HTH'IeCKHX CHCTeMa:x;, AeHCTBYIOIIIHX

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65 .l\eT Ha3aA fapO.l\hA .l\accy3.I\ B CBOeii IIlIOHepCKOH KHHre "DcrrxorraTO.l\OI'Hll I1 IIO.l\HTHKa" CAe.l\a.I\ BbIBOA, 'ITO

cymecTByeT o6mall cpopMy ./\a, o6'bllCHllIOIIIall, rro'IeMy .l\IOAH CTaHOBllTCll IIO.l\HTI1'IeCKHMI1 .l\HAepaMrr:

"P} D} R = P", rAe P = .l\H'IHbre MOTHBhr; D = rrepeMe­

meHHe Ha o6mecTBeHHHii o6'heKT; R = pauuoHaAI13dUI1ll c TO'IKH 3peHHll o6ruecTBeHHOro HHTepeca; p = IIO.l\HTH-'IeCKHH '!e.l\OBeK, } = rrepeXOA K ..• (6). .

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IIO.l\lITI1'IeCKI1MH .l\IIAepaMH, ITOJ\yqrr.l\a IIII1pOKOe rrpH3Ha­

HI1e.

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Ka.3axcTaHa.

2-196 9

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aTMOCcpepe, B KOTopo:H OH BCTYITIIA B o6mecTBeHHYIO

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(1, c.20). Doc.11.e UIK0.11.bI 6b1.11.a HeyAa'IHaH rrorrbITKa rrocrymfTh Ha

xHMH•recKHH cpaKy AbTeT Ka3axcKoro rocy AapcTBeHHoro

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CAaeT 3K3aMeHbI B KHescKHii HHCTHTYT rpaJKAdHCKOH aBHa­

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roc.11.oBeHHH poAHTe.11.e:H. AyMaIO, 3TO He caMaH IIAOXdH <Iep­

Ta Moero IIOKOAeHrrH"(l,c.27-28).

B.11.HHHHe TpaAHUHOHHOro BOCITHTaHHH, KOTOpbIM B TO

BpeM5I 6bI.ll.a CH.11.bHa Ka3aXCKd5I CeMb5I, rrpeAonpeAe.11.H.11.0

cyTh AH<IHOCTH 6yAynrero Dpe3HAeHTa.

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HO TdK H CAY'IHAOCb. POAHOe ce.11.0 OKa3aAOCb TeCHblM A.11.H

HX CbIHa.

B Ka3aXCTaHe B Te AHH rpeMe.11.0 Ha3BaHHe HOBOro ropo­

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1 I

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6AaroeAOBeHHe OTIJ;a H rryTeBKY B paHKOMe KOMeOMOAa,

IOHOllla rroexaA B TeMHpTay. 3Aeeb rrporreXOAHT BaJKHe:il:IIIee eo6bITHe B JKH3HH MO­

AOAOfO H.Ha3ap6aeBa, 6AaroAapll KOTopoMy ero ey Ab6a IIOBepHyAaeb B eoBepllleHHO Apyryro eTOpoHy. DpoBeAH 17 AeT CBOeH JKH3HH B ecj:lepe TpaAHUHOHHOH KYALTypb!, BOeIIHTaHHll, pOAHOfO otrara, l!3b!Ka, OH IIOIIaAaeT H3 rrprr­Bbl'IHOH eeAheKOH eon:rraAbHOH epeAbl B HOByJO, HeH3BeeT­

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He yerreAH KOMeOMOAbUbl-A06poBOAbllbl rrpMeryIIHTb K

pa6oTe B TeMHpTay, KaK BeeM, HMeIOmHM epeAHee o6pa-30BaHrre, npeAAOJKHAH exaTb ytrMThel! B AHerrpOA3epJKHH­eKoe MeTaAAyprrrtreeKoe ytrHAHIIJ;e.

"DepBoe rroeemeHrre AHerrpOA3epJKHHeKoro MeTMAyp­

rwreeKoro 3aBOAa rrpOM3BeAO Tl!fOeTHOe BIIe'IaTAeHHe. ITpeAeTaBbTe ee6e rrapHH-eTeIIHl!Ka, oKa3aBineroeH Brrep­Bhre Ha MeTaAAyprrrl:ieeKOM 3aBOAe ... CrryeTll HeeKO.l\hKO

AHeH K08-KTO 3aIIpOCHAe5! AOMOH. DpeACTaBAlllO ce6e, 'ITO eTaAH 0 Hae rroroBapHBaTb rroeAe 3Toro Ha 3aBOAe .•. CAy­XH 0 "HeIIOAHOU:eHHOeTH" Ka3aXeKOH MOAOAeJKH Bee-TaKH AO Hae AOXOAHAH. I1 3TO. CTaAO MOIIJ;HhlM CTHMY ASiTOpOM HalllHX eaMOAl06HBb!X yCTpeMAeHHH" ( l ,e.4 7).

H.Ha3ap6aeB 3aKOH'IHA y'IrrArrme e BOebMb!M pa3pl!AOM, TO ecn, BIIOAHe KBaAHcj:lrrurrpoBaHHb!M pa60'IHM, TaK KaK B 'lepHOH MeTaAAyprHH Bb!ClllHH pa3pl!A Aeel!Tb!H.

ITocAe ytrHAHma H.Ha3ap6aeB eTaA pa6oTaTu tryryHIUH­KOM, IIOTOM ero IIOCTaBHAH 'IeTBepTb!M ropHOBb!M. He Bee rrapHH-Ka3aXH Bb!AepJKHBaAM B AOM.eHHOM uexe. DpHXO­AHAOCb CAbilllaTb ycMelllKH: "Hy, pa3Be TaKMX HaytrHIIIb pa6oTaTb, MM 6bl TOAbKO 6apaHOB nai;:ni:." "3aAeBaAH MeH)J

TaKHe CAOBa CHAhHo.TorAa )J AaA ce6e KAl!TBy: YMPY )J 3AeCb, cr0p10, HO TaKHX CAOB 060 MHe He CKaJKyT! c 3TO:ii: KJ\.)JTBOH lI H AepJKaAC5I" ( l ,e.67).

'-Iepe3 IIOAfOAa ero rrocraBHAH BTOpb!M ropHOBblM, XOTH eCTb TaKoe rrpaBH110: 'IT06bI BeC'l VI rrpol(eee 11 BC!O 6puraAv

1 2

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19

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20

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AOCTOHHCTBO, HeAb3H pell1J1Tb poBHb!M C'IeTOM HJ1qero"(l,c.97).

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2 1

A.II.JI AIOAei1:, TO Ha AIOAe:il: 11 HaAO ormpaTbCJI. Penm.11. 3Toro rrpaB11.11.a 11 rrp11AepJK11BaTbCH" ( l ,c.99).

0AHa rrpo'!HaH orropa y Hero yJKe 6br.11.a - Ko.11..11.eKT.l<fB KaparaHAl1HCKoro MeTa.11..11.ypr11qecKoro KOM611HaTa, ero rrapTopratt:irnarurn, OTKyAa OH 11 rrp:imre.11. B 06.11.acTHOM KO­Ml1TeT. B IIOAAepJKKe ]\ieTa.11..11.yproB ceKpeTapb o6KoMa He COMHeBa.11.CH. TpyAHee OKa3a.ll.OCb 3aBOeBaTb AOBep11e rnax­TepoB. Tio.11.roAa 6hI.ll.O IIOTpaqeHO Ha TO, 'IT06LI JI06bIBaTb Ha Bcex 26 rnaxTax yro.11.bHoro 6accei1:rrn. l1 0Ka3a.11.ocb, 'ITO rrpo6.11.eMhI y rnaxTepoB Te JKe, 'ITO 11 y MeTa.11..11.yproB - 11.eH­Tpa.11.1130BaHHOe BhIAe.11.eHHe Karr11Ta.ll.bHbIX B.ll.O:>KeHl1M 11 pacITpeAe.11.eHHe cj:JOHAOB. BHOBh ITp11rn.11.ocb ITpeAITPHHHMaTb aTaKy Ha U:eHTp. B pe3y.11.bTaTe K KOHll.Y ITepBoro rOAa pa-60TbI H.Ha3ap6aeBa Ha nocTy ceKpeTaplI o6KoMa BhillI.11.0 ITOCTaHoB.11.eH11e CoBeTa M11Hl1CTpOB CCCP ITO y .11.yqrne­HHIO JKH.ll.Hlll.H0-6hITOBhIX yc.11.0B11i1: rnaxTepoB KaparaHALI (1, c.99-101).

CTpeM.11.eHne OCB060Al1TbClI OT MOHOIT0.11.bHOM B.ll.aCTl1 U:eHTpa, ITpeBpaT11Brnero Ka3axcTaH B CbipheBoi1: ITp11Aa­TOK, Aecj:JopMnpoBaBrnero CTPYKTYPY HapoAHOro X03lIMCT­Ba, OCTaHeTClI Ba)f(HeHllI11M 3.11.eMeHTOM II0.11.11Tl1'1ecKOH AelI­Te.ll.bHOCTl1 11 6y Aymero IlpeACeAaTeAH CoBeTa Ml1Hl1CTpOB pecITy6.11.HKn, n TiepBoro ceKpeTaplI U:K KoMITapT1111 Ka-3axcTaHa, H Tipe3HAeHTa Ka3axcKoi1: CCP.

A Ha'la.11.ocb Bee c 3aITl1CKl1 M0.11.0Aoro ceKpeTapH rrapT­KOMa KapMeTKOM611HaTa B U:K KTICC o KaTacTpocj:JwiecKoM TIO.ll.OJKeHl111 Ae.11. Ha ITpeAIIPl1HTl1H. Pe3yAbTaTOM CTa.11.0 pac­CMOTpeHHe Ha CeKpeTapHaTe Borrpoca "O pa6oTe ITapTKO­Ma KaparaHAl1HCKOro MeTa.11..11.ypr11qecKoro KOM6HHaTa ITO yKpeIT.11.eHHIO TPYAOBOM n rrpon3BOACTBeHHOi1 AMCll.11IT.ll.M­HhI, C03AaHl1lO CTa611.ll.bHOro KO.ll..ll.eKTl1Ba Ha ITpeAITPl1HTl1ll." "Hy, AyMaIO, cH11MaTh 6yAyT c pa60ThI. Brrpo'IeM, oco6eH­HO He BOAHOBa.11.cJI: BepHych B 11.ex, He nporraAy ... Moe BhICTyIT.11.eH11e Ha CeKpeTapnaTe U:K KTICC rrpon3Be.11.o Cl1.11.bHOe Blle'laT.11.eHne, 11 MeHJI TaM B3ll.ll.11 Ha 3aMeTKy, KaK paccKa3bIBa.11. MHe HeCK0.11.hKO .11.eT crrycTJI A.A.KyHaeB, 6y­AY'111 B xoporneM pacrro.11.o:>KeH1111 Ayxa. 3To, oqeBrrAHO, BO MHOI'OM 11 OITpeAe.11.11.11.0 TO, 'ITO qepe3 'IeTb!pe fOAa MeH51 peKoMeHAOBa.11.11 ceKpeTapeM KaparaHA11HCKoro o6KoMa rro rrpOMLillI.11.eHHOCTl1" ( 1,c. 98).

TaKnM o6pa30M, B 70-e rr. 1Ip011CXOA11T CTaHOB.11.eH11e H.Ha3ap6aeBa KaK IIO.ll.11Tl1'IeCKOro .ll.11Aepa per110Ha.ll.bHO­ro ypoBHH. B .11.11'!Hhrx .11.11 Ka'IeCTBax trpH'IHHa, 11.11.11 3TO CBlI-3aHo c JI0.ll.11Tli'leCKOM p0.11.blO - rrorraAaHneM B HOMeHK.11.a­Typy? 0AHaKO B Te I'OAbl MHorne .ll.IOA11 BbICTyrra.11.n B II0-

22

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OHll AeHCTBHTeAbHO crroco6Hbl ll3MeHllTb cou11aAbHOe OK­

py.1KeH11e 11 rrpOAO>KllTb rryTb Apyr11M, MeHee caMoCTOH­

TeAbHbIM IIOCAeAoBaTeAHM.

J\wrnocTHbre 'IepTb! H.Ha3ap6aeBa, rrpoHBllBllIHecH y>Ke

B MOAOAOCTH, OIIbIT, rrp1106peTeHHbIH B 60-70-e rr. Ha KOM­

COMOAbCKOH 11 rrapTllHHOH pa6oTe, 11 ccpopMllpOBaAll ero

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KO llHTerp11poBaHHOrO B CllCTeMy. Heo6XOA11Mb!e AMAep­

CKlle Ka'!eCTBa - 3Hepr11qHOCTb, HHTeAAeKT, MOTllBaUIIH Ha

AOCTll.1KeHI1e ueAeil, 06ru11TeAbHOCTb, r116KOCTb, crroco6-

HOCTb 6b!CTpo BHllKaT.b B AeTaAH B IIOAHOH Mepe IIp05IB5IT­

C5I B IIOCAeAyIOIUllH rrepllOA aKTllBHOCTll H.Ha3ap6aesa KaK

3peAoro rocy AapcTBeHHoro Ae5ITeA5I. Ho 11 rrepBb!H ero

ITOAllTllqecKHH .OIIbIT II03BOA5IeT o6Hapy>KllTb llX. DoqTll

ABa AeC5ITllAeTll5I crryCT5I MOCKOBCKllH >KypHaAHCT CKaJKeT

o Ha3ap6aeBe: "OH 11 rrp11 KOMMYHHCT11qecKOM pe>KHMe H~ 3aTep5IACH 6br" (7).

0AHaKO MOr All OH B Te rOAbl CTaTb AHAepoM pecrry6AH­

KaHCKoro MaCllITa6a HAH TeM Ha3ap6aeBb!M, KOTOporo Mb!

3HaeM ce:H'!ac? AyMaeTCH, HeT, H He TOAbKO B CHAY B03pac­

Ta H HeAOCTaTOqHoro IIOAllTH'IeCKOrO OIIb!Ta. fAaBHb!M

rrpernITCTBHeM 6b!Aa CllCTeMa.

f.11.aBa3 CMCTEMA 11 AMAEP

B Teopllll IIOAllTll<recKoro AllAepCTBa 60AbllIOe BH11Ma­

HJ1e YAeA5feTC5I TOMy, KaKllM o6pa30M J1 rroqeMy AllAep

06pe11. cBoe Hhrnenrnee rroAo.1KeH11e. AocTHr 11.11 ero 611.aro­

AapH CllCTeMe, rrpOABllHY 11.CH 11.ll rrpH IIOAAep>KKe IIOKpo­

BHTeAH 1111.ll. BCAeACTBMe CBOero OIIbITa 11 OC06bIX Ka<reCTB?

• 3Ta llH¢opMaUll5I MO.IKeT MHoroe CKa3aTb 0 TOM, Ha­

CKOJ\.bKO xopOIIIO 11.llAep 3HaeT 11.IOAeH, rpyIIIIbl, opraHH3a-

23

U11H, e KOTOpb!MH OH AOA)!(eH pa6oTaTb, B KaKOH eTerreHl1

OH 6yAeT pa3Ae/\HTL HX HOpMbl 11 ueAl1, HaCKO/\bKO OH 3a­

Bl1el1M OT orrpeAe/\eHHb!X Hl-IAl1Bl1AOB 11 rpyrrrr 11 OTBeTeT­

BeH rrepeA Hl1M11, KaK11e ITOJ\.HOMO'll15! 11MeeT J\.11Aep AJl.5!

oeyw:eeTBJ\.eHl15! H3MeHeHl1H.

KaKOBa 6brl\a rrOAHTWieeKaH peaAhHOeTb, qJopMnposas­

w:aH AHAepeTBO H.Ha3ap6aesa?

Y)!(e K 30-M rr. rroJ1.11Tw1eeKaH eneTeMa CCCP rrpespa­

Tl1Aaeb B TOTal\bHO foopoKpaTl1311pOBaHHYIO, 3dMKHYTYID,

e OT'lY)!(AeHJ,IeM OT ei:j:Jepbl ITOJ\.11Tl1KH npaKTH'IeeKH seero

HaeeAeH11H. f1porpeee11py10rn.ee ey)!(eHHe ecpepbr AeMoKpa­

THH oco6eHHO HpKO 6bI/\0 Bl1AH0 B pe3KOM ITaAeHHl1 p0Al1

opraHOB 3aKOHOAdTe/\bHO~i BJ\.aCTl1, B cpopMd/\bHb!X rrpo­

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rrpHH5IJ\.O HCKJ\.!O'fHTe/\bHO 610poKpaTH'IeCKl1H xapaKTep,

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K/\aCeHKaMl1 Teop1111 610poKpaTl1H, - 1\05!/\bHOeTb H J\.11'!­

HaH rrpeAaHHOCTb BbiilleCTOHW:eMy Hil'Ial\.bHHKy, paeuBeT

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6a 610poI<paTH'JeeKHX KJ\.l1K - Bee 3TO no rrpaBy OTHOeH­

AOeb H K eoBeTeKOH 6IOpOKpdTl1H.

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ro roeIIOACTBa 610poKpaTHH. Ho 6hrAa B 3TOJ\I 11 e11AbHa5l

eTopoHa.

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naAHble An6epaALHLie rocy AapcTBa B ueAOM rrp11HaAJ1.e)!(dT

K KdTerop1111 3cpcpeKTl1BHbIX, a He 601\.bHb!X IIOJ\.11Tl1'feeKHX

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Ka)!(AaH H3 3THX eTparr, no MHerrmo XaHTl1HrTOHa, -

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B Ka)!(AOH eTpaHe rpa)!(AdHe H HX Jl.11Aepbl pa3Ael\.5IJ\.11 B

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610poKpaTHIO, xoporno opraHH30BaHHhie rrOAHTH'JeCKHe

24

rrapnm (B CCCP - rrapnuo). BhICOKHH ypoBeHh HapoAHo­

ro yl'.faCTIUI B o6mecTBeHHh!X AeAax, IUHpOKYIO aKTHBHOCTh

rrpaBHTeJl.bCTBa B 3KOHOMHKe H 3cpcpeKTHBHb!e rrpoueAyph!

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cpAHKTdMH.

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HhlX rrpaBHTeAhCTB B CM5Irl'.feHHH roAOAa, YAYl'.fIIIeHHH 3AO­

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cpeKTHBHYIO BAacTh. Hx HAeOAOfHlI C03AaeT OCHOBY AerH­

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BJ\.dCTH. 0HH MOfYT He rrpeAOCTaBHTh CB060Ahl, HO OH11

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Topoe MOJKeT rrpaBHTb"(l).

B rry6AHUHCTHKe nal'.faAa 90-x rr. 6bIAH HepeAKH YTBep­

JKAeHH5I Tmra: "HypcyATaH .Ha3ap6aeB - caM06b!THhIH 11

Cl1J\.hHhIH IIOJ\.HTHK HOBOH cpopMdUHl1, XOTH ero IIYTb K rro­

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Ha TI0AHT610po UK KTICC) He rroMeIIIaAa H.Ha3ap6aeBy

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B 3KOHOMHKe" (2). AettCTBHTeAhHO AH Kapbepa H.Ha3ap6aeBa cooTBeTCT­

ayeT KAdCCHl'.feCKl1M KaHOHaM? 11eM o6'blICHHeTCH TOfAa

rrpHOpHTeTHOCTh ero II03HUHH He TOJ\.bKO B rrpoB03fJ\.dllle­

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TH'IeCKHX 3!\.HT 3dBHCHT OT ABYX cpaKTOpoa: OT TOH poAH,

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UHOHHOfO arrrrapaTa, rrpeo6J1.aAa10mero B IIOJ\.HTHKO-aAMH­

HHCTpaTl1BHOH CHCTeMe. Tio MHeHHIO aMep11KaHCKOfO rro­

J\.HTOJl.Ora fi.POKM3Ha, B 11'.0Jl.HTHl'.feCKHX CHCTeMaX COBpeMeH­

HOCTH rrpeo6AaAaIOT ABa BHAa OT6opa: "rHAhAHH" H "an­

TperrpeHepcKaH CHCTeMa"(3).

CHcTeMa "rHAhAHH" o6bI'IHO cpHAhTpyeT H oT6HpaeT

6ropoKpaTH'IecKHe 3AHThI. AMI Hee BaJKHhr o6pa30BaHHe,

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BXOJKAeHHe B Hee. KA101'.feBbIM AJl.H KdHAHAdTa HBJ\.HeTCH

crroco6HOCTh BIIHCaTbCH B 3TY CHCTeMy H IIOATBepJKAdTb

4-186 25

roerroAeTBY!OIUI:Ie B Heii HOpMbI. I1pou;eee OT6opa 3Aeeb -OTHOeI:ITel\.bHO '!aeTHOe Ae.11.0, ero rrpoBOAllT He60Jl.bllIOH, epaBHllTel\.bHO 3aMKHYTbIH Kpyr l\.ll!J; (ce.11.eKTopaT), eKJ\.OH­HbIH eoxpaHllTb HOpMbI eymeeTBy10mero opraHll3aIJ;llOH­HOro anrrapaTa. KaHAI:IAaTH o6513aHbI yroAHTb He60.11.bIIIllM rpynrraM l\.ll!J;, 6bITb eoBMeeTllMb!Mll no eTHJ\.10. C11eTe!'>rn "rll.11.bAllll" llMeeT TeHAeHIJ;H!O K BOenp0113BOAeTBY xapaK­TepHbIX '!epT yJKe eyIIIeeTByromero AHAepeTBa. CymHoeTb ee - KOHeeHeye, rapMOHH5I, rrpeeMeTBeHHOeTb. 0Ha 60.11.ee rrpeAeKa3yeMa, KOHeepBaTirnHa.

]!fa 3TOH eueTeMbl JKeeTKOro OT60pd, KtlK rrpaBH.11.0, Bbl­XOAHT aBTOPIITapHa5l aHTUAeMoKpaTI!'IeeKa5l l\.H'IHOeTb, KOMITOHeHTaMu KOTopoii 5IBJ\.5IJOTe5l rrprrnepJKeHHOeTb y6e­"JKAeHll5IM, ITOA'IHHeHlle rrpHHUHITY BbleIIIeii BJ\aeTll, HeAo­BepI:Ie K ey6'beKTllBHOeTll II B006paJKeHHIO, eKJ\.OHHOeTb K eTepeOTHITaM, eTporoeTb B eeKeya.11.bHOM BOrrpoee H MOpa.11.b­HOeTb.

3Ta eueTeMa OT6opa roeIJOACTBOBa.11.a y Hae Aee5ITHJ\.e­Tll5IMH, e Tex rrop KaK CTal\.llHbIM 6hJJ\ BBeAeH HHeTHTYT HOMeHKJ\.aTypbI. I1MeHHO TaKHMll MeTOAaMll H TaKHM Kpy­roM AUU oeymeeTBAHAlleb "rroA6op 11 paeeTaHOBKa KaApoB", ¢opMI:IpoBaHHe rrapTllHHo-roeyAapeTBeHHOH 3AHTbI. Tn-11H'IHHMll BbIABllJKeHuaMu eneTeMbI "rllAbAHH" 5IBJ\.5IAHeb pyKoBOAllTeAn peerry6AI:IK Tex .11.eT. TaK, AHHMyxaMeA KyHaeB, eBbIIIJe 40 .11.eT coeTOHBIIIHH 'IAeHOM UK KI1CC, eAHHeTBeHHbIH Ka3ax, KOrAa-Au6o BXOAllBIIIHH B eoeTaB Tio.11.nT610po UK KTICC, 6e3 Ma.11.oro '!eTBepTb BeKa rrep­BbIH eeKpeTapb UK KTI Ka3axeTatta, I:IMell o6pa3oBaHue MeTa.11..11.ypra, 3aBoeBaA aBTOpIITeT B Ka'!eeTBe pyKoBOAH­Tel\.51 Ka3aXeTaHeKOH rrpOMbIIII.11.eHHOeTll B rOAbI BOHHbl, npoIIJe.11. Bee eTyrreHn roeyAapCTBeHHoro arrrrapaTa, rroKa He AOeTur Bb!eIIIllX 3IIIeAOHOB pecrry6AI:IKaHeKOH BAaeTll.

B p5IAe AeMoKpaTI:I'IeCKllX ·eTpaH 3arraAa, HO AaAeKo He Be3Ae, AeHeTByeT BO MHOrOM rrpoTl1BOI10J\.0)KHd5l e11eTeMa OT6opa A11AepoB - "anTperrpeHepeKa5l". A.11.51 Hee xapaKTe­peH 60./\ee III11pOKl1H eeAeKTOpaT, neperreKTHBHOMY KaH­Al1AtlTY BdJKHO OKa3aTb Bl\.ll5IHHe He TOJ\.bKO Hd BbIIUeeT05I­rn.ee l\.MUO, HO ll Ha A!OAeH BOBHe, rrpoueeebJ opraHI:I3dUH­OHHOH ¢11AbTpaumr eAa6b!. TipeTeHAeHT AOAJKeH aKTllBHO rrpOABllraTb eBO!O Kapbepy, BbIABHJKeHlle '!aeTo HOellT ¢opMy eaMorrpoAB!1JKeHH5I. Kp11Tepu11 AtlHHOH elleTeMbI pa3H006pa3Hbl, '!aeTO rrpOTl1BOpe~rnBhl. I1peAl10'!TeHI:Ie OTAaeTe5I TeM, y KOro KOpOTKHH epoK e./\yJK6bI, KTO Ml1HO­Bdl\. KapbepHbie eTyneH!1. "AHTpenpeHepeKa5l" elleTeMa MeHee rrpeAeKa3yeMa, 'IpeBaTa HeO)KHAam-roeTHMll, erroeo6-Ha rrpOAYUllPOBdTb rreyeTOH'IHBOe PYKOBOAeTBO.

26

TaKaH c11cTeMa oT6opa AHAepoB xapaKTepHa rrpeJKAe

Bcero AAH CWA. 0AHaKo rrocM~AHHe roAhI cymecTBoBa­mrn CCCP Aa11.n HeMa11.o rrp.11MepoB .HMeHHO TaKo:H ce11.eK­

l(HH H rrpOABHJKeH.115! IIOJ\.HTH'IeCKHX J\.HAepoB B pa3Hb!X perHoHax Co103a.

EyAyIIIHH f1pe3HAeHT Ka3aXcTaHa, 6e3 cOMHemrn, BbI­ure11. HMeHHO !13 rrepBOH C.HcreMbl, ¢opMlipOBaBIIIeH rrap­THHHYIO 31\.HTy, KilK, BrrpoqeM, MHXilHJ\. fop6a<reB, Eopnc

EAhUlfH, 3t1.yapA WeBap.11.HaA3e H MHOrue Apyr.11e J\.HAepbr HOBblX He3aBJICl1Mb!X rocy AilPC'fB. He COOTBeTCTBOBal\.O

KJ\.ilCCHqeCJG1M KilHOHaM TOJl.bKO ero XOT51 !1 !1epapxl1'leCKOe, HO CTpeM.HTel\.bHOe npOABIDKeH.He (B 39 11.eT - CeKpeTapb UK Kn Ka3axcTaHa, B 44 - Dpet1.cet1.aTeJ1.b CoBeTa MHHH.­

cTpoB pecrry611.nK.11). TipeKpacHO l!OHHMil51 cyIIIHOCTb l1 rrpaBHJ\.il IIOJ\.HTJ1qe­

CKOH nrpbl, npHXO,ll.HJ\.OCb, HaBepHoe, H eMy He pa3 HM IIOA­'IllH51TbC51, .HHaqe He Bb!JK!1Bellib. " ... Bp51A J\.H KTO B TdKOH

Mepe HC!Ib!Tdl\. Ha ce6e TOTill\.l1TdpHb!H npecc, KilK PYKOBO­A51IIIHe KaApbl Rd MeCTdX. f1oqTJ1 Bee BbIXOA5!IIIHe 3il paM­KH o6menp!1H5!TOf0 oueHKH H cyJKAeHirn HeB03MOJKHO 6hIJ\.o BhICKa3hrnarh Bc11.yx. AaJKe HB.J\.5!51Ch ceKpeTapeM UK KoMnapTH.H Ka3axcTaHa, 5l He 6bIJ\. orpaJKAeH OT BCeBHAH­mero OKa CBepxy ... MHoro CHJ\. Tpe60Bill\.OCb OT '!el\.OBeKa,

'!T06bl He 3arry-raTbC5! B JKeCTKHX ceT51X uapT.HHHO-dAM.H­HHCTpilTHBHOfO AHKTaTa, He YB5!3HYTh, He 3ax11.e6HYTbC5! B Tp5!CHHe KpyroBOM H ceMeHCTBe!{.HOll nopyKH. 3TOH Hecnpa­

BeAJ\.HBOH c.HcTeMe npoTHBHJ\.OCh HYTPO 11.106oro nopHAoq­Horo qe11.0BeKa"( 4,c.128-·t 29).

B qeM JKe cTpyKTYPHbre KOpHH, HCTOKH "cBepxKoHcpop­Ml13Ma" 610poKpilTHH (napT.HHHOH, rocyAapCTBeHHOH, BO­eHHOll, pe11.!1flf03HOH)? 0TBeT Ha 3TO Aill\. B CBoeii Teop.11.11 "'l.HCTOH 610poKpaT11.11" MaKc Be6ep, KOToporo Ha 3auaAe HepeAKO Hd3b!Bil!OT "Bel\..HKHM 6ypJKya3Hb!M aHTHIIOAOM Kap11.a MapKca" u AaJKe "MapKCOM 6ypJKya3.11u". E10po­

Kpanr10 MaKc Be6ep cq.11Ta11.. HAea11.bHbIM T.HnoM ynpaB11.e­mrn, TeXH.11qecK.11 coBepureHHhIM arruapaToM ocymecTB11.e­Hl15l BJ\.ilCT.H. I1Aeal\.bHb!H THII 610poKpaTHH KilK CHCTeMbl

ocymecTBJ\.eH.1151 BJ\.aCTH xapaKTepll3Y!OT, !IO ero MHeHHIO, CJl.eAyIOl.l..U1e oco6eHHOCT.H: TBepAO 'ycTilHOBJ\.eHHd51 l1 Hey1WCHHTeJ1.bHO co6J1.!0AileMa5l CHCTeMa BepTHKal\.bHbIX

CB5!3e:H (c11.yJKe6Ha5l 11epapx.115!); OTpery11..11pOBdHHOe, OCHO­Bh1Ba10meec51 Ha crreuna11.113au.11.11 pa3Ae11.eH.11e TpyAa; c11c­TeMa npaBHJ\. l1 A.HpeKTHB, qeTKO ycTilHilBJ\.HBil!OlIIil5l npaBa l1 o65l3ilHHOCTl1 pa6oTH.HKOB (q11.eHOB) opraH.H3ilUHH; C.HC­TeMa CTporo l1 TO'IHO orrpeAel\.eHHblX MeTOAOB l1 rrp.HeMOB rrp.11 BbUIOJ\.HeH.HH 3ilAaq (5).

27

1-ITo6h! 6b!Th 3cpcj:JeKTHBHOH, 6ropoKpaTHH Tpe6yeTC5I cTporoe co6.11.roAeH11e 3aKOHOB u ITpaBu.11. - ee areHThI AOAJKHhl 6hITb MeTOAH'!Hb!MH, OCMOTpHTeJ\.hHblMH H AHC­UHJIAHHHpOBaHHhlMH. 3TO o6ecne•rnBaeT 3alil}ffHYIO COAH­

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CncTeMa, BhIABHHyarnaH H.Ha3ap6aeaa, Tpe6oaa.11.a Aeii­CTBHH B CTporoM COOTBeTCTBHH c ITpannAaMH nrpb!. "Cy­rn:ecTBOBaJ\.H KPYITHh1e ITo'!eTHO-AeKopaTHBHhie A0.11.JKHOCTH

Ha MecTax. K ITpHMepy, MOJKHO 6h!AO HeITAOXO CKOpoTaTb CTapocTh Ha ITOCTY ITpeACeAaTe.11.51 npe3HAHyMa BepXOBHoro CoaeTa pecny6.11.HKH. KorAa B 1984 r. CKOH'la.11.cH 3aH11MaB­

llIHH 3TOT ITOCT C.H.MMarneB, Ha OCB060AHBllIYIOC5! BaKaH­CHIO nepeABHHYAH ITpecTape.11.oro npeACeAaTeJ\.5I CoaeTa MHHHcTpOB E.A.ArnnMoBa. B pe3yAhTaTe 3TOJ':i HexnTpoii "poTauHn" 5I H ao3r.11.aBnA npaBHTeAhCTBo Ka3axcTaHa.

Mo:H: npeArnecTBeHHnK, KaK H MHOrHe Apyrue pyKoBo­

AHTe.11.H, CJ\.eAOBaA B OCHOBHOM OAHOMY ITPHHUHTIY: r.11.aB­HOe, '!T06hI Bee 6h!AO THXO-MHpHO. MeHbllie 6ecITOKOHTb

Apyrnx - caMOMY JKHTh CTIOKOHHee" (4,c.152). EyAy'ln npeACeAaTeAeM CoBeTa MHHHCTpOB H.Ha-

3ap6aeB yJKe B MaCrnTa6ax pecny6.11.HKH CT0.11.KHYJ\.CH c TeM,

'!To 6hIAO eMy H3BeCTHO ITO KaparaHAe: ITPHMHTHBHaH cxe­Ma 3KOHOMHKH, ITOAHa5I Hepa36epuxa H aHapXHH B n.11.aHn­ponaHIIH, J\.IIllieHHa)[ II HaMeKa Ha Hay'lHOCTh CHCTeMa ueHoo6pa30BaHH5I, C03HaTeJ\.hHblH, rpaHAII03Hb!H caM006-MaH B rocy AapCTBeHHOM MaCllITa6e (A.11.H ITpeAITPH5!THH CTa­

HOBHAOCh YA06Hee pa6oTaTb ITO ITpHHUIITIY "LleM xyJKe -TeM .11.yqrne"). B ue.11.oM crrTyaumi: HanoMrrHa.11.a 3aMKHYThIH Kpyr, rr Ka3aXcTaH Mor c.11.y)KHTh Har.11.)[AHhIM nprrMepoM Aecj:JopMrrpoBaHHOH 3KOHOMHKH.

TipIIHU:IIIT paBHOnpaBHOrO COJ03a HaUHOHal\.hHhlX rocy­AapCTB B CCCP Ha ITpaKTHKe He 6hrl\. pea.11.rr3oBaH, ocTaAc)[ AeK.11.apan:rre:H:. <DaKTH'leCKH CTpaHa cj:JyHKUIIOHI!pOBa.11.a KaK YHIITapHoe rocyAapcTBO, nprr'IeM p0.11.h COI03HhIX opraHOB a.11.acTrr rr ynpaB.11.eHII)[ (UeHTpa) so acex ccj:Jepax o6ruecT­BeHHOH JKH3HII 6bIAa ITO cyruecTBY HeorpaHrr'!eHHOH. )Ke­CTKHe paMKII CIICTeMhl He IT03BOJ\.5IAH HHKaKrrX caMOCTO)[­TeJl.hHhIX, HecTaHAapTHhlX AeHCTBIIH. 0AHaKO ccj:JopMrrpo­BaBIUIIeC)[ AHAepCKrre Ka'leCTBa AIIKTOBa.11.rr !IX HOCIITeAIO CBOH MeTOAhl AeHCTBH)[.

BaJKHeHllIHM acITeKTOM AIIAepcrna 5IBJl.5IeTC5I BCKphlTHe ITp06AeMhI, CTOHrue:H: ITepeA o6rueCTBOM, aHaAH3 ee II yKa-3aHHe nyTeH BhIXOAa H3 ITpo6AeMHOH crrTyauHH, B03MOJK­HOCTe:H: ee perneHrrH. Ho rrMeHHo Ha noc.11.eAHeM aaJKHe:H:-

28

meM 3Tarre cpa6aThlBaAH 3arrpeTHTeAhHhre MexaHH3MhI. TaK, Ha rtbCTy TipeACeAaTeJ\.51 c OBeTa MHHHCTPOB ( 1984-1989 rr.) H.Ha3a,p6aeB 06Hapy>1urnaeT p5IA cepbe3Helimnx rrpo6.11.eM n IIbrraeTC5! ux peUJHTb. TipeJKAe scero MHliMhlM OKa3i\AOth 6.11.arono.11. Y'!He ceAbCKOfO X035IHCTBa, 3a KOTO­poe no.11. Y'Ii\11,H no'!ecTn pecny6.11.11KaHcKne pyKOBOAHTe.11.n. IlepBbIM 3TanoM cTa.11.a 6opb6a c npnnncKaMn. ABaJKAhI B Te'!eHne !985 r . .OH 06paru;a.11.c5! B Elopo DK KoMnapTHli c 'rrpoch6oii: pa3peUJHTh nponecTrr rrepepac'!eT noro.11.0Bh5l croTa B pe,cny6.11.nKe, H o6a pa3a rro.11.y'!a.11. KaTeropn'!ecKHli OT!'\/l.3.

l;fey Aa'!ej.j: 3i\KOH'!HAHCb Ti\K)Ke IlOIIb!TKH pa3o6paTbC5l c MlAi\MH AKaAeMHH HayK. "Bee IIOIIblTKH IIOAH5!Th 3TH BOUpOChI Hi\Ti\AKliBi\AHCb Ha r.11.yxoe, 3i\Ti\eHHOe pa3Apa­JKeHHe. B KOHUe KOHUOB MHe 6bIAO CKi\3i\HO: B Ka3aXCTaHe BCe xopomo H He Hi\AO BbIHOCHTh cop H3 li36hr"(4,c.135).

XapaKTepeH B3I'A5IA Ha CHTyaIHIID Toro BpeMeHH A.A.KyHaeBa, H3Jl.O)KeHHhIH HM B KHHre BOCITOMHHi\HHH "O MOeM BpeMeHH". "C 1955 no 1985 rr., - nmneT OH, - no CBOeMy 3KOHOMH'!eCKOMY IlOTeHuHaA y B pecrry6AHKe 6bIAO C03AaHo Ki\K 6br ceMh Ka3axcTaHOB, a no o6beMy rrpoMhIUJ­.11.eHHoro rrpoH3BOACTBa - Aa)Ke BoceMb. Hace.11.eHHe 60.11.ee '!eM YABOHAOCb H COCTi\BA5IAO B 1987 I'. 16 MAH.244 ThIC. '!eAOBeK. Ha He06b5ITHhIX npocTopax 3i\ IIOCAeAHHe AeC5l­THAeTIU! B03HHKAH TbIC5I'!H HOBbIX Hace.11.eHHbIX rryHKTOB, cpeAH Hnx 68 pa6o'!HX rroce.11.KOB 11 43 ropoAa. Y"nc.11.eH­HOCTh AIDAeH, pa6oTaIOUJ;HX B Hi\POAHOM X035IllcTBe, B03-poc.11.a B 3 pa3a, '!HCAO Hay'!HhIX pa60THHKOB yBeAH'!HAOCb B 8 pa3. KaqecTBeHHO H KOAH'!eCTBeHHO Bblpoc pa6o'!HH KAi\CC, yAeJl.bHbIH Bee KOTOporo K o6nreli '!HCAeHHOCTH pa-6oTaIOIIJHX AOCTHf 70% rrpOTHB 60% B KOHUe 50-x rr.

TeMIIhl pa3BHTH5l rrpOMhIIIIJ\.eHHOCTH HaUJei1: pecrry6.11.11-KH 3i\ 1955-1985 rr. 6bIAH OAHHMH H3 Ci\Mb!X Bb!COKHX cpe­AH C0103Hb!X pecrry6.11.HK .... MOJKHO rrpHBeCTH MHOI'O rrpH­MepoB, ITOATBepJKAi\IDIIJHX MOH I'Ai\BHbIH Te3HC: B Ka3aX­CTaHe 3i\CT05! He 6bIA0'.'(6).

AMepHKaHCKHH uccAeAOBaTeAh MapTa EpHAA OJI.KOTT B CBOeH KHHI'e "Ka3axH"(1987 r.) IIOA'!epKrrnaeT, 'ITO rrpH KyHaeBe npeACTi\BHTeAhCTBO Ka3aXOB b rrapTHHHhrx H ro­cy AapcTBeHHhIX opraHH3i\UH5IX IIOCTerreHHO poc.11.0, B TO BpeM5l Ki\K 6bIBIIIee rrpeo6Jl.aAaHHe pyccKHX Hi\A rrpeACTa­BHTeA5IMH KopeHHOH HaUHOHa.11.hHOCTH yTpa'!HBa.11.och, oco-6eHHO rrocJ1.e 1971 r., Kor Aa K yHaeB cTa.11. '!Jl.eHOM TI0.11.HT-610po. Y'!aCTHe Ka3axoB B rrpaBHTeJl.bCTBe TaKJKe yBe.11.u­'!HBa.11.och: B 1964 r. TOJ\.bt{O 33% '!J\.eHOB CoBMHHa 6bl.11.H Ki\3i\XH, K 1981 r. Ki\3i\XH 3i\HHMaJl.H 60% IIOCTOB, a pacrrpe-

29

AeAeHHe MHHHCTepCKHX II rocyAapcrBeHHblX ITOCTOB cpe­

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Ka3ax11 B HaCTOl'UUee BpeMJJ (1987 r. - >K.A.) 3dHIIMaIOT

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Ka3ax.

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npocToil Map110HeTKOH B pyKax Epe)!uresa, accIIMIIAIIpo­

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( 1979-1984 IT.) H DpeACeAdTeAH CoseTd MHHHCTpOB ( 1984-1989 rr.) rrpOXOAHAd B ycAOBMHX I'OCIIOACTBd KOMdHAHO­

dAMHHHCTpaTHBHOH cHcTeMbI B CCCP, HMeBll!eil JKeCTKO

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30 '

Hb!MH OCAOJKHeHl1HMH B Kapbepe. ";\106a5!. 11CXOAHBIUaH c

MOeil: CTOpOHbl cepbe3HaH ITOIIb!TKa BCKpb!Tb TY 11Al1 11HY!O

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AaAa TOAbKO rAyrue CTeHy B03Hl1KIUero MeJKAY MHOM H

KyttaeBbIM OT<IYJKAeHl15!. J\106oil: ruar cTaA pacueH11BaTb­

c>1 KaK 31\.0YMbIIUAeHttoe rroKyrueHne Ha ero aBTOp11Te'r"(4,c.153).

BrrepBbie c rry6AHqHoil: KpHTHKoil: cymecTBYIOIUeil: c11c­

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peAbCKl1M (1985 r.) DAeHyM UK KnCC, rrpOB03rAaC11Bru11il:

Kypc Ha pecj:>opMbI, rAaCHOCTb, B cj:>eBpaAe 1986 r. 110A06-

HOe Bb!CTYIIAeHl1e Tpe6oBal\.O J\.HqHQM CMeAOCTl1.

AHaAn3upy>1 JKecTKy10 AeTepMHH11poBaHHOCTb Aeil:cT­

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AAH Apyr11x, XOTH 11 HaXOA5IIUHXCH B TOH JKe CaMOH IW311-

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B03HHKirryro Ha ero nyTH KaK TOpM03, B c11Tyau1110, Aa!O­

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Co103e AeMOKpaTH'!eCKOe BblCTYITAeHHe MOAOAeJKH B Ae­

Ka6pe 1986 r.

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rra rrpeBpaTl1ACH B OAHOro 113 Heocj:>11u11aAbHb!X l\.11AepOB

pecrry6ll.11KH. He cAyqaiftto, Moll.oAeJKb, rrpoTeCTOBaBIIIaH

B AeKa6pe npOTl1B Ha3HaqeHH5! nepBb!M ceKpeTapeM L~K KoMrrapT11H Ka3aXCTaHa r.KoA611na, Ha3Bal\.a B qncAe JKe­

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31

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25 Md>! OTKpb!ACH C'be3A, Ha KOTOpOM OT Ka3aXcTaHa 6hl.llli rrpeACTaBAeHbl 60 HapOAHhlX AeTiyTaTOB.

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5-196 33

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3~

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35

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36

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37

pbl 6y AyT OTJ\H'IaTbCH eu(e 60J\bllleI1 COUIIa.l\bHOH 11 110.1\11-·

TWieCKOH HanpmKeHHOCTblO (13). B CBH311 c oco601~1 BiDKHOCTblO 6y Aym11x BbI6opoB Ha

noBeCTKy AH51 XVII f1AeHyMa UK KoMnapnm ( 13 H0516p}j

1989 r.) 6hIJ\ nocTaBJ\eH BOnpoc "O 110.l\11TWieCKOH 11.1\ilT­

cpopMe UK KoMnapT1111 Ka3axcTaHa 11 Bhr6opax HapOAHhIX

AerryTaToB Ka3axcK0(1 CCP 11 MeCTHhIX CoBeToB HapoA­

HhIX AerryTaToB". AaBaAach <reTKil51 ycTaHOBKa na npoBe­

AeH11e B COBCTbl BCCX ypoBHeH napTm1IIh!X AenyTaTOB. B rrpOTHBHOM CAY'lile, 3TO 03Hil'IilAO 6hI yTpaTy AOBepirn

IlilPOAa, 11opa)KeHm~ B 110.l\11TWieCKOI1 6opb6e. npoBeAe­

HHe )Ke B AenyTilTbl CTilBJ\eHHI1KOB 1IdpTI1l!HblX KOMHTeTO!l

ouemrna.l\OCb 6b! KilK OBJ\ilAeH11e 110.1\HTH'IeCKOM 11HHJJ.Hil­

TI1BOH.

24 AeKa6pH 1989 r. COCT051.l\HCb Bb!60pb! B MeC'!'}!b!e

CoBeTi.r, npollleAlllHe ycrrelllHO. B roAocoBaHHH rrpHH51AO

Y'IilCTHe 87% Il3fo1paTeAei1. I13 75807 AerryTaTOB 45,9% COCTilBl1.l\H pa60'll1C 11 KOJ\X03HI!KH; 30, 2% - )KeHll(HHhI;

51, 7% - 'IAeHbI H KilHAIIAilTbI B qAeHLr Kl1CC; 10% - <rAe­

HhI BAKCM; 68,6% - He 51BA51M!Ch AerryTaTaMH ~reCTHLIX CoseTOB rrpeAbIAymero co3Lma (14).

Terrepb 3i1Aaqe11 HOMep OAHH 6bi.l\O cpopMHpOBilirne

Kil'IeCTBeHHO HOBOI'O COCTaBa 11apAaMeHTa. c 3TOH UCJ\b!O

6LIA C03BaH XVIII ffl\.eHyM UK Kn Ka3axcrnHa (5 51HBap51

1990 r.). no Ba>KHeihIHIM BOnpocaM 110BeCTKH AH5l "0 Bbl­

ABI!)KeHHH KilHAHAilTOB B HilpOAHbie AerryTilTbl Ka3aXCKOH

CCP OT KoM11apnm Ka3axcTatrn" H "O rrpoBeAeHHH BL160-

pon HapoAHLIX AerryTaToB Ka3axcKm1 CCP" BLicTyrrnA

H.Ha3ap6aeB.

B Kil'IeCTBe IIOATBep)KAeHH51 peaALHOH AeMOKpaTH3al(HH

BHYTPHIIdpTHHHO(! )Ki13HH 6bIAO CKa3ilHO, 'ITO BIIepBbie B

cnoei1 11cTopn11 11apTHi1Ha5l opram13aum1 Ka3axcTaHa B

COOTBeTCTBilll c HOl3blM H36HpaTeAhHb!M 3ilKOHOAaTe.l\bCT­

BOM pea.l\H3yeT npaBO BhIABil)!(eHH51 H He11ocpeACTBeHHO­

ro BbI6opa HilPOAHh!X Ae11yTaTOB B BbICIIlllH 3aKOHOAaTe.l\b­

HbIH rocyAapCTBeHHblM opraH. npHHUHIU!aJ\bHblM HOBllle­

CTBOM H36HpaTeAbHOH KdMIIaHHH 6b!J\O rrpoB03r AallleHO

H36paHHe OAHOM 'IeTnepTH HapoAHbIX Ae11yTaTOB OT 06-

mecTBeHHhIX opramnaum'J .. "napTHH pelllHTeAbHO MeHHeT

CTHJ\b Il MeTOAbl CBOeJ{ pa60Tbl, OTKil3b!BaeTC5l OT HeCBOH­

CTBeHHbIX eii cpyHKL(HM. Ho HH B KOeJ{ Mepe He OTKil3b!Ba­

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MO)KeT CTaTb OCHOBHOM KOHCOAHAilPYIOll\eH CHJ\OM. TipaK­

Tl1'leCKa51 peaAH3ilJJ.115l 3TOH KOHCOJ\IlAHPYIOll(e:i1 pOAH 03-

Hil'!a.l\a COL(Hil.l\bHYIO nepeop11eHTil1(HlO HapOAHOfO X035!H-

38

crna; ycTuI-IOBJ\eHHe rrpHHIJ,HITHaJ\hHO HOBbIX n3aHMOOTHO­

meHHH Me)Kl\Y Ue1-rrpoM 11 cmo3HbIMH pecrry6A11KaM11; rre­

peXOI\ Ka3aXcTaHa na rrpHHUHITbr caMoyrrpanAeHH5! H ca­

Mocp11Ha11c11pona1-JHH.

BHOBb 6h!J\a ITOATBep)KAeHa J\HHH5! Ha Cil.MOCT05!TeJ\b­

l-IOCTb KoJvmapnm Ka:rnxcTmrn n pernem111 MHor11x Borrpo­

con, B TOM 'IHCJ\(' l1 KaApOBblX, HO TOl\bKO B paMKax eAH­

HOH KTICC. Bbrl\ rrpeAl\O)Ke1-1 crr11coK 1\1\5! BbIABH)KeHH5! n

26 •rel\OBCK. TI03>Ke Ha XX TIAeHyMe ( 19 MapTa 1990 r.) 113

26 KilHl\lll\ilTYP 1J pe3y l\bTaTe TilHHOro I"Ol\OCOBil.HIU!, co­

rl\aCJ-IO 3aKOHY 0 Bb!6opax, 17 KOMMYHHCTOB 6y AyT H36pa­

Hb[ HapOAHb!MH AerryTaTaMH Ka3 CCP oT KoMrrapTHH.

TioA6op 6b!I\ Kl\ilCCl-l'!eCKHM, cpeAH I-!IIX A05!pKa, Millllll!-lllCT,

CTapIIIHH Ta6yHH!HK, CTapIIIHH Bal\b!J,OBJUHK, 6ypoBOH

MilCTep, ceKpeTapL rrapTKOMa COBX03CI, reHepill\bHb!H AH­

peKTOp, Bpa•r-xHpypr, ABil OTBeTCTBeHJ-Ib!X pa6oTHHKil arr­

rrapaTa UK. npopeKTop Bbrcrnei1 rrapTHHHOH IIIKOl\bl. Ebll\H

rrpeACTilBAeHbl pa60'!l1e, KpeCTbHHe, HHTel\l\HreHIJ,ll5!, )KeJ-I­

lIJIIHbl, BeTepaHb!( 16). TorAa )Ke B HHBape 1990 r. no Anop1J,e AXEK CTOl\HIJ,bI

cocTOHl\ilCb BCTpeqa Tiepnoro ceKpeTapH UK c rrpeAcTaB11-

Tel\5!MH MOl\OAe)KH pecrry61\HKl1, IIOCB5!IIJ,eHI-Iil5l O'IepeAHOH

rOAOBilJI-!He AeKa6pbCKHX ( 1986 r.) co6bITHH B AAMa-ATe.

3Ta BCTpeqa rrpoAeMOHCTp11ponal\a yMeHHe l\HAepa He

!136eraTb, a HATH 1-IaBCTpe<ry OCTpoMy, He6e30I1ilCHOMY 1\1\5!

ilBTOpHTeTa rrepnoro l\HIJ,a (B rrpe)KI-Iel\! ITOHHMilI-lllll 3TOro

Cl\OBa) pa3rOBopy c HilH60Aee pilAHKill\bHOH 'lilCTblO 06-

meCTBil, a TiJK)Ke TilKTll'!eCKOe MaCTepCTBO, Bb!pa)KiJIOIIJ,ee­

C5! B yMeHHll rrepeBOAHTb Mill\OI1pOAYKTIIBHOe rrpOTHBO­

CT05!HHe Hil MHTJ1Hrax II IIl\Oll1ilA5!X B KOHCTPYKTHBHb!H

AHill\or 3aHHTepeconaHI-IbIX c-ropoH. KcTaTH, oco6eHHOCTbIO

rrol\11Tw1ecKoro rroneAemrn H.Ha3ap6aena HBl\HeTor yMe­

HHe y6eAHTb, ITOAqHHHTb CBOeH IIOAHTHqecKOH BOAe ay­

AHTOpHIO (oT cbe3Ail HapOAHbIX AerryTaTOB CCCP AO rnax­

TepcKoro CTiJqKOMa). 3AeCb eMy MilAO paBHbIX.

Ha 3TOH BCTpe•1e c MOAOAe)KblO, AJ\HBllleHC5! 6 qacon,

CAeAaB o6cT05!TeAb!-IblH il!-lill\ll3 rrpttqHH l-l llCTHHHOfO CMb!C-

1\il AeKa6pbCKHX co6bITHH B AAMil'-ATe, OIJ,eHHB HX KilK

"CTI1Xl1HHb!H pocTOK B03pO>KAillOIIJ,eroc5! HilUHOHilAbHOro

CilMOC03HilHH5!'', rrapTHMHblM l\HAep )KeCTKO IIOCTilBill\ BO­

npoc: "Tio%'MY Hae 6yKBill\bHO "3aIJ)1KAHBaeT" TOl\bKO !-Jil

1l,eKa6pbCKHX co6b!TH5!X? Pa3Be Mill\O y MOAOAe)KH rrpo6AeM?

l-leAamro 5l no6bIBaA B KaHaAe II CWA H eme pa3 y6eAHl\CH,

KilKHMH f!OJICTL-l!-Ie uencqeprraeMHMH B03MO>K!-JOCT5!Ml-l 06-

AilAaeT Kil:Ji'lXCTil!-l /\,AH 3ilKAJO'-!eHH5! '<pyrrHbIX B3i1!-IMOBbI­

roAHbIX /l.Orrrnopcrn c Hl-!OCTpaHHb!~ll-! cjJHpMd Ml!. .!1 'ITO

JG

xapaKTepHO, rAe 6b! Mhl Hli 6b!Ali - Be3Ae TOH 3aAaIOT MO­

AOAhie, 3HeprH'!Hbie, rrpeAIIpHHM'!liBbie AIOAH. y Hae Ta­

Koro AeAOBOI'O MOAOAe)KHO!'O Hanopa KaK-TO He oruyrua­

eTC5! ... "(17). 3Ta MbICAb, Brrepnhle rrp03BY'!aBIIIaH B HHBape 1990 r.,

6y AeT HM HeOAHOKpaTHO IIOBTOpHTbCH BIIOCAeACTBlili:

CTpeMAeHHe B036y AHTb B MOAOAh!X THry K rrepeycTpOHCT­

ny pecny6AHKH, )KeAaHne yBHAeTb co6cTBeHHhIH KAacc

MOAOAb!X Ka3axcraHCKliX rrpeAIIpHHHMaTeAeH.

Ha'!nHaH c 1988 r. B CTOAHUe Ka3axcTaHa H o6AaLTHhl:X

ueHTpax IIOHBAHIOTCH TaK Ha3bIBaeMhle "HecpopMO.AbI" -

OTAeAbHhie AHUa li HHliUHaTHBHh!e rpynnhI, K010phle cu

CTailHAli KOCTHK ccpopMHpOBaBIIIHXC5! K 1990 r. rrapTHll

ABH)KeHHH, o6ruecTBeHHhIX opraHH3aUHH. HaH60AhIIIYI6

IIOJ\liTH'!eCKYIO aKTHilHOCTb rrp05IBHJ\H aHTHHAepHoe ABH­

)KeHHe "HeBaAa-C eMHrraAaTHHCK"' rpa)KAaHCKOe ABHJKeHHe

Ka3aXCTaHa "A3aT", COUHaA-AeMOKpaTH'!eCKaH rrapTHH,

/\Hra JKeHIUHH-MYCYAbMaHOK, Me)KHaUHOHaAbHOe ABHJKe·

Hile "EAHHCTBO", I-IaUHOHaAhHO-AeMOKpaTH'!eCKaH napTHH

".IKeATOKCaH", o6'heAHHeHHH "MeMopnaA", "AArr~eT", Pa 6o'!ee ABH)KeHne, rrapTHH HaUHOHaAbHOH He3aBHl-"l '1UCTJ1

j

1AAaIII". Ao KOHCTPYKTHBHoro AHaAora c rrpoo6pa3oM rroAHTH-

11ecKoi1 OIIII03HUHH erue AaAeKO. TiepBhle pOCTKli MHOro­

napTHHHOCTH IIOKa BOCIIpHHHMa!OTCH rrapTHHHhlM AHAepOM

He KaK ecTeCTBeHHbIH rrpouecc B03pO)KAeHHH H CTaHOBAe­

HliH rpa)KAaHCKoro o6rueCTBa, rrpo6y)KA8HH5f K IIOAHTH'!e­

CKOH aKTHBHOCTH, a AHIIIb KaK peaKUH5! Ha 0610poKpa'!H­

BaHne H rrepepO)KAeHne KTICC. Ha pecrry6AHKaHCKOM co­

neruaHHH ceKpeTapei1 rrepBH'!HhlX napTopraHH3auii:i1

(2 MapTa 1990 r.) OH OTMe'!aeT: "CerOAHH AOCTaTO'!HO MHOro

roBOpHTC5! 0 MHO!'OIIapTHHHOCTli. B o6hlAeHHOM C03HaHlili

H rrony AHCTCKHX Bb!CTYIIAeHHHX yrrop AeAaeTCH AHIIIb Ha

II03HTHBHhlH acrreKT. HeAb3H BOCIIpHHHMaTh MHOrorrapTHH­

HOCTb KaK rrattauer-o. Ha MOH B3I'AHA, pa3!'0BOpbI 0 MHOrO­

napTHHHOCTH HaAO npHHHMaTb KaK CTpeMAeHHe AIOA8H

rrpeAoxpaHHTh KTICC OT 3aCTOH, 0610poKpa'IHBaHH5! n

rrepepO)KAeHHH ... TaK Ha3hIBaeMbre "HecpopMaAbHhle" ca­

MOAeHTeAhHbie cpopMHpOBaHHH B03HHKAH He BApyr.~TipH­'!liHhl - 3acTOHHhre HBAeHHH. Kpa:il:HocTH B pa3BHTHH ca­

MOAeHTeAhHoro ABH)KeHH5! - 3TO peaKUHH Ha cpopMaAH3M,

6IOpoKpaTH3M B pa6oTe HeKOTOphlX rocyAapCTBeHHhlX H

o6ruecTBeHHb!X opraHn3aUHH, KpH3HCHhie HBAeHHH B 3KO­

AOrHH, KYAnType"(18).

K KOHUY 1990 r. rroAHTH'!ecKoe rrpocrpattcrno pecrry6-

AHKH 3aMeTHO paCIIIHpHeTCH. 3aHBHAH 0 ce6e 6oAee CTa

40

caMOAe.SITeAbHbIX o6ruecTBeHHO-IIOAMTll"IeCKHX opraHM3a­

IIllH, ABMJKeHMH, rrapTllll, rpyrrrr. KoMMYHMCTbI MeH.sUOT TaKTIIKy, OTKa3bIBa.srch OT llCIIbITaHHbIX B rrepIIOA 3aCTO.sI cpeACTB (HrHOpllpOBaHIIe, BbITecHeHHe c "rrOAllTHqecKoro

pbIHKa"' 3arrperueHHe ll T ·A·)' IIOHHMa.sr Heo6xOAIIMOCTb COTPYAHH'recn1a c KOHCTPYKTIIBHhIMll c11.11.aM11.

B KOHIJ;e CeHT.sr6p.sr 1990 r. Tipe3IIAeHT BCTpeTIIAC.sI C

rrpeACTaBHTeA.sIMH CdMOAe.sITeAbHhlX IIOAllTH'IeCKHX opra­Hli3aIJ;Hll II ABllJKeHlill AAMa-AThl, B KOTOpoli yqacTBOBaAH

pyKoBOAHTeAYI M q.11.eHhr 60.11.ee 40 ABHJKeHHtt M o6ruecTB,

HaIIHOHa.l\.bHO-KY AbTYPHh!X IIeHTpOB (A3aT, EAYIHCTBO, HesaAa-C eMmra.11.anrncK, AAttAeT, )Ke.11. ToKcaH ll Apyrtte). B pe3y AhTaTe ocrporo pa3rosopa o rryT.srx KOHCOAHAaIIMll MHOfOHaIJ;llOHaAbHOI'O Hace.11.eHHH pecrry6AMKll 6b!Aa AOC­TlirHyTa AOfOBopeHHOCTb 06 06'bHBAeHHM B CTOAMIIe MO­paTOpHH Ha npoBeAemrn MHTHHfOB AO 1 OKT.sr6p.sr 199 l r. (! 9).

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KOTOpbIX Ha6AIOAaeTCH CTpeMAeHlie K Hau;MoHaAli3MY ll

cerrapaTH3My, AeC)'ta6HAH3aIIHH MaCCOBOfO o6ruecTBeHHO­ro C03HaHYI.sr. O'c~H;hlo 3Toro roAa AHAepu caMOAe.srTeAh­

HhIX cpopMHpCJBi'l.HIIH rrpoBeAII p.srA aKTOB rpa>KAaHCKOfO HeIIOBIIHOBeHH5t',. BKJ\.IOqa.sr caMOBOAbHblll 3axsaT 3eMeAh­

Hb!X yqacn<i:oi Ii )Kll.l\.hlX AOMOB, ITIIKeTIIpoBaHIJ.e. Koe-KTO

IThITaeTc.sr pa3r.esapIIBdT.h c rrap.11.aMeHTOM, pyKoBOACTBOM pecrry6AllKM .II3hlK0M ·YAbTHMaTyMOB, HecaHKIJ;llOHllpOBaH­HhlX MllTllHI'OB,, HerrpaBOMepHb!X aHTIIKOHCTIITYIIliOHHb!X Tpe6oBaH·uil:. 3To orracHbie rr0.11.HTll'IecKne IIrpu. Dopa 6hr AMAepaM li aKTMBllCTaM Hau;IJ.OHaAMCTllqecKHx, cerrapaTH­CTCKllX,_ aHTIIKOMMyHIICTH'IeCKMX ABHJKeHHH IIOHHTh, qTo

ORE; CaMH MoryT B AI06cili MOMeHT OKa3aTbCH 3aAOJKHHKa­Mli HerrpeACKa3yeMoro pa3BIITMH CIITyau;Hll.

51, KaK ·npe3HAeHT KawxcKoli CCP, Aasurnli rrpHrnry

3aIUHIUaTb IIHTepecu scex rpa>KAaH pecrry6AHKH II HX rrpa­Ba, HattAY COOTBeTCTBYIOIU)'lO cpopMy pearHpOBaHHH Ha .11.106y10 aKIJ;mo, rrpoTHBopeqaruy10 3aKoHy" (20).

B TeqeHHe 1990 r. <repe3 see BbrcryrrAemrn H.Ha3ap6a­

esa Ha KPYIIHhlX rrapTIIHHhlX cpopyMax rrpoXOAIIT rrpH3hIB K He06XOAHMOCTll rrepecTpOHKll B rrapTHll. MapT: "B XOAe IIOAI'OTOBKM K xxvm C'be3AY KnCC II XVII C'be3AY KoM­rrapTllll Ka3axcTaHa ecTb IIIaHC KpyTo rrosepHyTh rrapTIItt­Hhltt Kopa6.11.h B r.11.asHoe rrepecTpoe•rnoe pyCAo"(18). Mali:

6-186 41

"Mb! AOJUKHbl B LaMOH rrapTHH IlOCKopee paCCTaTbClI c 3a­

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AOBbre" (21). AeKa6pb: 'T1apTHHHLre opraHHJau1111 MoryT 11

AOJ\>KHbl rrpeOAOJ\eTb pacTeplIHHOCTb H HepeIIII1TeALHOCTb,

OBAaAeTb HOBOH poAbl0"(20).

AHAep rrapTHH eme ·rnepAO CTOHT Ha I103HI.<HH 06HOB­

AeHHlI COUHaJ\H3Ma, pa3BHTHlI H peaAH3aUHH 6AarOTBOp­

HOll J\eHHHCKOll COl(JoiaJ\HCTWieCKOll HJl.eH. 10 MaR 1 <)90 r. B

pecny6AHKdHCKHX ra3eTaX ony6AHKOBdHd ero CTaTblI ".l\e­

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"eX, KTO B03pOJKAdeT KamrraAH3M (22).

42

Ba)1n1ef1111nM Ku'WCTBOM noAHTIFiecKoro J\11Aepa HBMI­

IOTCH ero nporHOCTll'leCKHe HaBbIKH. "KTO yMeeT npeABH­

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IUJ\OM.

B cepeAHHe 1990 r. eu1e HWITO He npeABCJ.UaAo, 'ITO 'le­

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upoc "Ka3axcTaHCI<.o.H npaBALI" o nporno3e co6hITHi1, Dpe-

3HAeHT H.Ha3ap6aeB OTBe'laA: "CnaA B pecny6J\IIKe 6y AeT

npOAOA)KilTI.CH ll Hbme, H B 1 991 r. Ho y>Ke B cepeAHHe

1 lJ92 r. OJK!1Aae'J'C5l IW'laAO llOA'beMa, np!Ffel\J HMeHHO 3d

C'IeT pLIHO'iHbIX OTHOIJJeHHI1. Mb! y ce6H BllCfJBbie rrprrMe­

HHAH 3KOHOMl1KO~MaTeMilTJ1'ieCKOe MOAeJ\HPOBilHHe rrpo.

ueccOB, H eCAH 3a5.!BJ\5leM, 'ITO )KAeM pocTa B 1992 r., TO

MO>KeM o6ocHOBdTb H pacnHCdTb OTAEJ\bH0"(23).

TiporH03IIjJOBdHile B ITOAilTIIKe - CAO/KHOe rrpoueAyp­

HOe AeAO. YI eCJ\H ce.H'-rac Mb! BIIAIIM, 'ITO TOT AaBHHfr npo­

I"H03 He C6b!AC5l, TO AeAO He B HerrpaBHJ\bHOfr MeTOAOAO­

fllll ITOAXOAa. Tm·AaIIIHIIe IIOAilTII'IeCKile II 3KOHOMII'!eCKHe

ycAOBHH Ka3axcTam1 BCeMIAil HdAe.IKAY Ha OTHOCHTeAbHO

posHoe H 6e360AE'3Hetrnoe nposeAeHrre pe¢opM. ilpeHMy-­

mecTBOM pecrry6AHKI-:I 6LIJ\Il KpyrrHhie 3eMeJ\bHble yroAbH,

3arraCbl MHHepaAbHOI'O H BTOpWIHOI'O CbijJb5l, 6AaronpHHT­

Hbie B03MO>KHOCT11 AAH nprrBAe'ieHHH llHOCTpaHHOfO Kan11-

TaAa H TeXHOAOI'HM, 110AilTH'leCKa5l CTd6HJ\bHOCTb. Tip11 Tex

ycAOBHHX cymecTBOBdHilll: 11 pa3BllTH5l o6'beKTa nporao-

3HpOBaH115l, ero CBH3Il co CMe/KHblMH o6AaCTHMil CHTya­

!J;Illl: MOI'Ad 6b! pa3B1IBilTbC5l 110A06Hb!M o6pa30M.

Ho Ae3HHTerpaUH5I aa611paAa CHAy, COOTJ!Oll!eHHe Me­

JKAY COAepJKaHHeM (cTpeMAenrre K pbIHKY Il caMOCTOHTeAb­

HOCTH) H ITOAilTWieCKOM cpopMOH (cAep>KHBaIOil!Ile pb!'!a­

rrr UeHTpa) cTaHOBHAOCh KOHcpAHKTHLIM. EcAH 6bI rrepe­

XOA K pbIHKY ocyrn:ecTBA5IAC5l npn coxpaHeHHil eCJ\Il He

TIOAilTH'ieCKoro, TO XOT5l 6b! 3KOHOMH'ieCKOf0 COI03a, B03-

MO.IKHO, 3TOT nporHo3 11 c6bIACH 6Lr. Ho 3AeCb o6oeKT npo­

rHo311poBaHrrH O'ieHb CKOpo nepeIIIeA B KaqeCTBeHHO

HOBble ycAOBil5l. Tio3TOMY AAH HaIIIero HeyCTOll'illBOfO 11

HenpeACKa3yeMoro speMeHlf KdK HHKOrAa BepHbl CAOBa

OAHOro 6p11TdHCKoro npeMbep-MHHilCTpa, qTO B IIOAHTHKe

MO./KHO npeACKd3b!Bi.1Tb ll:ldKCHMYM Ha HeAeAIO srrepeA.

0AHi.lKO y.11<e B arrpeAe 1990 r. 'iYBCTBO ITOAHTH'ieCKOro

BpeMeHH AHKTOBdAO H.Ha3ap6aeBy, 'ITO AaAbIIIe MeAAHTb

HE'Ab35l. '"f--lbrHeIIIH5l5I l10A11TH'iE'CKa5l, 3KOHOMH'ieCKi.15l CHTya-

43

UMlI B CTpaHe TaKoBa, 'ITO .O'!eHb C'KOpO Mb! BOHAeM B HO­

BbIH BIITOK 3aT>DKHOH MHOroAeTHeH CTarHaUIIII, rmrepIIH­

cpA5IUIIII. EcAII Mb! HeMeAAeHHO He CAeAaeM peIIIIITeAbHblX

IIIaroB HaBcTpe'Iy pbIHO'!HbIM OTHOIIIeHII5IM, BIIOAHe B03-

MOJKHO, 'ITO yJKe qepe3 HeCKOAbKO MeC5IUeB Ha'!aTblH HaMH

rryTb AeMOKpaTII'!eCKIIX rrepeMeH 6yAeT rrpepBaH. 11cTopH­

'!eCKa5I 3aKOHOMepHOCTb TaKOBa, 'ITO CTpaHa Bee paBHO

IIOHAeT K pbIHKy, HO, BIIAHMO, yJKe ITO HHOH, 6oAee JKeCT­

KOH cxeMe"(24).

B Mae OH roBOpHT: "MeHH 6ecIIOKOliT IIOKa'IHBaHHe Ha­

Illero o6ruecTBa TO BnpaBO, TO BAeBO. Oco6eHHO BIIpaBO,

TO eCTb K TOMY COCT05IHH!O, B KaKOM Mb! COBCeM HeAaBHO

npe6bIBaAII. 3To HeB03MOJKHO. 3Toro He 6yAeT"(25).

TipOBOMI KaK Tipe3HAeHT orpOJ\IHYIO pa6oTy no reHe- .

pHpOBaHIIIO HAeH, 3aKOHOAaTeAbHOMY li opramrnaUHOHHO­

MY o6ecne'!eHli!O pecpopM, KaK AHAep rrapTHII OH Bee 60-

Aee JKeCTKO Tpe6yeT OT Hee IIOBOpOTa K pbIHKy. Oco6eHHO

IIOKa3aTeAbHOH 6bIAa CHTyaunH B BepXHliX 3IIIeAOHax

. KTICC, ynycTHBIIIHX IIHHUIIaTnBy, 3aMepIIIHX B AeTaprnH

IlOAliTH'leCKOro CHa. XapaKTepII3Y5I OAllH li3 IIOCAeAHIIX

TIAeHyMoB UK KTICC, Ka3axcTaHCKHH AIIAep rop.SI'IHTCH:

"CttAMIIIb Ha TaKOM cpopyMe II AyMaeIIIb: a KyAa, co6cT­

BeHHO, .SI IIOIIaA? Ha KaKOe co6paHne, B KaKOM roAy? TioKa

liHble CHAeAH B OKOIIaX, )Kll3Hb YIIIAa AaAeKO BIIepeA"(26).

TorAa JKe rrpHXOAHT IIOHHMaHHe, 'ITO B o6rueCTBe HAeT

JKeCTKa.SI HAeOAorH'!ecKaH 6opb6a. BnepBbie 3a MHorrre

roAhl KTICC oKa3aAacb B rroAoJKeHHM rrapTHH, 6oprorueil:­

C5I 3a BAli5IHHe B Maccax. KoMcpOpTHbie ycAOBli5I OAHOnap­

TliHHOCTH, HAeOAOrH'!eCKOro MOHII3Ma 6e3B03BpaTHO yxo­

AliAli . .IKII3Hb Tpe6oBaAa OT napTHHHbIX KOMHTeTOB He

TOAbKO 3HaTb HacTpoeHHH Mace, HO II Y'IHTbCH KYAbrype

AliCKYCCliH c llAeHHbIMM OIIIIOHeHTaMH, IIOTeHUliaAbHbIMH

IIOAliTH'!eCKliMli napTHepaMH. 11 OII5ITb npH3b!Bbl TiepBoro

ceKpeTap5I pa36HBaAHCb 0 HeJKeAaHHe MeH.SITbL.SI, OTKa3bI­

BaTbC5I OT npHBbl'!HbIX li OTTOro, Ka3aAOCb, He3bI6AeMblX

MeTOAOB pyKOBOACTBa.

Ha BOIIpoc 0 IIOAHTll'IeCKHX IIpOTHBHHKax OH OTBe'!aeT

KoppecnOHAeHTaM ueHTpa.11.bHblX ra3eT: "HeKOTOphre 06-

11.aCTHbie H pail:oHHhie pyKoBOAHTe.11.rr B pecny611.HKe He

rrpliHHMaIOT HOBblX HAe:ii ... " (26). "Oco6eHHO conpOTliBMl­

!OTC5I pyKOBOAHTe.11.u KPYTIHbIX 0611.acTHbIX, pa:iiOHHbIX

napTopraHH3aUHH, npOCTO Tep5I.SI BAaCTb. EcTb HOCTaAbrll.SI,

XO'IeTC5I, 'IT06bI Bee 6b!AO, KaK 6b!AO" (4).

TiporpaMMa H3 Tpex rryHKTOB, rrpeA.11.araBIIIaHcH H.Ha-

3ap6aeBbIM B Te'leHHe IIO'!Tli 26 MeCHUeB ero rrapTH:iiHoro

AHAepCTBa, - CT05ITb Ha TBepAOH IIO'!Be HHTepHaUHOHa-

44

AH3Ma, 6opOTbelI 3a eoxpaHeHHe roeyAapeTBa, IIOAAepJKH­

BaTb Bee HOBbie cpopMbI pbIHQqHQH 3KOHOMJIKH - ITpo6yK­

eOBbIBaAa Ha ITOeAeAHeM BaJKHeH:rrreM 3TaITe. AyMaeTeR,

yJKe TOrAa BeeHOH - B HaqaAe AeTa 1991 r. TiepBbIH eeKpe­

Tapb U:K 6bIA MOpaAbHO roTOB K HeB03MOJKHOCTl1 ITOBepHyTb

ITapTHHHhIH Kopa6Ah B pyeAo pecpopM. KoMMyHueT]1qeeKal1

HAeOAOI'HlI B ee OKOeTeHeAOH cpopMe, KOTopyIO OHa ITpH­

o6peAa 3a AeelITHAeTHlI eyrn:eeTBOBaHHlI B KaqeeTBe roey­

AapeTBeHHOH, 113JKHAa eefor. I1 XOTlI ITpeAITPHHHMaAHeb

KOHBYAbeHBHbie yeHAHlI ITO peopraHH3aU:HH ITapTaITITapa­

Ta, ITO e03AaHHIO pa3AHqHbIX KOMHee11H:, Bbipa60TKe ITOAH­

THqeeKHX ITAaTcpOpM, peaHHMaU:HlI ITapTHH-roey AapCTBa

6bIAa HeB03MOJKHa.

TaK IToqeMy JKe He CAaBaAcR TiepBbIH ceKpeTapb? BoT

KAIOqeBbie CAOBa, IT03BOA~IOrn:ue ITOHlITb ero IT03HU:HIO: "B

Ka3axcTaHe ern:e CHAhHhl IT03HU:HH ITapTHH (HIOAh 1991 r. -

.IK.A.). BeAb Ka3axcTaHU:hI, oco6eHHO JKHTeAu ceAa, B xo­

porrreM CMbICAe KOHCepBaTOpbI, ITpHBepJKeHU:bI TpaA11IJ;H­

lIM, HCTOpHH, ITPOIIIAOMY, HX HeAerKO pacKaqaTb. TaK Ka­

KOH JKe lI ITOAHTHK, eCAH 6yAy OTBepraTb TaKyIO CHAy?"

(4). To eCTb qHCTO ITOAHTHqecKHe HHTepecbI He IT03BOAlIAH

OTKa3aTbClI OT MHOI'OMHAAHOHHOH ITOAAepJKKH, HaAeJKHOll

COU:HaAhHOH 6a3bI Tipe3HAeHTa, KOTOpalI, ITO KpaH:HeH: Mepe,

He BbICTyITaAa ITpOTHB pecpopM.

0 cepbe3HOM pa3oqapOBaHHH B COU:HaAHCTHqecKOM

HAeaAe B ero eoBeTeKOM BapHaHTe rOBOpHT H ITOCTOlIHHOe

yKAoHeHHe OT BOITpoca "KyAa MhI HAeM?" He pa3 H.Ha3ap-

6aeBy ITpeAAaraAH BCAYX IIpH3HaTb, qTo CTpaHa ABHJKeTClI

K KaITHTaAH3MY. 06biqtt0 OH 6oAe3HeHHO pear11poBaA Ha

TaKoro poAa BOITpOCbI I1 TeMITepaMeHTHO AOKa3bIBaA, qTo

"pa3BHTOH COU:HdAH3M" He yAyqrrr11A JKH3Hb HapOAa. Tpe-

6oBaA OTKa3aTbClI OT HAeOAOI'H3aU:HH Bcero H BClI, OTAe­

AHTb 3KOHOMHKY OT HAeOAOI'HH, napTHllHOe J3AHlIHHe OT

3KOHOMHqecKOll CTpaTerHH, 0 qeM HeOAHOKpctTHO rOBOpMA

M.C .rop6aqeBy. Ha 3TOM KpHTHKa eouuaA11cT11qecKoro

HAeaAa 3aKaHqHBaAaCb. "0CTaBHM 3TH pa3rOBOpbI. rAaB­

HOe cerOAHlI - AyMaTh<KaK yAyqrrruTb JKH3Hb AIOAeil"(27).

TpyAHO 6brAo rry6AuqHo ITpH3HaTh TO, qTo AeeaTuAe­

THRMH ITpeACTaBARAOCb a6COAIDTHbIM 3AOM. " ... Hae ITyra­

·10T Kal1HTaAH3MOM, MOA, Macpl!5I 6y AeT o6orarn:aTbC5I, a MbI

6eAHeTb. AaBailTe oT6pocuM 3TH cTpaxw. Ea11 B BbieoKo­

pa3BHThrx eTpaHax Ha OITAaTy HAeT AO 60% e03AaHHoro

HamroHaAbHOro ITPOAYKTa, TO y Hae - He 6oAee 30-33%. 'l:ero JKe TYT AIOAeil rryraTh KaITuTaAH3MOM?" (27).

CTaTye Tpe6oBaA co6AIOAaTb npaBHAa HrpbI: MOI' AH

AHAep .KOMMYHHeTOB OTKpeCTHTbe5I OT Toro, 'ITO AaAO Ha-

45

3BaHHe ero napTHH? 0AJ-IaKO O'!eBHAHO, 'ITO rrparMaTHK Ha3ap6aeB, HHKOrAa, no ero CAOBaM, "He YBAeKaBIIIHHOI" CfHCTOH HAeOAOrHell, CBOH BbJ6op y:>Ke CAeAaA.

DocAe aBrycToBcKoro rryT'fa, ocy AHB Aei:icrnm1 pyKo­l'OACTBa UK Knee, rro.11.Aep)Kamuero fK'-ID, OH Bb!IJieA 113 cocTaBa DoAn:T6mpo n UK Knee. KaK Dpe3HAeHT, OH ITOADHCaA YKa3 06 061,lJB/l.eHnn HMymecTBa Knee i-i:a Tep­pnTopnn: Ka3aXCTutra co6cTBeHHOCThIO peen y6AHKH. Ha IlAeHyMe J_\K KoMrrapTHH 28 auryCTa, mrom_, IIOATBepAHB CBOe pe3KO OTpHu:aTeAbHOe OTHOIIIeHHe K AelITeAbHOCTH pyKoBOACTBa KDCC no Bpel'rn rocy11apcTBeHHoro rrepeBo­pO'ra, H.Ha3ap6aen 3alIBHA: "B A<HIHOi1 CIITyanrrn lI AeAam TPYAHbill Bbr6op H CJ\aram c cefol o6lJ3ilHHOCTH nepsoro ceKpeTaplI UK KoMnapnur. C'IHTaw, 'ITO L(K K0Mnapnu1 Ka3axcTaHa AOA:>KeH npm·IWfb eAHHCTBeHHo rrpaBHAbHOe pemeHne - ofrblIBHTb 0 rrpeKpameI·IlH1 CBOeil AeHTeAbHO­CTH. Heo6XOAHMO C03Aa'fb oprKOMHTeT AAR npoBeAeHHlI BH eo'IepeAHoro C'bf0 :\1\cl HAI-! KOHcpepeH1\Hl1, r Ae AOA:>KHa ObrTb orrpeAeAeHa AaALHeilrnaH cyAb6a KoMMYHHCTH'IecKoil napTHH Ka3axcTaHa ...

KaK Dpe3HAeHT Kcl3axcKoii ecp 5I TBepAO 3alIBA5no o CBoeil BepHOCTH rrpHclJre. HH B Koen Mepe He o6BHH5IH) rrnpnri1:Hbie opraHH3i1.IU111. H11KaK11x oryALHbrX rneAbMOBa­nnil, a TeM 6oAee npecAeAOBaHI1lJ 3THX AH)Aeii He AOA)KHO AOITYCKilTbClI" (6).

7 ceHT5!6p5I 1991 r. COCT05IAC5I caMblll KOpOTKHH B HCTO­j)HH KoMMYHHCTH'IeCKOH rrapTHH Ka3axcraHa rrocAeAHI1ll ·~e che3A. OH rrpol\OA:>KaAClI scero OAI1H AeHb. BbrcTyrraH Ha C'be3Ae, H:Ha3ap6aeB DOA'IepKHyA, 'ITO rrapTmI no cy­lUeCTBy y-rpaTJ1Aa KOHTpOAb HaA CBOI1M PYKOBOA5II1(11M <mrrapaToM. Knee KaK ueAbHoli cTpyKTYPH He cTaAo, H

Bo3BpaTa K Heil y)l(e HeT. Perrr11Tb cyAh6y KoMrrapT1111 He­o6xOA!1MO Ha 3TOM C'be3Ae. I1 ecAH AeAeraTbI BCTaHyT Ha nyTb KOCMeT11'!eCKOro peMOHTa rrapTHil, coxpaH5IT ee cTpyKTYPY - 3To 6yL1.eT r116eAbHO AMI rrapnm. HaAo oT­Ka3aTbC5I OT KOMMYHI1CTI1'!ecKJ1X AOfM, CMeHHTb He TOAb­KO Ha3BaHI1e rrapTHH, HOH caMy ee cyTb"(28).

Ha3ap6aes cyMeJ\ rrepeAOMI1Tb HacTpoeH11e '!acT11 Ae­rryTaToB, Bb!CTynaBillllX B rrpe)KHeM Ayxe, He oueH!1BIIII1X Tpe3BO CYITyaumD. EJ\afOAap5I ero ITOAI1TJ1'feCKOH BOAe napTI111 AilAil HOBOe Hi13BaH11e, 6b!AH rrp11H5ITbI nporpaMM­HOe 3alIBAeHrre, ycTaB, 1136paH noA11T11crroAKOM Hosoil Cou11aAHCT11'!ecKoii rrapT1111 Ka3aXcTaHa, cTaBrrreli rrpaBo-11peeMH11uel1 KoMMyHncT11tfecKoil napT1111. Ha 3TOM 3aKOH­<rnAaCb 11cTop115I KoMrrapT1111 Ka3axcTaHa KaK cocTaBHOH tfacT11 Knee.

46

f.11.ana5

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a) ITpe3HAeHT, H36paHHhIH nap.11.aMeHTOM

25 MapTa 1990 r. rrpH A0130.ll.bHO 13b!COKOH aKTl1BIIOf:TH

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BaJKHelirneil ITOAHTH<reCKOH KaM!IaHHH, 06 3AeKTopaAbHOH

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BeHHOI'O MHeI-II15I pecrry6AHKH K Heo6XOAIIMOCTH BBeAeHirn

rrpe3HAeHTCKOH cpopMbl rrpaBAeHH5I. 15 MapTa 1990 r. Ha Ill BHeo<repeAHOM C'be3Ae HapOAHb!X AeIIyTaTOB CCCP rrep­

BhIM rrpe3HAeHTOM Coro3a 6b!A H36paH lvinxan.11. fop6a<reB.

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ceccrrro EPDX--::1 -::J~-Iorn CoBeTa l(a3axcK0}1 CCP XII co3bIBa 'lPeAAOJKeH1n'1 no OTAeAbHb!M CTaTb51M KOHCT11TYUl111 Ka-3aXCKOH CCP." I13MeHeHH5I Kaca.11.11cb cTaTei1: 6 (o pyKoBo-

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Ilpe3HAeHT Ka3axcKott <;:CP H.A.Ha3ap6aeB. HypcyATaH A6mnesHq Ha3ap6aes poAHACll B 1940 r. B ceAe

l{eMoAraH KacKeAeHcKoro palioHa AAMa-ATHHCKoli 06Aacn1, Ka3ax, '!AeH KTICC c 1962 r.

06pa3oBaHHe Bblclllee - oKoHqHA 3aBOA-BTY3 npn: KaparaH­AHHCKOM MeTaAAyprHqecKOM 3aBOAe H 3aO'!HYIO BbICllIYIO nap­THHHYIO llIKOAY npH UK KTICC.

TpyAOBYIO Ael!Te.11.bHOCTb Ha'!a.11. B 19&0 r .. noC.11.e OKOH'l.aHm! AtterrpoA3epJKHHCKOro TexHH'IecKoro Y'IHAmua, pa3Hopa6o'IHM CTpOHTe.11.bHOro ynpaBAeHlrn "AoMeHCTpoli" TpecTa "Ka3MeTaA-. AyprCTpoli" B r.TeMHpTay KaparaHAHHCKOH o6AaCTH, 3aTeM pa60TaA qyryHIUHKOM pa3AHBO'IHblX MallIHH AOMeHHOro uexa, ropHOBblM AOMeHHOH ne'l.H, AHCTieT'l.epoM AOMeHHOro uexa, ra-30Bll(HKOM, CTapllIHM ra30Bll(HKOM AOMeHHOH ne'!H KaparaHAHH­CKOro MeTaAAyprH'!eCKoro KOM6HHaTa.

B 1969 r. nepeseAeH Ha napTHHHYIO pa6oTy -· 3aseAyIOII:IHM npOMblllIAeHHO- TpaHcrropTHhlM OTAeAOM TeMHpTaycKoro rop­KOMa napTHH. B 1969-1971 rr. 6hlA nepBhlM ceKpeTapeM Te­MHpTaycKoro ropKOMa KOMCOMOAa. B 1971 r. H36HpaeTCll BTO­phlM ceKpeTapeM TeMHpTaycKoro ropKoMa napTHH. 3aTeM c 1973 no 1977 rr. - ceKpeTapb napTI<OMa KaparaHAHHCKoro MeTa.11.­AyprH'!eCKoro KOM6HHaTa, B 1977-1979 rr. - ceKpeTap:b, BTO­po:i1: ceKpeTapb KaparaHAHHCKoro o6KoMa napTHH, c 1979 no 1984 rr. - ceKpeTapb UK KoMrrapTHH Ka3aXcTaHa. C 1984 r. pa60Ta.11. ITpeAceAaTe.11.eM CoseTa Mm:mc1'poB Ka3aXcKoii CCP.

B HIOHe 1989 r. H.A.Ha3ap6aeB H36paH ITepBhlM ceKpeTapeM UK KoMnapTHH Ka3aXcTaHa, B tj:Jespa.11.e 1990 r. :- ITpeACeAaTe­AeM BepxoBHOro CoseTa Ka3axcKc;ili CCP.

H.A. Ha3ap6aes l!BAl!eTCll ;In°eHOM UK KITCC, HapOAHhlM AenyTaToM CCCP H Ka3axcKo:i1:° CCP, HarpaJKAeH opAeHaMH TpyAoBoro KpacHoro 3HaMeifH, "3HaK ITo'!eTa" H MeAaAl!MH CCCP.

24 anpeAl! 1990 r. BepxoBHb!H CoseT Ka3aXcKoii,CCP H3-6pa.11. H.A. Ha3ap6aesa ITpe3HAeHTOM Ka3axcKoii CCP (4).

TaKHM o6pa30M, c 24 arrpeA.sI 1990 r. HaqaACli HOBhIH 3Tarr pa3BHTH.sI IIOAHTHqecKOM CHCTeMhI pecrry6AHKH, xa­paKTepH3YIOIUHHCli cpopMHpoBaHHeM HOBh!X IIOAHTHqe­CKHX HHCTHTYTOB (rrpe3HAeHT, rrapt.aMeHT), HMe10mn:x ue­AhIO AeMOKpaTH3aUHIO o6mecTBa II pa3BHTHe COOTBeTCT­BYIOll(HX IIOAHTH'feCKOMY Kypcy pecpopM B 3KOHOMHKe.

floATopa roAa rrpe6hrnaHH.sI H.Ha3ap6aeBa Ha rrocTy flpe3HAeHTa, n:36paHHoro rrapAaMeHTOM (arrpeAh 1990 r. - AeKa6ph 1991 r.). rrpornAH IIOA 3HaKoM YTBepJKAeHHli cyBepeHHTeTa pecrry6AHKH. r AaBHOM 3aAa'!eM BHYTPeHHeii

48

ITOAHTHKH 6b!AO coxpaHeJrne rpa.IKAaHcKoro MHpa H Ha-

11,HOHaAbHOro corAaCH51, IIOAAep>KKa HOpMaAbHOro pHTMa

HapOl.\IIOI'O X03HITCTBd, rrpasosoe yKperrAeHJ1e ph!HO'!Hb!X

I103HUHH. 3TO 6hIAO BpeM5!, HaCb!IIJ,eHHOe C06b!THHMH 'Ipe3-

BbI'!aliHoro xapaKTepa. B 06mecTBeHHo-rroA11T11'fecKoli H

COIJ,HaAbH0-3KOHOMH'feCKOH .JKH3Hl1 CTpaHbI 11 pecrry6Al1-

KH llIAH CAO.JKHb!e rrpOTHBOpe'IHBbie rrpouecCbI:

pa36aAaHCHpoBaHHOCTb 3KOHOMHKH, pa3HOrAaC115! BO­

Kpyr CoI03HOf'O AOfOBopa, COUHdl\bHa5! Harrp5UKeHHOCTb B

o6mecTBe, Me.1KHau110HaAhHb1e KompAHKTbI B CCCP, "Boli­

na 3aKOI-roB". CHAbHOe H aBTOpHTeTHOe KOHCOAHl.\Hpym­

IUee Hil':WAO B J\HIJ,e npe3HAeHTd BO MHOI'OM crroco6cTBO­

Bal\O cTa6HAbHOCTH CHTyaUHH B Ka3aXcTaHe, pocTy aBTO­

pHTeTa pecrry61U1KH B CTpaHe H 3a py6e.IKOM.

y CHAH5I rrpe3HAeHTCKOH BAaCTl1 6b!J\H narrpaBAeHbl rrpe­

.IKAe BCero Ha ITOAI'OTOBKY 11 BHeApeHHe pb!HO'!Hb!X Mexa­

HH3MOB xo35IHCTBoBaHH5I. Eme B 1987 r. · H.Ha3ap6aeB

Bb!l.\BHraeT 111.\eIO paBHOrrpaBHb!X 3KOHOMH'feCKHX OTHOllie­

HHH, pecpopMhI Me.JKpecrry6AHKaHcKoro pa3AeAeHHH Tpy­

Aa. BrrepBbie 3Ta ero 111.\€5! Ha o6mecoI03HOM ypoBHe rrpo-

3By'faAa Ha I C'be3Ae HapOl.\HhlX AerryTaToB CCCP. 0AHaKo

3a rrepHOA M€.JKAY rrepBb!M {Matt-11l0Hb 1989 r.) 11 BTOpb!M

C'be3AaMH (AeKa6pb 1989 r.) MaAO 'ITO H3MeHHAOCb, rrpo­

uecc Aeu:eHTpaAH3aU:HH yrrpaBAeHH5I 3aCTOI10pHAC5I.

B Ka3axcTaHe TeM BpeMeHeM rrp11cTyrrHAH K pa3pa6oT­

Ke co6CTBeHHOH KOHU:eIIU:HH 3KOHOMH'feCKOH pecpopMbl,

KOTopa5I 6a3HpOBaAaCb Ha HOBb!X cpyHAaMeHTaAbHb!X oc­

HOBax. Bo-rrepBbIX, pacrrpocTpaHeHne pa3AH'!Hb!X cpopM

co6cTBeHHOCTH l.\OA.IKHO 6bITb TIOAAep.IKaHO C03AaHHeM

rrpon3BOACTBeHHb!X CTPYKTyp 11: TexHoAorn'!ecKnx KOH­

uepHOB, KOTOpb!e ccpopMnpyIOTCH H3 npeAIIpHHTHH pa3-

AHqHb!X MHHHCTepCTB H C03AaAyT YCTQH'fHBb!H KapKac

3KOHOMHKH, pa3pyIIIaT AHKTaT BeAOMCTB H MOHOIIOAH!O

rrpoH3BOl.\HTeAH. Bo-BTOphlx, B paMKax 3Toi1 CTPYKTYPhl

HaI-I6oAee y Ao6Ho rrepeliTn K KOAAeKTHBHOli co6cTBeHHo­

cTli li IIOAHOH caMOCTOHTeAbHOCTli rrpeArrpHHTliH, C03Aa­

HHJO u:enTpaAH30BaHHOI'O yrrpaBAeHHH pa3BHTH€M rrpOH3-

BOAHTeAbHb!X CHA. 3Ta KOHIJ;eI1U:li5I 6h!Aa HarrpaBAeHa Ha

.IIOBb!llieHJ-Ie Ka'feCTBeHHOf'O COCT05!HH5! pecrry6AliKdHCKO­

ro TexH0Aor11:•1ecKoro KOMrrAeKca. B-TpeThHX, 'AOCTHraAaCh

Kdpl.\liHdAbHdH 3al.\d'fa COU:liaAliCTli'feCKOH 3KOHOMHKli -

COeAHHeHHe rrAaHa H X03pacqeTa.

0AHaKO AA5! ocymecTBAeHliH 3TOH KOHUerrIJ,Hli pecrry6-

AHKe HY>KHbl 6bIAli IIOAHa5I 3KOHOMli'fecKaH caMOCTOHTeAb­

HOCTb B paMKax cpeAepaU:HH; rrpaso co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha Tep­

PHTOpnro; rapaHTHpoBaHHa5I CB060Aa BO B3aHMOOTHOllie-

7 -19·6 49

HlllIX c lleHTpOM, BeAOMCTBaMll, llHOCTpdHHb!Mli rrapnre­paMll .

.Vb.11.0JKllB Ka3aXCTaHCKYJO KOHUeI!l(l1JO Ha II C"be3Ae Ha­

POAHb!X AerryTaTOB CCCP, TOrAa erue TiepBbrii: ceKpeTapb UK rrpH3b!BaA: "TipeAOCTaBAem-re EeAopyccHH, ;\HTBe, ;\aTBl1l1, 3cTOHHH rrpaB Ha caMOCTOHTeAbHOe BeAeHHe xo-3HHCTBa Tpe6yeT cBoero Aor11qecKoro rrpOAOAJKeHHlI. He­

o6XOAHMO pacrrpocTpaHHTb IIOAOJKeHHe 3Toro 3dKOHa Ha Bee Apyme pecrry6AHKH" (5).

3Toro Tpe6oBaAO BpeMH, TdK KaK u:eHTp IIOAl1TY!'IeCROii:.

JKll3HH HaqaA rrepeMeruaTbCH B pecrry6AllKH, qTO eCAll ll 6hIA.o HeOJKHAaHHbIM, TO OTHJOAh He CAyqa}IHb!M.

Heo6XOAHMOCTb OTKa3a OT yHHTapHoro rocyAapcTBeH­

Horo o6pa30BaHlllI 6bIAa IIOHlITHa yJKe B 1988 r., KOrAa rrpu6aATHMCKOe Tpl10 rrpll3hIBaAO IIOAIU!CaTb HOBb!H Co­J03Hb!ll AOrOBOp, pacurn:pmorunli caMOCTOlITeAbHOCTb co­

J03Hb!X pecrry6AHK. Ho B pe3yAbTaTe HerrpocTHTeAbHOli

IIOAHTH'IeCKOll 6All30PYKOCTH L(eHTpa rnaHc Ha paAHKaAb­HOe o6HOBAeHHe c coxpaHeHlleM BCex cy6"beKTOB rrpeJK­

Heli cpeAepaUllll 6bIA 6e3B03BpaTHO ynyrueH. KoHcepBaTH3M H HepelllHTeAbHOCTb L(eHTpa - cepbe3-

HaJI, HO He eAHHCTBeHHaH rrpllqllHa. fAaBHOe, C'IHTaA rl.Ha-

3ap6aeB, - ccpepa MeJKHaUllOHaAbHb!X rrpOTllBOpe'Illll,

CTaJllllaH KpaTepOM cou11aAhHOro BYAKdHa. l13MeHHAaCb H MeJKAyHapOAHaJI OiTyaulllI, B KOTOpoli cyruecTBeHHO

yMeHhlllllAaCh orracHOCTh BOopyJKeHHOll 3KCIIaHCHll. B 1987 r., nnIUeT MapTa EpHA 0AKOTT, HaqaAacb 6opb-

6a MeJKAY MocKBoli H pecrry6AHKaMn 3a 3KOHOMH'IecKoe

yrrpaBAeHlle. Pecrry6AllKH BHa'IaAe IIOTpe6oBaAll cpllHdH­COBOll caMOCTOlITeAhHOCTll, 3aTeM 3KOHOMnqecKoii: aBTO­HOMHll, ll TOAbKO IIOTOM - cyBepeHHTeTa H, HdKOHeu, He-

3aBHCHMOCTll. EaATllHCKHe pecny6AHKH IllAll BnepeAH, cpeAHea3llaTc~e Hell3MeHHO TaIUllAl1Cb B TbIAY (6).

0cAa6AeHHe, a 3dTeM ll HapacTaJOruHif pa3BaA CKAaAhI­BaBIUllXClI AeClITllAeTlllIMll CB5I3eli MeJKAY COJ03Hb!Mll pec­ny6A11KaMH, 3acTaBHA Ka3axcTaH HCKaTh rrpnHUllrrHaAbHO HOBh!e IIOAXOAhl K cpopMllpOBaHllJO B3allMOOTHOIUeHllll c pa3AH'IHhIMll penmHaMH cTpaHbI. 23 HIOHH 1990 r. B AAMa­

ATe COCTOJIAaCh BCTpe'Ia PYKOBOAHTeAeii: pecrry6AHK CpeA­Heli A3llll H Ka3aXcTaHa. CorAallleHHe 06 3KOHOMH'IeCKOM,

HayqHo-TeXHH'IecKoM ll KYAbTYPHOM COTPYAHnqecTBe IIOAITHCaAH rrpe3HAeHTbI Y36eKHCTaHa 11.KapnMOB, Ka3ax­

CTaHa H.Ha3ap6aeB, npeACeAaTeAH BepXOBHbIX CoBeTOB KHprH3llH A.MacaAneB, TaAJKHKHCTaHa - K.MaxKaMOB, TypKMeHHH - C.HHJI30B (7). 3aTeM rrocAeAoBaAo ycTaHOB­

Aemre Ha AOrOBOp!-!Oll OCHOBe ABYCTOpO!IBHX 3KOHOMnqecKHX

50

CB5l3eH c PoccHe11:, YKpam-IOH, neAopyccHeH ll A3ep6ai1:­

A)!{aHOM. 3TO II03BOAHAO Ka3aXCTaHy BbIHTH Ha AOBOAbHO

Bb!COKHH no MepKaM Tex AHeH ypoBeHb AOI'OBopeHHOCTeH

Ha I!OCTdBKH npOl\YKUHH Me.IKAY rrpeAIIpH5ITH5lMH.

C1-rryaumo 1990 r. n 3KoHoMHKe H.Ha3ap6aeB xapaK­

TepinyeT TaK: "OrpoMHa5l crpcrna JKHAa 3KCI1pOMTaMH.

YAHBAJII{)Cb, KaK MO!KHO HH'Jero I-Te npeAIIPHHHMaTb, 'IT0-

6hl 1335lTh ynpaBAeHHe B CBOH PYK!f. I3 1990 r., KOrAa He

6bIAO 110CTaRoK, :JaBOAhl Ha rpaHH OCTdHOBKH, Mb! I!OIIIJ\.11

na Me.1Kpecny6A11KaHCKHe 3KOI-IOMH<IeCKHe COI'J\.dIIIeHH5l,

'IT06bI ITOAAep)!{ilTI· npeAIIp115ITH5l, CBeCTH HX Me)!{AY co-

6oi1:, KdK-TO 3d!Ul1Tl1Tb. ]\/[bl Ha 90% COXpaHHJ\.11 CB5l311. ne3

C0103a HCAb35l, ci naIIIH corAame1-nrn H ecTb peaAbHa5l oc­

HOBa Co1-03r-roro AOI'oBopa"(8).

Ey Ay 1rn OAHHM "113 HHHUHaTopoB 3aKAI-01IeH!15l 3KOHO­

Mll'IeCKOI'O naKTa Me.IKAY cyBepeHHblMH rocy AapCTBilMll

COI-03a, IIOAKperrAeHHOI'O IIOJ\.ll'fH<IeCKl!M C0!030M Ha KOH­

cpeAepaTHBHblX 11a11aAax, Ha3ap6aeB IIOCT05lHHO IIOA 'Iep­

KHBaA, 'ITO rrpo6HTbC5l Ha MllpOBOH pbII-IOK IIOOAllHO'IKe -

HAAI-03H5l. Tio OL\eHKaM 3KCrrepTOB ysepeHI-Ib!H BXOA B Ml-l­

poBoe X035lMCTBO cyBepeHHbIX rocyAapcTB COIC3a HeB03-

MO.iKeH B 6Al!JKaMIIIHe 10-15 AeT, 1160 IIpOAYKUH5l HX He­

KOHKypeHTOCIIOCo6ua.

B H05l6pe 1990 r. 6hIJI. orry6AllKOBaH rrpoeKT Co!03HOro

AOI'OBOpa, IIOABeprIIIl!HC5l pe3K0ll Kpl!THKe Tipe31-1AeHTOM

Ka3axcTaHa. OH oTMe'laA, 'ITO B rrpoeKTe r-re peIIIen norrpoc

o pa3AeAeHHl-l IIOJl.HOMO'IHM UeHTpa H cyfrheKTOB cpeAepa­

UHH. TioAHOMO'IH5l UenTpa AOJl.)!{Hhr 6b!Th A06poBOAhHO

AeAenrpoBaHbl eMy yqacTHHKaMH AOI'OBopa, a He HaB5l3a­

Hbl cBepxy. AaAee, B cTaTbe 7 H3 npaBa co6cTBeHHOCTH

pecrry6J1.HK HCKJ\.1-0'lilAaCb '!aCTb, Heo6XOAHMa5l AMI ocyme­

CTBAeH!15l nOAHOMO'IHH Co!03a CCP. "Ha TeppHTOpHH Ka-

3aXcTaHa 93% rrpeAIIPl-I5lTHH C0!03Ho-pecrry6AHKaHCKOro

IIOA'II-IHeHH5l. KaKoB 6yAeT npoueHT cynepeHHTeTa

Ka3CCP?" (9). TaKHM o6pa30M, orry6AHKOBaHHhIH rrpoeKT

r-re OTBe'laA 3aAa'!aM pecny6AHK - pa30pBaTb KpenKl-le

"o6'b5lTH5l" UeHTpa, rroKoHY.HTb c YHH3HTeAhHOH IIOA '!I-IFeH­

HOCTbI-O H 3aBHCHMOCTb!-O.

B Te'leHHe 1990-1991 rr. H.Ha3ap6aen rrocAeAoBaTeJl.b­

no BblCTynaeT 3a CKopeHIIIee IIOAIIHCdHHe C0!03HOI'O AO­

I'OBOpa, 'ITO 6b!Jl.O He CaMOUeJl.b!-0 IIOJ\.HTHKH, a YCJl.OBHeM

0)!{HBAeHH5l 3dCT05lBIIIeroc5l 3KOHOMH'leCKoro MexaHI-I3Ma

CTpaHbI. ToJl.bKO '!eTKOe pa3rpaHI-I'!eHHe IIOJ\.HOMO'!HH MOI'­

J\.O yKperrHTb rocyAapcTBeHHOCTb, coxpaHHTb Co!-03, Ha­

AdAHTb CB5l3H.

51

B AeKa6pe 1990 r. 'leTupe pecny6Al1KH - Pocorn, YK­

pa:i·rna, EeAapych 11 Ka3axcTaH - BrrepBbie BhicTyrr11A11 c

HHRUHaTHBOH C03Aamrn COI03a cyBepeHHh!X rocyAapCTB.

3TOT Illar 6hIA rrpOAHKTOBaH .HeKOHCTPYKTHBHOH l!OJ\l1TH­

KOH L(e.HTpa, B pe3yAhTaTe KOTOpOH pa6oTa no IIOArOTOB­

Ke HOBOI'O COI03.HOfO AOf'OBOpa 3dllIAa B TYIIHK. npe3H­

AeHTy CCCP 6b1Ao apHMO crza3crno, '!TO ecl\H rrOA11HCiEIHe

6y AeT 3aT5IrHBaTbC5!, 3TH pecrry6ABK11 caMH l'OTOBLl CTdTI.

HApoM HOBoro Co103a H 3aKAJO'!HTL AOI'OBop 6e3 Y'IilCTHH

L(eHTpa. 3To 3acTaB11Ao M.fop6a'leBa rrepecMoTpeTb CBOIO

II03111UIIO B OTHOilleHHH COAep)KaHl·!JJ: 11 TeMIIOB HHTerpa­

l(HOHHOfO rrponecca, aKTHBH3HpOBaTb ero. MMemw TOrAa

11 Hu'laAl1Cb HOBO-orapeBCK11e BCTpe'lll.

23 arrpeMI COCTOHl\aCb BcTpe<Ja PYKOBOAHTeAe11 9 pec­

rry61\11K c Tipe3!1AeHTOM CCCP M.C .fop6a,1eBbIM. TIOAIIH­

ca.H.Hoe corAallle.HHe, IIOAY''lHBIIIee H3BeCTHOCTb KaK co­

r Aallle.HHe "9 + 1 "' O'!epTHAO OCHOB.Hb!e rrpHHIU11Ibl c 0103-

HOfO AOf'OBOpa. Pecrry61\HKH TBepAO CT05IAH .Ha Ilj)H.Hl(H­

rrax coxpatte.HH5! cTpaHhI Ha cpeAepanrnnofr ocHOBe. 3To

AOA)Ke.H 6hIA 6bITh C0103 coBeTCKHX cyBepeHHhIX rocy­

AapcTB. B 3a5IBAeHHH yKa3bIBaAOCb, 'ITO Ha OCHOBe AdHHO­

ro AOKyMeHTa 6yAeT IIOAII11Ca.H COI03HbIJ1 AOf'OBOp, KOTO­

pb!H .cTaHeT ocHOBOH 6yAyme!'f KoHcT11Tyl\m1. L(euTp .Ha­

KOHel( IIp113HaA cyBepeHHOCTh pecrry6AHK.

Beeb MHp BOCIIpHH5IA corAa1IIeH11e "9+1" KaK Ha'lal\O

KOHCOAHAal(HH B CCCP.

ITocAe 3TOH BCTpe'IH COCT05IAOCh HeCKOAhKO 3aCeAaHHH

CoBeTa ©eAepal\1111, Ha KOTOpb!X .l\OKyMeHT rrpaKT11'leCKH

ITO BCeM CTaTb5IM 6bIA corAaCOBaH. Ero y)Ke MO)KHQ 6b!AO

OTAaBaTh Ha 06cyJKAeH11e BepxoBHh!X CoBeTOB pecrry6AHK.

TipeAIIOAaraAOCh, 'ITO IIOCAe TOI'O, KaK rrapAaMeHTb! HaAe­

A5IT IIOAHOMO'll15IMH PYKOBO,ll,l1TeAeH AeAerar~HH, rrpeAOC­

TaBHT HM rrpaBO IIOAIIHCaTh AOfOBOp, AeAO IIOAOHAeT K KOH-

1\y. TIAa.HHpoBaAoCh, 'ITO y;Ke 20 aBryCTa AeAera111111 Ka-

3axcTa.Ha, PCCDCP, Y36eKHCTa.Ha, BMecTe c rroJKeAaBilIHMH

rrp11coeAHHHThCH K HHM EeAopyccnei·'r 11 TaAJKHKHCTa.HoM

rrepBb!MH IIOCTaB5IT CBOH IIOAIIHCH IIOA HOBh!M AOI'OBOpOM.

TiucAeAy10m11e TYPhl, c y'laCTHeM Apyrnx pecrry6Al1K,

rrpOMAYT B ce.HT5!6pe-OKT5!6pe. Ho 11 IIOCAe II0AIIHCa.HH5!

AOKyMeHTa rrpeACT05IAO HeMaAO pa60TbI no peaAH3a1(1111

ero IIOAOJKeHl1H.

0AHaKO HOBO-orapeBCK11H rrponetc rrpOXOA11A He rAaA­

KO. fAaBHhIM crropHb!M MOMeHTOM OCTaBaAOCb pa3AeAeHHe

IIOAHOMO'll1H B Borrpocax co6CTBeHHOCTl1. Pe'!h IlIAa 0 BAa­

CTH, KOTopy10 BeAOMCTBa TaK IIpOCTO OTAaBaTb He XOTeAH.

Bo3H11KaA11 rrpo6AeMbl 11 OTHOCHTeAhHO rocyAapcTseHH0-

52

ro 06ycrpo1'1cTBa. Ha3ap6aeB rrp!13b!BaA 3aBepll!HTh B moHe corAaCOBaHHe BCex BOrrpocoB H rrp11cryrr11Tb K IIOAIIHCa­HHI{) AOl'OBOpa.

Bee 3TH Bece1rne-AeTHHe MeCHUhI 1991 r. Ka3axcTaHCKHH AHAep He ycraeT 6opOTbC}! 3a CKOpel'uuee IIOAIIHCaHHe Coro3Horo AOI'OBopa. MapT: " ... 6e3 Co103noro AoroBopa HaM He 06orrT11cb. EcA11 KTO-TO ronop1n, 'ITO pecrry6A11KH MOI'YT BhDKl1Th B CAO)KlrnilleiiCH CII'ryau1111 IIOOAHHO'!Ke -:n-o noAHTHKaHCTBo! TOAhKO BMeCTe!"( 10). Marr: (Ha co6-puHHH pecny6A11KaHcKoro aKTHBa c y•1acT11eM M.C.fop­Ga<reBa): "HacTaAo npeMH pe!llHTeAhHhrx AeHCTBHH. Pe­lllHTeAhHOCTh HY)KHa H B AOCTH)KeHHH KOM11pOMHCCOB. YI1-rnunaTHBa B opraH113au1m rreperoBopHoro rrpouecca AOA)KHa rrpnHaA.r,e)KaTh oqmunaAhHhIM CTPYKTypaM BAa­CTH, AH'lHO BaM, MnxaHA CepreeBwr! "( 11). I110Ah: "Ca.Moe rAaBHoe cerOAHH - 3TO CoI03Hhrii AoroBop Ha conepllleH­Ho HOBOH ocHOBe. C Heo6xoAI1MhIMI1 IIOAHOMO'IHHMH UeH­Tpa, c rroAHOH caMocTOHTeAhHOCThIO pecrry6AHK. 6e3 Co10-3a Mb! He BOHAeM B MHpOBOH pbIHOK. Ha.AO OT6pOCHTh IIOAHTHKilHCTBO H 3ilH5!TbC5! AeAOM, TO eCTb 3KOHOMl1KOii. 3TO - rAaBH8HlllHH BOIIpoc" ( 12).

B Mae cocTOHAilCh rrpe3eHTaum1 KHIIrH H.Ha3ap6aeBa "Ee3 rrpaBb!X H AeBblX", HaIIHCilHHOlI 3a 100 AHeH:. 0Ha po­AHAaCb H3 )KeAaHH5! paccKa3ilTb 0 fOAilX rrepecTpOHKH, 0 110AHTH'leCKHX H 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX rrpoueccax, rrpoHCXOAHB­lllHX Ha rAa3ax aBTOpa. fAaBHa5! HAeH KHHfH 6bIAa IIOA'll1-HeHa TOH )Ke ueA11 - KOHCOAI1Aaunn o6ruecTBa, coxpaHe­HHJO CoBeTCKoro rocyAapcTBa.

Ba)KHel'mmM co6hITHeM 1990 r. cTaAo rrpHHHTMe Bep­XOBHhIM CoBeTOM Ka3axcKOH CCP AeKAapauttn o rocy­AapcTBeHHOM cyBepeH!1TeTe pecrry6AHKH (13). 0CHOBHOH 3aAa'leH: AeKAapaunn 6hrAa KOHCOAHAau11H HapoAOB pec­rry6A11KH, a ee rrpnopnTeTaMI1 CTilAH rapaHTHH rrpaB H CB0-60A rpa)KAdH He3aBHCHMO OT HilUHOHilAbHOH H rrapTHllHOH nprrHaAAe)KHOCTH, rrpOHCXO)KAeHHH, BepoHCIIOBeAaHHH H T.n.; rrpHBep)KeHHOCTh K coxpaHeHHIO Co103a; caMOCTOH­TeAhHOCTh B BOrrpocax Me)KAyHapOAHhIX OTHOllleHHH. Ilo­HHMilHHe TOI'O, 'ITO racy AilpCTBeHHhlll cynepeHHTeT - MHcj::J 6e3 IIOAHOBAilCTH5! B ccj::Jepe 3KOHOMHKH, npHBeAo K rrpo­B03I' Aall!eHH10 rrpaBa HCKAI0'IHTeAhHOI1 co6CTBeHHOCTH pecrry6AHKH Ha 3eMAIO, ee HeApa, BOAhI, Apyrne rrpHpOA­Hb!e pecypcbr.

HeKOTOphre rroAO)KeHHH AeKAapaIIHH BhI3Bill\.H crrophr cpeAH HapoAHhIX AerryTaToB. B qacTHOCTH, rrpeAJ1.araAocb onycTHTb CAOBO "HaUHOHaAhHhlrr" B IIOAO)KeHHH: "Ka3aX­CKaH CCP rrpHHHMaeT Mepbl no oxpaHe, 3aIUHTe 11 yKpen-

53

Aemuo Hau:uoHaAbHOH rocyAapCTBeHHocni". Ho, rro y6e­

JKAeHHIO Tipe3HAeHTa, oTpuu:aHne Hau:uoHaAbHOH rocy Aap­

CTBeHHOCTH BeAeT K OTpnu:aHHIO COI03Hh!X, aBTOHOMHb!X

pecrry6AHK, caMOH c OBeTCKOI1. Cl>eAepau1rn.

AeKAapaumr 3arrperr\aAa rrpoBeAeHne Ha TeppHTop1u1

pecrry6AHKli liCI1bITamn1. HAepHoro opy/KH5I, CTj)OHTel\bCT­

BO l1 cjJyHKUHOHHj)OBilI-!He HCIIbITaTeAbHb!X ITOAHI'OHOB Al\51

Apyr11x BHAOB opy>KHH MaccoBoro y1rn<1To/KeH11H. Ha .rrpecc-KoHcjJepeHUHH 13 MocKBe, rroCB5III\eHHOH pecrry6A11-

KaHcK0My cy13epeH11TeTy H 6yAyme~1y COJ03HOMY AOTO­

Bopy, H.Ha3ap6ae13 /KeCTKO ITOA'Iepr<1-1yA: "3a 40 AeT uc­

IIbITaHHH >iAepHoro opynum Ka3axcTaH c130J1 A.OAr rrepeA

CTpaHOH BblITOJ\HliA, H AaAbHeii:mee HX rrpOAOA/KeHHe Ha

ero TeppHTOpliH Hel303MOJKHO no 3KOAOI'l1'1E'CKHM, IICHXO­

AOI'Il'IeCKHM li Apyn1M rrpH'IHHaM" ( 14). AeKAapaUH5I o rocy AapcTl3eHHOM cyBepermTeTe 6bIAa

rrpHH5ITa Cl\eAyIOmHM o6pil30M: H3 282 HapOAHblX AerryTa­

TilTOB 261 rrporoAOC013ilAl1 3a, 18 - npOTHB, 2 B03AepJKa­

AliCb, 1 - He rOAOCOl3al\ (15). Ae6aTbI 13 rrapAaMerne HBHAHCb rroKa3aTeAeM cKpbrTo­

ro I1p0Tl1130pe'Il15I, cymeCTl30BaBiuero 13 ME'/KHilll)IOHCll\bHOH

ccjJepe. 11Memm oceHbIO 1990 r. rrpOH30IIIAa aKTHl3H3aUHH

HaUHOHaAHCTH'leCKHX rrapTHH l1 Al3l1/KE'HHH, He 13bIAlil3IIIaH­

C5I, 13I1pO'leM, 13 OTKpb!TOe CTOAKHOl3E'Hl1e. PeaKUH5I orrpeAe­

AeHHOH 'laCTli AerryTaTCKoro Koprryca 6bIAa COOTBeTCTBYIO­

me11. Bee, 'ITO KacaAOCb HaUHOHilAbHOro 13o3pOJKAeHH5I,

orrpeAeAeHIIblMH CHi\.aMII OTO/KAeCTl3A5Il\OCb c ueHTpo6eJK­

HblMl1 TeHAeHU:l15IMH.

HecMOTp5I Ha rrpoXAilAHOe Il Ail/Ke HpOHH'IHOe OTHOIIIe­

HHe UeHTpa K TaK Ha3bIBaeMoMy "rrapaAy cy13epeHHTeTol3",

AeKAapaU:HH IT03BOJ\HAa pecrry6AuKe 3ilHHTb HCHYIO H TBep­

AYIO I103liU:HIO 13 OTCTuHBilHHH CBOHX HHTepecoB rrpH

pa3pa6oTKe HOBoro COI03HOI'O AOTOBOpa, CTaAa MOIII.Hb!M

CTa6HAH3HpyIOIII.HM qJaKTOj)OM B 06U[eCTBeHHO-IIOAl1TH'le··

CKOH JKl13HH.

0AHilKO B COOTBeTCTllHH c l13BeCTHblM acjJopH3MOM, 'ITO

AeKAapaU:HH 0 He3allHCHMOCTH eme HHKOro He CAeAilAH

He3aBHCHMbIMH, O'JeHh CKOpO rrpHIIIAO IIOHHMilHHe, 'ITO

rrpOB03r AaIIIeHHbie cysepeHHTeTbl pecrry6AHK - HJl.AI03l15I.

'-lTo6bI pecrry6AHKaM caMHM ocymeCTBAHTb CBOIO IIOAHTH­

KY rrpOABHJKeHI15I K pbIHKY HYJKHbI 6bIAH 6aHKH, BaAIOTa,

TilMOJKeHHbIH KOHTpOAb. Bee 3TO HaXOAHAOCb B pyKax

UeHTpa. '-ho ocTaBaAOCb Ka3aXCTany? AKTHBHO roTOBHTb­

Cfl K pbIHKY, TO ecTb peopraHH30BbrnaTb CTPYKTYPY 3KO­

HOMHKH, AeAaTb ee rrpHeMAeMOH AAH pbIHKa. 11, rAaBHOe, _. rrpoBeCTH rrpHBilTH3ilU:HIO.

YJKe B 1990 r. rrapAaMeHT Hil'IaA cpopMHpoBaTb 6AOK

:JKOHOMH'leCKHX 3ilKOHOB, o6ecIIe'IHBil!OII.IHX rrpaBOBYIO

OCHOBY pb!HO'!Hb!X OTHOIIJeHHH. B Hero BOIIIAH 3aKOHbl

"O co6CTBeHHOCTH", "O 3aHHTOCTH", "06 OCHOBHbIX rrpHH­

L(HIIaX BHemHe3KOHOMH'IeCKOH AeHTeAbHOCTJ1", "06 HHO­

crpaHI-IblX HHBeC'rHUl-15!X"' "O CB060AHLIX 3KOHOMJFieCKHX

30Hax." BnepBhre HMeHHO B Ka3aXCTaHe 6bIAH rrp11H5!Tb1

3dKOHhl 0 3ilHHTOCTH, MHHHMaAbHOM ITOTpe611TeAbCKOM

61DA.1KeTe, Ml1Hl1MaAhHOI1 3apa60THOi'! TJl\aTe, 06 HHAeKCa­

l.(1111 AeHe.IKHhlX AOXOAOB.

B 1991 r. B pecrry6AHKe 6hrAa pa3pi16oTana rrporpaMMa

np11BaTJ13ilUlll1, KOTOpyIO rrpeAITOAaraAOCL rrpoBeCTH B He­

CKOALKO 3TilIIOB. 1-Iil'll1HilTh c )K!1Ah5!, MCAK11X rrpeAIIp115!TllH,

TOprOBb!X TO'leK, ccj:Jepb! 06CAY)l(l1Bi1Hl15!. 3aTeM - cpeA­

HI'le npeAnpHHTHH. M AaAee - aKUIIOHepHLie o6mecTBa Ha

Kpym·Ib!X rrpeAITj)llHTHHX. 3eMA5! AOA.IKHa 6bIAil rrepeAa­

BaTLCH B apeHAY c rrpaBOM HaCACAOBaHHH.

XapaKTepHo, 'ITO B Mae 1991 r. Ha npecc-KoHcj:JepeHUIIH

B MoCKBe, ITOCBHII.ICHHOH rrpe3eHTal..1)1ll KHHrll H.Ha3ap6a­

eBa, Ha BOrrpoc 'ToTOBa AH pecrry6AHKa ITOHTH Ha rrp11Ba­

Tll3ilUI1IO no 3aIIaAHOMY 06pa3uy?" - aBTOp OTBe'!aeT: "Ka­

KOH 6y AeT rrpHBaTH3aUH5!? 1-IaAO rrpocTo rrpHCTYIIHTh K Heil,

Ha'laTb elO 3aHHMaTLC5!. M )!<:!13Hh ITOKa/KeT, KilKHe TeMIIbl

6yAyT, Kairne pe3y.l\hTilThl. HerroHHMaHHH o'IeHb Mnoro,

CAO.IKHOCTeli eme 60AbII.le" (16). A BrrepeAH rrpeACTOHAil He MeHee OTBeTCTBeHHilH pa6o­

Ta. OcHOBHHM 3BeHOM rrepexoAa K pLIHKY AO.l\JKHa 6hrAa

cTaTL rrepeCTpoi'!Kn cTpyKTYPbI rocyAaJJCTBeHHOH BAacT11

ll yrrpaBAeHHH ll<iVOAHh!M X035!HCTBOM. TiapAaMeHT rrp11-

HHA 3ilKOH "O ]\!' 'THOM caMoynpaBACHllH"' paCII.IHJJllBII.lllH

ccjJepbl 3KOHOJ\1h'!CCKOH, cj:JHHilHCOBO}!, MilTepHaAbHO-Tex­

HllqecKOH, BHemHe3KOHOMH'recKoi1 AeHTeAhHOCTll CoBeTOB.

0THhIHe B HX KOMITCTeHUlllO BXOAll.1\11 BOITpOCbl cjJopMnpoBa­

HllH phrnoqHhIX OTHOII.leHl1H, yrrpaBAeHllH KOMMYHilALHOH

co6cTBeHHOCThlO. B pecrry6AHKe IIOIIIAH Ha peopraHll3il­

UlllO cTpyKTYP MeCTHhIX opraHOB rocyAapcTBeHHOH BAa­

CTll, 'IT06h! llCKAJO'IllTh ABYCMLICAeHHOCTb B rrpaBOBOM

ITOAOJKeHllll CoBeTOB H l1X llCIIOAKOMOB, KOTOpb!e 6bIAll

yrrpa3AIIeHhl. CooTBeTCTBeHHO IIOBh!IllilAilCh llX OTBeTCT­

BeHHOCTh 3a rrpHHHMaeMhie pellleHHH 11 llCITOAHeHHe.

3aMeTHhfe 113MeHeHH5! npOH30IlIAH H B Bb!CIIIHX 3IIIeAO­

Hax BAilCTll. C03AilBilAilCb rrpaBOBilH OCHOBa CHAbHOH HC­

IlOAHHTeAbHOH BAilCTH: pacIIIHpllAllCb ITOAHOMO'IHH Tipe-

3HAeHTa (cOBMeII.1eH11e HM cj:JyHKUllll l'AilBbl rocyAapCTBa ll

Bh!Cllleli llCIIOAHHTeAbHOH BAaCTll, Hil3Hil'IeHHe HM pyKo­

BOAHTeAeli o6AacTei1:). OLIA C03AilH arrnapaT Tipe3HAeHTa

55

II Ka6IIHeTa MHHIIcTpoB, ccpopMIIpoBaH CoBeT pecny6AH­

KH, cITeuIIaAbHbIH opraH ITPH Dpe3IIAeHTe - BbICIIIIIii: 3KO­

HOMH'!eCKHH COBeT ITO BHeApeHHIO pbIHO'IHbIX OTHOIII€HIIH,

BBeAeH HHCTHTJT focyAapCTBeHHbIX COB€THHKOB.

1991 r. CTaA ITMKOM B cj:JopMHpOBaHIIH o6mecOI03HOrO

rra6AHCIITH Dpe3MAeHTa. Co103Hhrii: cj:JOHA "06mecTBeHHoe

MHeHHe" rrpoBeA c 28 arrpeAl! ITO 10 Mall 1991 r. COUIIOAO­

n1'leCKHH OITpoc HaceAeHH5I B 15 ropoAaX PoccHH, KHeBe,

AAMa-ATe H AP' c 11eAblO BbllICHHTb OTHOIIIeHMe K CilMO­

CT05ITeAbHOH IIOAHTMKe pecITy6AMK, CTaHOB5IIUHXC5I cyBe­

peHHbIMH rocy AapcTBaMH. B OTBeTax Ha BOITpoc: "PyKOBOACTBO KaKoii: pecrry6AH­

KH BeAeT HaH6oAee ITPOAyMaHHyIO, OTBe'!a10ruy10 HHTepe­CdM HapoAa ITOJl.HTHKy?" - 6ecCITOpHO rrepBOe MeCTO KilK B

3AHTapHoii:, TaK H B MaccoBoii: aHKeTe 3aH5IA Ka3axcTaH.

CpeAH ITpHBAeKaTeAhHbIX Ka'leCTB pyKoBOACTBa pecrry6-

AHKH peCIIOHAeHThl OTMe'!aAII KOHCTPYKTHBHOCTb, rrparMa­·TH3M, AeAOBHTOCTb,. yMepeHHOCTb.

DpHBAeKaTe.11.bHhlMH AAlI MHOI'MX OKa3dAHCb COCTaBAlIIO­

IUMe Kypca H.Ha3ap6aeBa: rrpHBepJKeHHOCTb MAee COI03d

rrpH AeHCTBMTeAbHOH CilMOCT05ITeAbHOCTM 3KOHOMM'leCKHX,

KaApOBhlX M AaJKe BHeIIIHerroAHTH'leCKHX (HarrpHMep, ITpH­

rAaIIIeHMe MHOCTpaHHb!X 3KCIIepTOB) peIIIeHMM; ueAeHa­rrpaB.11.eHHble M IIOC.11.eAOBdTeAbHbie IIIarH B CTOpoHy 3cpcpeK­

TMBHOH 3KOHOMMKH, ITPMBdTM3aUHM rocco6cTBeHHOCTlI M

ApyrMe; rrpM coxpaHeHHM rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTM BAdCTH ycrreIII­

HOe IIPOABMJKeHMe BO BCeX ccpepaxT B TOM 'IMCAe B ccpepe

MeJKHdUMOHdAbHbIX OTHOIIIeHHH ( 17). nocAe asrycTOBCKoro rryna He TOAbKO Dpe3MAeHT rop-

6a'!eB, HO M Bee Mb! OKa3aAMCb B Kil'l€CTBeHHO HOBOH CTpa­

He, rrpeJKHero Co103a CCP yJKe He 6.bIAo. PyXflYAH 3bl6-

KHe KOHcrpyKUMH COI03Horo AOI'OBopa, BC5I OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb

3a cyAb6hl CTpaHbI .11.er.11.a Ha pecrry6AMKH. PoAMAaCb ITpHH­

UMIIMaAhHO HOBdH MOAeAb COApyJKeCTBa cysepeHHbIX

rocyAapcTB, OCHOBaHHal! Hd rrpM3HfillMM CB060Ahl M He3a­BMCHMOCTII pecrry6.11.HK, MX B3dHMOBbirOAHOro 3KOHOMH'!e­

CKoro coTpyAHM'leCTBa s o6meM AeMoKpaTH'!eCKOM rrpo­

CTpaHCTBe. 2 ceHT5I6p5I 1991 r. Ha BHeo'!epeAHOM C'be3Ae HdpOA­

HhlX AerryTaTos CCCP H.Ha3ap6aeB orAaCMA 3aHBAeHMe

Dpe3MAeHTa CCCP H BbICIIIMX pyKoBOAMTeAeii: coI03HbIX

pecrry6AMK. 3aHBAeHMe COAepJKaAo OTKd3 OT MAeM cpeAe­

paUMH, HOBhIH Col03 rrpeAIIOAaraAOCb CTpOHTb ITO ™IIY KOHcpeAepauMn. '-IAeHCTBO B Co103e AorrycKaAocb Ha 6a3e

6oAee cso6oAHbIX cj:JopM CB5I3M. Eb!A 06'.bHBAeH rrepexoA-

56

Hhlll nepHOA AAH cpopMnpoBaHHH HOBOH CHCTeMhl rocyAap­CTBeHHh!X OTHOIIIeHHH, BJ\.aCTh nepeAaBal\.aCh HOBhlM Bh!C­IIIHM opraHaM yrrpaBAeHHH.

Ho 3TOT rrpouecc orro3AaA Ha ABa roAa.

6) ffoqeMy 3a H.Ha3ap6aena rrporoAocona.11.0 98,78% 3AeKTOpaTa?

TiocAe anrycTOBCKHX co6hITHH cTpeMAemre pecny6AHK

K ITOJ\.HOH rocy AapCTBeHHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH ycHAHAOCh. OHO OTpaJ!<al\.O Terrepb He TOAhKO 6ypHhlll pOCT HaUHOHal\.h­HOro caMOC03HaHHH, HO H JKeAaHHe orpaAHTh ce6H OT pea­HHMaUHH TOTaAHTapHoro UeHTpa.

IlOA11HCaHHe MHHCKHX AOKyMeHTOB 8 AeKa6pH 1991 r. AAH caMoro H.Ha3ap6aesa H pyKoBOAHTeAeli cpeAHea3H­aTCKHX pec11y6AHK OKa3aAOCh, 110 ero 11pH3HaHHIO, BO MHOI'OM HeOJKHAaHHhIM. "TipaBAa, MeHH 11prrrAaIIIal\.H rra­pacpnpoBaTh corAaIIIeHne o C03AaHHH CoApyJKeCTBa He3aBHCHMh!X rocy AapCTB B Ka'!eCTBe '!eTBepToro coy-qpe­AHTeAH, OAHaKO H BhIHYJKAeH 6hlA OTKa3aThCH, 110CKOJ\.hKY c caMoro Ha'!aAa He y-qacTBOBaA B npouecce pa3pa60TKH AOKyMeHTa"(lS).

C co3AaHtteM CHf 11peKpaTHA csoe cyruecTBOBaHne CCCP.

Oco6eHHOCTH 110AHTH'!ecKoi1: cttTyaunn B o6ruecTBe, 110Tepn optteHTHpOB (3KOHOMH'!eCKHX, 110AHTH'!eCKHX, HpaBCTBeHHhIX), CTaHOBJ\.eHHe HOBhIX AeMOKpaTH'!eCKliX

HHCTHTYTOB(11apAaMeHT,MHOronapTHHHOCTh,OpraHH3aUH­OHHO He ocpopMAeHHaH 0111103HUHH, HOBhie cpeACTBa Mac­COBOH HHCpopMaUHH) Tpe6oBal\.H CHJ\.hHOH HHTerpnpyIOrue:ii: BAaCTH.

KaK H3BecTHO, oco6eHHocTh Ka3axcTaHa B ~ro 110AH3T­HH'fecKOM COCTaBe, rAe KopeHHOH 3THOC - Ka3aXH - co­CTaBJ\.HeT 11pnMepHo 1101\.0BHHY. Pa3Hhie 3THOChl HeB03MOJK­HO 06-beAHHHTh OAHOH HaUHOHaAhHOH HAeeli. OTibIT HC­TOpHH TIOKa3bIBaeT, '!TO TaKOH HHTerpnpyIOrueli CHJ\.Oll MOJKeT CTaTh AH6o napTHH, cppoHT, AH6o 1101\.HTH'!eCKHH

J\.HAep. CTepJKeHh 11peAIIIecTBYIOIUeH TIOJ\.HTH'!eCKOll CHC­TeMh!, ee "HApo" - KoMMYHHCTH'fecKaH rrapTHH - yIIIAa c

HCTOpH'!eCKOll apeHbI, B TO Bpe1'rn KaK J\.HAep OCTal\.CH. 06neAHHeHHe o6rueCTBa 11ocpeACTBOM q:rnryphl IIOJ\.H­

TH'!eCKOro AHAepa He nponrnope'IttAo MeHTaAttTeTy Hapo­AOB Ka3aXCTaHa, rAe He cyruecTBOBal\.O TpaAHUHH 11apAa­MeHTCKOll AeMoKpaTliH (cpopMal\.bHaH AeMOKpaTliH npeA­IIIeCTBYIOIUHX AeCHTHAenrH: 6h!Aa HCKYCCTBeHHO npHBHe­ceHa H AepJKal\.aCh Ha aBTOpttTeTe napnrn, He BORAH B IIJ\.OTb

8-.1S•6 57

H KpOBh HapoAa). B Te'IeHne ceMHAeC5rrn: c J\HIIIHHM AeT 3TaTHCTCKOe IIOJ\HTWieCKOe C03IfaHHe OTO)KAeCTBMIJ\O ro­cy AapCTBO c rAaBoif rrapTHH, rrepcOHHqmunpoBaAo ero. Tio3ToMy Bocnpm.!THe H.Ha3ap6aeBa KaK r AaBhI rrapTHH, a 3aTeM rocy AapCTBa, J\erHTHMH3aUHJ.! ero KaK flOAHTWieCKO­ro J\HAepa npOH30UIAH ecTeCTBeHHO H 6e360J\e3HeHHO.

KorAa B 1989 r. H.Ha3ap6aeB npHIIIel\ Ha BhICIIIHH rrap­THHHhIH IIOCT, OH He 6bIJ\ eme o6menpH3HaHHhIM HaUHO­Hal\hHhIM J\HAepoM. Ero rrpHHHJ\H KaK H36paHHoro BOAeH rrapTHH '!eAoBeKa. Ho B o6mecTBeHHOM C03HaHHH y)Ke cAo­)KJ1ACH ero HMllA)K '!eAOBeKa rrepeAOBhIX AeMOKpaTH'!eCKHX B3I'AHAOB, opneHTHpOBaHHOro Ha n:epeCTpoifKy, pe3KO KpH­THKOBaBIIIero BCeA03BOAeHHOCTh, KOHCepBaTHBHOCTh n:pe)K­Hero PYKOBOACTBa. B Te fOAhI 3TO 6b!J\ IIOCTYITOK, Tpe6o­BaBIIIHH ITOAHTH'!eCKOH H J\H'!HOH CMeAOCTll.

BnocAeACTBHH 3TOT HMHAJK 3aKperrAHAC5I H pa3BHBaACH 6AaroAap5I HaCTOH'!llBhIM AeHCTBHHM CHa'Ial\a TiepBoro ceKpeTapH, a 3aTeM Tipe3HAeHTa Ka3axcKof1 CCP no pe­cpopMnpoBaHmo Co103a, o6peTeHHIO pecrry6AHKOH peaAh­Hoif caMOCTOHTeAhHOCTH B paMKax cpeAepaunn. TaKHM o6pa30M, B AHIJ:e H.Ha3ap6aeBa npOH30IIIAO yAa'!HOe AAH o6mecTBa coBrraAeHne cpopMaAhHoro ( ocpnunaAhHoro) AHAepa H HecpopMal\hHoro, c '!hHM aBTOpHTeTOM CB513hIBa­J\HCh H rryTh pecpopM, ll CTa6HAhHOCTh Me)KHaUHOHaAhHhIX OTHOIIIeHHH. TipoueCChl AeMOKpaTH3aUHH, HOBhIH THIT rro­J\HTH'!eCKOH )Kll3HH o6Hapy)KHJ\H COOTBeTCTBHe Ael.!Tel\h­HOCTH H.Ha3ap6aeBa KaK rocyAapCTBeHHoro AHAepa rrepeXOAHOMY OT TOTaAHTapH3Ma K AeMOKpaTHH nepHOAY· Eme pa3 ITOATBepAHAOCh KAIO'!eBoe rrpaBHAO IIOAHTHKH, 'ITO AA5I HaUHOHaAhHOro AHAepa CaMoe r AaBHOe - BOBpeMH rrpHHTH.

1 AeKa6p5I 1991 r. COCT05IAHCh nepBbie BCeHapOAHhie Bhr6ophl Tipe3HAeHTa Ka3axcTaHa. HypcyATaH Ha3ap6aeB IlOAY'!HA 98,78% roAOCOB.

10 AeKa6p5I 1991 r. ceAhMaH ceccm1 BepxoBHoro CoBe­Ta Ka3axcTaHa paccMoTpeAa aonpoc o nepenMeHOBaHHH Ka3axcKofr CoBetcKoif couuaAHCTH'!ecKoif pecrry6A1 KH B Pecrry6AMKY Ka3axcTaH. TiapAaMeHT TaK)Ke rrocTaHOBMA B cooTBeTCTBHH co cTaTheif 24 3aKoHa Ka3axcKoH CCP "O Bhr6opax Tipe3HAeHTa Ka3axcKoD: CCP" n B CB5I3H c npu­HeceHHeM rrpncHrM C'!HTaTh Ha3ap6aeBa HypcyATaHa A6n­rueBM'!a BCTYITHBUIHM B AOA)KHOCTh Tipe3HAeHTa Pecrry6-AHKH Ka3axcTaH c 10 AeKa6p5I 1991 r. (19).

B CBoeli 1rnayrypaUHOHHOH pe'!H Tipe3HAeHT Ha3ap6a­eB CKa3aA: "He Ka>KAOMY IlOKOAeHHlO BhIITaAaeT Ha AOAIO 6bITh CBHAeTeAeM ll y'!aCTHHKOM CTOAh rpaHAll03HhIX HC-

58

TOplFieCKHX rrepeMeH, KaKHe nepe)KHBaeM Mb! c BaMH ...

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3!1AeHTa l1 npe3HAeHTCKOll BepTHKaAH He 6hIA rrpoeTbIM H

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59

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60

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62

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AHe, rrpo6AeMa MHrpau1111 3acTaB11A11 6oAbWYIO qacTh pyc­

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pax 1 AeKa6p.sI 1991 r. YqeT oco6eHHOCTett MeHTaAHTeTa - TOT oce.l\OK, Ha KO­

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11 /KeCTKOCTb oueHOK rrp11, B03HHKHOBeHHH HeKOHCTl1TYUII­

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HaUH11 OHH 11CXOA5!T (6yAh TO AeMOHCTpaUH5! Ka3aKOB B

63

YpaAbCKe, u3fo1eHHe aKTMBMCTaMu "AAarn" Mytj:JTHH MAH

co6bITil5I yroAOBHoro xapa1<Tepa B YcTb-KaMeHoropc1<e).

"EcAil KTO-TO AyMaeT, 'ITO Ha3ap6aeB M3 CTpaxa BeAeT ce65I

no- ApyJKeCKH, 'ITO MOJKeT IT03BOAHTb OTo6paTb y Ka3ax­

CTaHa 'IaCTb TeppHTOpHH, OH rAy6oKO onrn6aeTC5I" (22). VIAH eme: "5! AaBHO yJKe HM'Iero He 6010Cb, KpOMe OAHOro:

6oIOCb ITOTep5ITb MHp ll corAaC11e" (23). 0AHOBpeMeHHO KaK ITOAHTilK-peaAHCT Ha3ap6aeB CTpe­

Ml1TC5I IlCITOJ\h30BdTb ITOAXOAH!IJile crroco6br B03AeHCTBil5I

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qepT, KaK CB06oJi.a Ayxa, rrpeAITpHHHMaTeAbCTBO, orropa Ha

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yTBepJKAaH, 'ITO Ka3axH HH'!ero He yMeroT? PyccKHe 3Ha­

IOT pbIHOK, OHM yMeroT pa6oTaTb, y36eKH, TYPKH, a3ep-

6ai1:AJKaHUh! 3HaIOT, a 1<a3axu, 'ITO, caMhie TYIThre? 3To He­

rrpaBAa!" (24). feH rrpeArrpHHHMaTeJ\bCTBa eCTb B KaJKAOM

HapOAe, TeM 6oAee y ITOTOMKOB KO'IeBHHKOB, 6e3 KOTOpo­

ro OHil rrpocTO He Bbl:lKilAil 6bI.

TeopeTHKH AHAepcTBa rroAararoT, 'ITO AAH peIIJeHHH

rrpOCTOH rrpo6AeMhI }\ ycrIIJHI1 AilAep TOT, KTO "opHeHTrrpo-­

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HOe 'IYBCTBO 3MIIaTilll K HilM ( "yMeHrre rrpHMepHTb 'IYJKHe

UOTilHKH") ( 25). CTpeMAeHHeM B03Ae11:cTBOBaTb Ha H3MeHeHrre MeHTaAH­

TeTa HapOAOB pecrry6AHKH 5IBA5IJ\aCh II rrpOB03rAaIIIaeMa5!

Tipe3HAeHTOM B 1991 r. HAe.51 06 HCTOpH'IeCKOM IIIaHCe,

BhIITaBIIJeM Ha AOJ\IO Ka3aXCTaHa - CTaTh caMOCT05ITeJ\b­

HbIM, aKTilBHO AeHCTBYIO!IJl-IM cy6'heKTOM MeJKAyHapOAHhIX

OTHOIIJeHHH, MilpOBoro 3KOHOMH'IeCKOro rrpocrpaHCTBa.

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AA5I Hero CHTyaUHil.

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64

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B.11.aCTb.

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S--3.Dt; 65

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67

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0AHdKO OIIbIT rrepeXOAd K AeMOKpdTllll. IIOKil3bIBaeT, 'ITO

eCAll. KdKHe-TO llHAHBHAyaALHb!e ll. KOAAeKTll.BHbie rrpaBa

AapyIOTC5I, TO 3HaqH.Tell.LHO TPYAHee orrpaBAaTb CAepJKH­

BaHne APYfllX. DOAee Toro, KaK TOAbKO BBOAHTC5I AH.6epa­

J\.ll3i1Ull.5I, cpa3y JKe ycnAHBilIOTC5I Tpe6oBaHH5I AeMOKpa­

Tll.3aUHll.. Ho "rrpnIIIeCTBH.e" AeMoKpaTHH, rro MHeHHIO AaH­

KBapTa A.PacToy, He MOJKeT 6bITL IIOH5ITO, eCAll OHa cy­

rueCTByeT fOA. c II05IBJ\.eHHeM HOBb!X COUHilAbHb!X rpyrrrr

11 cpopMHpOBilHHeM HOBLIX rrpHBbiqeK, B03MOJKHO, OAHO

IIOKOAeHHe - 3TO MHHHMilAbHbIH rrepHOA AA5I rrepexoAa.

B cTpaHax, rAe He 6bIAO MOAeAeil All.5I IIOApaJKaHH5I, rrepe-

10-198 73

xoA MOJKeT 6bITh 60.11.ee AAIITe.11.bHhIM. B EpIITaHIIII, HarrpII­

Mep, rrepeXOA, KOTOpbIH Ha'!a.11.CH rrepeA 1640 r., He 6hl.ll.

3aKOH'leH AO 1918 r. illBeIIIIH COBepIIIII.11.a rrepeXOA K Ae­

MOKpaTIIII c 1890 AO 1920 r., B TypIIIIII, BeCTepHII3IIpo­

BaHHOH CTpaHe, 3TOT rrporrecc Ha'la.11.CH I'Ae-TO B 1945 r. II

IIPOA0.11.JKaeTCH AO CIIX rrop (8). ITo3TOMY MbI A0.11.JKHhI rrpIIroTOBMThCH K A0.11.roBpeMeH­

Hofl: cpa3e pa3BIITHH o6meCTBa. 0AHaKO HaIIIMM rrpeIIMy­

mecTBOM SIB.11.HeTCH B03MOJKHOCTh 11crro.11.b30BaTb OIIhIT APY­

rIIx rocy AapCTB, COBepIIII1BIIII1X !1.11.!1 ocymecTB.11.HIOIIIHX

rrepeXOA K AeMOKpaT!1!1. B 1989 r. BhIIIIe.11. cpyHAaMeHTa.11.hHhIH TPY A "AeMoKpa­

TIISI B pa3BHBaIOIIII1XCH CTpaHax. TOM 3. "A3I1H",rroA pe­

AaKIIMeH AappII Aafl:aMOHAa, AJKoaHa AIIHIIa 11 Cefl:Mypa AwrrceTa (9) . .K1rnra MHTepecHa He T0.11.bKO paccMoTpeHMeM

TeopHI1 rrepeXOAa K AeMOKpaTIIII, HO I1 O'leBMAHOH CXOJKe­

CTblO c rrpo6.11.eMaMH HaIIIero o6mecTBa. Ha ocHoBe 0606-

meHMH OIIbITa rrepexoAa AeCHTII a3!1aTCKIIX CTpaH aBTOpbl

Ae.11.aIOT BbIBOA, 'ITO ceroAHH cymecTByeT TPM TMrra AeMo­

KpaTH3aIIIIH a3IIaTCKIIX rocyAapCTB:

1) rrepexoA K AeMoKpaTMM (ITaKIICTaH, TaII.11.aHA, I1HAO­

He3HH);

2) KOHCO.ll.I1AaIII1H HOBbIX I1 HeCTa6II.ll.bHbIX AeMOKpaTMH

(TypIIHH, lOJKHaH Kopel!, <D11.11.IIIIIII1Hbl);

3) B03pOJKA.eHIIe II.11.!1 BOCCTaHOB.11.eHMe AeMOKpaTIIH,

KOTOpb!e 0CJ1.a6.11.11 II.II.II 6bl.ll.!1 '!aCTII'IHO CBeprHyTbl (I1HAHH,

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KpaTl13aIIIIIO B A3IIII (9, c.c.1-52).

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I1 XOTH AaHHOe BeCbMa o6mee CYJKAeHIIe 0 II0.11.IITH'le­CKOH KY .11.hType a3IIaTOB ne MOJKeT 6bITb rrepeHeceHo aBT0-

74

MaTwieCKH Ha Harny peaAhHOCTh, TPYAHO oTp:mxaTh, 'ITO MHOrHe rrpo6AeMbI AeMoKpdTHH H B Harneli CTpaHe TdKJKe rrpOHCTeKaIOT H3 IIOAHTH'IeCKOH KYAhTyphI.

BTopaH perna10rna51 rrpo6AeMa rrepexoAa K Ae!'fOKpaTHH -npo6AeMa B3aUMoomHoweHuu rocygapcmBa u o6w,ecmBa.

TipHMepbl d3HdTCKHX rocyAapCTB AeMOHCTpwpyIOT BaJK­

HOCTh AAH AeMOKpaTHH B3dHMOCBH3eH MeJKAY rocyAapcT­BOM H rpaJKAdHCKHM o6m;ecTBOM. TpWKgaHcx.oe o6w,ecmBo C03AaeTC5I HAH B03pOJKAaeTC5I rryTeM yBeAH'IeHHH B03MOJK• HOCTeH AAH Bb!paJKeHHH H AeHCTBHii: dBTOHOMHhIX rpyrrrr ITO HHTepecaM, pacrn11peHH5I AeHTeAbHOCTH o6'beAHHeHHii:, He3aBHCHMhIX OT rocy AapcTBa. 3TO He TOAhKO cpopMHpy­

eT cpyHAaMeHT AeMOKpaTHH, HO H opraHH3aUHIO, IIOAHTH­'IeCKOe C03HaHHe rpaJKAaH, 'ITO AeAaeT AeMoKpaTH'IeCKHH nepeXOA Heo6paTHMhlM. 11, 'ITO He MeHee BaJKHO, orpaHH­'IHBaeT rrepcrreKTHHbl CBepJKeHHH AeMOKpaTHH.

B coBoKynHocTH co MHOrHMH ApyrHMH cpaKTopaMH B3aH­

MOOTHOllieHHe rocy AapcTBa H o6meCTBa rrpeACTaBAHeT CBoeo6pa3HYIO AHAeMMY. EcAH rocy AapcTBO CAHllIKOM CHAhHO, ueHTpaAH30BaHO H AOMHHHpyeT, MaAO 'ITO MOJKeT rrpeAOTBpaTHTh HdXOAHmHXCH y BAaCTH OT HCIIOAb30BaHH5I

ee B aBTOpHTapHoii: MaHepe H 3AOYIIOTpe6AeHH5I eIO. Tio-3TOMY MHOrHe TeopHH AeMOKpaTHH IIOA'IepKHBaIOT He06-

XOAHMOCTh TIAOTHoii:, rrAropaAHCTWiecKo:H CTPYKTYPhI 3Ko­HOMH'IecKwx, counaAbHhIX H IIOAHTH'IeCKHX opraHH3a-

1\HH BHe rocyAapCTBa. c Apyro:H CTOpOHhI, eCAH rocyAapCTBO CAHllIKOM CAa-

60, OHO MOJKeT OKa3aTbC5I Hecrroco6HhIM pacrrpeAeAHTh

couwaAhHhie H 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe 6Aara, KOTOpbre o6meCTBO OJKHAaeT H Tpe6yeT, He CMOJKeT IIOAAepJKHBaTb rropHAOK

rrepeA AHI\OM KOHcpAHKTYIOmHX rpyrrrrOBhIX HHTepeCOB. Tio3ToMy· AeMoKpaTHH Tpe6yeT orrpeAeAeHHoro 6aAaHca

MeJKAY rocyAapcTBeHHhIMH HHCTHTyTaMH H IIOAHTH'!eCKH­MH rrapTH5IMH, rpyrrrraMH no HHTepecaM, 06'beAHHeHH5IMH, KOTOphre 6opIOTC5I 3a rocy AapcTBeHHhIH KOHTpOAh, BHH­

MaHHe H pecypchr. ApyrHMH CAOBdMH, Heo6xoAHM 6aAaHc MeJKAY rocyAapcTBOM w rpaJKAaHCKHM o6mecTBOM. AAH MHOrHX a3HaTCKHX rocy AapCTB BepxoBeHCTBO rocy AapcT­

Ba HaA rpaJKAaHcKHM o6meCTBOM cTaAo rAaBHOH TPYAHO­CThIO AeMoKpaTHH.

AAH Bcex l 0 paccMoTpeHHhIX B 11ccAeAOBaHHH cTpaH pernaIOill;HM AA5I AeMOKpaTH'!eCKHX rrepcrreKTHB 5IBA5IeTC5I 3cpcpeKTHBHOe H rrpHBepJKeHHOe AeMOKpanrn AugepcmBo. OrrbIT nepeXOAa K AeMOKpaTHH IIOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO Te AHAe­pbI, KOTOpbre IIOHBHAHCh BMecTe c AeMOKpaTHeH HAH rrpar­MaTH'IeCKH BOCIIpHHHAH ee, HAH BHAE!,H B Hell 6ecrrpeu;e-

75

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UOB YXOA5!T Ha rreHCHIO .1\1160 YMHpaIOT, HO Ha CMeHy HM

rrp11XOAI1T Apyroe IIOKO.l\eHHe .l\HAepoB, KOTOpb!e HCKpeH­

He Bep5!T B AeMOKpaTHIO l1 npm-mMaIOT ee BCeM cepAUeM.

To ecTb caM rrpouecc AeMOKpaTHH rrpoH3BOAHT ABOH­

HOH rrpouecc OT6opa B 110.l\b3Y y6e.1KAeHHb!X AeMOKpaTOB:

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cpeAH IIO.l\HTHKOB, correpH11qaIOIUI1X 3a .l\HAepcTBO B 3Tl1X

rrapTHHX. Eo.l\bllloe 3HaqeH11e HMeeT TaKTHKil KaK .l\HAepoB peJKn­

Ma, TaK H OIIII03l1UHH. Han6o.l\ee JKe.l\aTe.l\bHblll IIYTb Ae­

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qaCTW!Hb!X pecpopM, a TaK)Ke A06pOBO.l\bHOe JKe.l\aHHe Ae­

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p11 oqeHb orpaHnqeHHbIX paMoK.

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I1(eCTB.l\5!IOI1\HX rrepeXOA K AeMOKpaTHH, 3TO cjJopMUpOBaHUe noAumuIJecKux napmuii u napmuum,zx cucmeM.

Bee a3HaTcK11e cTpaHbI 11MeIOT coBepllleHHO pa3J\11qHb1e

Tl1IIbI rrapTHli 11 rrapT11HHbIX c11cTeM. TaM, rAe cylI\eCTBy­

IOT qpe3BbJqaliHO cpparMeHTapHb!e 11 CJ\a6ble rrapTHHHhle

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rrpaB11TeJ\bCTBa. MHor11e rrapTI1l1 He CMOI'J\11 ccpopMyAupo­

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CTpaAaIOT OT O'IeHb CJ\a6oli opraHl13aU1111 A11CU11IIJ\11Hbl 11

B3al1MOCB5!3l1, qTO BeAeT K cepbe3Hb!M rrpo6AeMaM BHYT­

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c ApyroM.

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IIOJ\l1TJ1qecK11e 11HCTl1TYTbl AOJ\)KHhl paClll11p5!TbC5!, C03Aa-

76

Ba5! rrpocTpaHCTBO AJ\.5! 3TllX HOBh!X Tpe6oBaHilH, B rrpo­

TllBHOM CJ\.y<Iae OHil pllCKYIOT 6b!Th CBeprHyTh!Mll.

Ba.IKHhI AJ\.5! AeMoKpaTilI1 CUAbHble 3ClKOHogameAbHQJl 11

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ca 11 rpyrmhI, Bhrpa/.<a10ume o6ruecTBeHHhre IlHTepechr.

Dpo6AeMa a3HaTCKoii: 3aKOHOAaTeAhHOH BAaCTI1 cxoJKa c

rrpo6AeMdMil rrapnrtt: dBTOHOMil5! BJ\.dCTil 3dKOHOAaTeAeH

yMhIWAeHHO pa3MhrnaeTC5! CTpeMAeH11eM 11crroJ1.HI1TeAhHOii:

BJ\.aCTil HaKaIIAI1BdTh orpoMHYIO BAdCTh. Do3TOMY cepgu,e­BUHoii pa3numW1 geMoKpczmuu goAJKi-zo cmaillb nocmeneHHoe ycuAeHue opraHu3au,uoHHoii muppacmpyKmypbl u BAacmu 3a­KOHogameAeii, KaK pemarozu,ero npu3HaKa noAumu'lecKoii UHCmumyu,uOHQAU3QU,UU.

VlHTepecHO, 'ITO B A3IlH, KdK HI1I'Ae B Mllpe, CI1Aa I1 aB­

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Hh!MII 3dKOHHh!MII I1 peaAhHh!Mll IIOJ\.HOMO'Ill5!Mll 3dIT(IlThl

CB060Ahl, KOHCTilTYUHOHHoro rrpouecca, TeM 60Ahll!Ili:'I

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Ae6Holi BJ\.dCTil rrpoTI1BOCT05!Th aHTI1AeMOKpaTI1'IeCKOMY

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HOH BJ\.dCTII pa3Mb!Th dBTOHOMI1ID cyAe6HOH BJ\.dCTI1, CTa­

HOB5ITC5! pedl\.hHhlMI1 cpaKTOpaMil OCJ\.a6J\.eHII5! AeMoKpdTilI1

(9, c.31-33). OITb!T d3HdTCKI1X CTpaH TdKJKe ITOKa3aA, 'ITO geMOKpa­

mwi HeCOBMeCmUMa c BblCOKOU,eHmpaAU30BQHHOii cmpyKmy­poii BAacmu. l.l,eHTpaAil3dUI15! HaXOAHTC5! B KOHcpAHKTe He

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Tpe. MecTHOe y'IaCTHe H KOHTpOAh - BaJKHhre Mepor AeMo­

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TI1"\1a Il c Hll3KllM ypoBHeM pa3BI!Tll5!.

77

1-lTo KacaeTC5I B.l\J15IHII5I Me:)KAyHapOAHOro OKpyJKeHII5I,

TO OflblT pa3Jlll'IHb!X a3IIaTCKIIX crpaH AeMOHCTpHpyeT, 'ITO

npII HaAH'lllll perHoHaAbHOH IIJIII rAo6aAbHOH TeHA8HUilll

K AeMOKpaTilll MeJKAyHapOAHOe BJ\Il5IHI1e 5IBA5IeTC5I 60J1ee

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pa3JIII'laJIHCb. HH OAIIH IlHCTHTYT Ill\Il rrpaBHJIO caMII ITO

ce6e He orrpeAeAR!OT AeMoKpaTHJO, AaJKe TaKHe BbIAaJO­

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TeJ\bCTBO, 3aKOHOAaTeJ1bHbIH cyBepeHHTeT I1AI1 Bhl6paHHa5I

HapOAOM IICITOJIHI-!TeJ\bHa5I BJ\aCTb. 0AHaKO AOAJKeH cyme­

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KaKoli "rrpoueAypHbIH MIIHHMyM" AeMoKpaTHH yJKe co3-

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1. BAacTL napAaMeHTa - 3TO rrpoH3BOAHOe OT cyBepe-

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2. B CHCTeMe pa3AeAeHH5I BAaCTII rrapAaMeHTCKalI BJ\aCTb

- orpilHII'leHHalI, 06oco6J1eHHa5I OT Apyrnx IlOACHCTeM

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3. BAaCTb napAaMeHTa - KOHCTIITYUIIOHHaSI, HOpMaTIIB­HO rapaHTIIpoBaHHalI BJ\aCTb.

4. TiapAaMeHTCKalI BJlaCTh COHpl!JKeHa C BhlIIOJ\HeHHeM

orrpeAeJleHHbIX cpyHKUIIH. B 3TOM OTHO!lleHHI1 OHa HMeeT

78

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cTaHcKIIx 11apAaMeHTOB II 11011bITaeMC5I 011peA8AlITb lIX co­OTBeTCTBIIe BbillleyKa3aHHb!M Kp11TepII5IM.

a) IIepBhIH napAaMeIIT (anpeAh 1990 r. - AeKa6pb 1993 r.)

BepxoBHb!H CoBeT PK 12 C03bIBa (24 a11peA5I 1990 r. -

13 AeKa6p5I 1993 r.) 6bI.I\ pOJKAeH 011b!TOM 11epBb!X AeMo­KpaTII'l8CKIIX Bb!6opoB, COCT05IBllllIXC5I 25 MapTa 1990 r. 0 cyruecTBoBaHIIII 11apAaMeHTCKo:H TpaAIIUIIII B Ka3axcTa­

He MOJKHO r0Bop11Tb c II3BeCTHOH HaT5IJKKOH. XoT5I Bep­

xoBRb!H CoBeT (BC) cyruecTByeT c 1937 r., 3TOT IIHCTIITYT 6bIA Bo MHoroM cj:JopMaAbHb!M. ITapAaMeHTCKa5I o6oAO'IKa,

11pIIKpb!BdBII!a5I TOTa.l\11TapHy10 CYIUHOCTb rocyAapCTBa, cpocll!eroc5I c MOH0110AIIeH 11apTIIH, HlIKOro He Mor Aa

o6MaHyTh. L{eTKo peryAIIpyeMhIH cocTaB BC, rAe cKpy11y­Ae3HO B 11poueHTHOM OTHOIUeHIIlI 6b!AlI 11peACTdBAeHb! pa-60'IIIe II CA yJKaIUIIe, '!AeHbl 11apTIIlI II 6ecrrapTIIHHbie, JKeH­

IUHHbl 11 MOAOAeJKb, BCerAa IIOATBepJKAaA rrapTIIHHb!e pe­

lll8HlI5I II 11pHAaBd.I\ HM 3dKOHOAaTe.l\bHYJO cj:JopMy. c 1938 110 1990 roA Kd3dXCTaHCKHMlI rrapAaMeHTdMII 6b!AO rrpII­

H5ITO 457 3aKOHOB, K011IIpy10ruIIx COJ03Hhre aKTb!(2). Bhr6opbr BC 12 co3bIBa 'ldCTII'IHO rrpoll!AII 110 H3BeCTHO­

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79

Aee. 0AHaKo HaceAem;:e 27 !13 270 oKpyroB oKa3aAoCh ne­

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Toil aKTHBHoi'I poAH, KaKyw 3TH rpyrrrrb1 rrptt3BaHbI BhIIIOA­

HHTh B rrepecTpOe'lHO}I pa6oTe. .

B Ka'leCTBe AOCTHJKeHHH rrpHMb!X AeMOKpaTH'!eCKHX

Bbl60p0B 6b!.l\.O OTMe'leHO I!OHBAeHHe Ha IIO.l\.liTH'leCKOH

apeHe CBeJKHX nepecTpOe'lHblX CH.I\. - y'leHbIX, !OpHCTOB,

3KOHOMHCTOB (6b!.l\.O H36paHO 13 !OpHCTOB H pa60THHKOB

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30B). BrrepBb!e B Bh!Cllll1H opraH rocyAapcTBeHHOll B.l\.dCTl1

6bl.I\. H36paH peAHrH03HblH AeHTe.l\.b.

HauHOHa.l\.bHb!H COCTaB AerryTaTOB OTpaJKa.I\. MHOrOHa­

UHOHd.l\.bHOCTb pecrry6AHKH. Bcero 6brAo rrpeAcTaBAeHo 16 HaUHOHa.l\.bHOCTeii:, B TOM 'll1C.l\.e Ka3aXOB - 181 (53,2%), pyccKHX - 100 (29.4%), yKpa11HUeB - 23 (6,8%), HeMueB -

14 (4,1 %), 6eAopycoB - 5 (l,5%), TaTdp - 3 (0,9%), y36e­

KOB - 3 (0,9%), ylirypoB - 2 (0,6%), CTO.l\.hKO JKe KYPAOB,

!IO OAHOMY AerryTary - rrpeACTaBHTe./\.11: KOpeliueB, Ka6ap­

AHHUeB, a3ep6a:i1:AJKdHUeB, oceTHH, rpeKOB, IIO.l\.HKOB H 6aA­

KapueB. BoAee 85% 6hIAH tt36paHbI B BbICIIIHH rrpeACTilBH­

TeAhHhrli opraH BirepBbie (3). Ha 24· arrpeAH 1990 r. H3 340 tt36pattHbIX AerryTaTOB 51

6bI.l\.H rrapTHHHb!Mli pa60THHKaMH, B TOM 'll1C.l\.e 41 - rrpo­

cpeccttoHa.l\.bl (ceKpeTapM o6KOMOB, ropKOMOB, paHKOMOB

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KO.l\.X030B, 31 pa60THHKa COBeTCKHX opraHOB, 11 pa6oT­

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TaptteB COCTaB.l\.H.l\.H npeACTaBl1Te.l\.l1 HOMeHK.l\.aTypb!.

80

25 anpe.ru1 TipeACeAaTeAeM BepxoBHoro CoBeTa 6hIA 1116paH EpHK AcaH6aeB, ero 3aMeCTHTeARMH 3HHaHAa <De­AOTOBil n CepHI<6oAcbrn A6AHAbAHH.

HmpopMau,uom1b1ii MamepuUA

AcaH6aea EpHK ManyMoaw1. POAHACiI B 1936 r·. n ceAe Bai;ira6yA AMaHreAhAI1HCKoro paiii­

OHa KycTaHaiiicKoH 06Aacn1. Ka3ax. B 1958 r. OKOH'IHA Ka3axcK11!1 rocyAapCTBeHHbIH yHttBepc11-

TeT HM.C.M.Kttpona, 3aTeM acrrnpaHTYPY MocKoBCKoro qmHaH­coaoro HHCTHTyTa. Do cneu;ttaAbHOCTH -- 3KOHOMHCT. VIMeeT CTeneHb AOKTopa 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX Hay1c

HecKOAbKO AeT pa60TM. B CHCTeMe fOCf!Ai!Ha pecrry6Al1Kl1. c 1973 no 1975 IT. l!BM!.l\Cl! 3i!MeCTHTeJ\eM Ml1Hl1CTpa cpttHaHCOB Ka3CCP, 3aTeM 6hIA pyKoBOAHTeAeM pHAa OTAeAoB L\K KoM­napTHH Ka3axCTa1rn. C 1988 r. - 3aMeCTHTeJ\h ripeACeAaTeAH ·ConeTa M11HHCTpon pecny6AHKH. B 1989 r. H36HpaeTCH ceKpe­TapeM L\K KoJYmapTHH Ka3axcTaHa.

HapOAHhIII AenyTaT CCCP H Ka3axcKol1 CCP (4).

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Pa3yMeeTcR, 6hrAo 6hl onm6Koli yTnepJKAaTb, 'l:TO Bee AerryTaTbI, npoIIIeAIIIHe qepe3 Bbr6opbr, RBARIOTCH AY'l:IIIH­MH H3 Ayq111nx, "uneToM Haunn." KaK 11 B Apyrnx pecrry6-AHKax 6b!Bll!ero CoID3a, OTAeAbHble KaHAHAilTbl C03AaAH ce6e TIOAHTH'l:eCKHM HMHAJK Ha 6e3y AepJKHOM KpHTHKe CTa­pb!X BAilCTHbIX CTPYKTyp, Ha 3KCIIAyaTaUHH MOAHOro K0-3blp5I: 5I HHKOrAa He 6bIA 'l:AeHOM napTHH! B ycAOBH5IX 3M­cpopHH OT HaxAbittyBllleli r AaCHOCTH, KpHTHKH aBTOpHTeTOB IIOfilHAHCb AHAepbl "npeAIIOAHTHKH", peliTHHr KOTOpbIX 3a­TeM 3aKOHOMepHO CHH311AC5!. [' AaBHb!M HX opyJKneM 6b!A

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11-196 31

.11.Il'IHbie KarreCTBa, BbICOKilll rrpocpeccilOHdJ\.Il3M II03BOJ\.Il­J\.Il CTaTb 5!pKilMil rrap.11.aMeHTCKI1Mll .11.llAepaMH >Ka6ailxa­HY A6Al1Jl.bAl1H)', Ca.11.brKy 311Matt0By, Anyapy Al\.llM>Kauo­By, Mypary Ay33oBy, Ypa3reAbAbI l3ai1:MypaToBy 11 MHo­nrM Apyr11M.

Ho B ue.11.oM CTpeM.11.em1e HOMeHKAaTyj)HOt! 3.11.llTbl co­xpaHI1Tb CBOID 3aMKHYTOCTb, C03AaTb "noc.11.ymnoe 60Jl.b­IIII1HCTBO" Har.ll.5!AHO rrp05!BI1.11.IICb rrpII npoBeAeHI1I1 BhI6o­poB 1990 r. I1MeHHO 3TH Bb!60pbl He II03BOJ\.ll.11.II 3KCllep­TaM He3aB!1CHMOrO HCCAeAOBaTe.11.bCKOro i1e1npii Freedom House (CWA) BK.11.ID'-IIITb Ka3axCTan, HapHl\Y c Poccnei1:, B KaTeroprr!D "cB060l\Hh!X" CTpaH. 0HH 6h!J\.II Hd3BaHbI ""lac­TH"JHO CB060AHbIMil".

Bee 6bl.11.0 BrrepBbie IJ Te arrpe.11.bCKHe AHH. BrrepBbie pa-6oTa BbICIIIero 3aKOHOAaTe.ll.bHOro opraHa 03HaMeHOBaAaCb IIOBblIIIeHHOll IIOAHTII"leCKOil aKTIIBHOCTbl-0 orrpeAeAeHHbIX . rpyrrrr .1-1ace.11.eHII5!. Y BXOAa B 3AaH11e, rAe HaTJa.11.a pa6oTy rrepBa5! ceccrr5!, HaTJa.11.rrcb AeMOHCTpauHrr HecpopMa.11.on, 6b1.11.rr .11.03yHrrr caMoro pa3.11.wrnoro TO.II.Ka. Aa>Ke IIOHBH­.11.acb rrepBa5!, HerrpHBbITJHa5! AMI Toro npeMeHrr rpyrrrra ro­AOAaIOnurx.

BrrepBbie rrap.11.aMeHTap1rn 6ypHo 06cy>KAa.11.rr KaHAYIAa­TYPhl Bcex .rr.11.eHOB npaBHTe.11.bCTBa, pyKOBOl\IITe.11.eil MHHII­CTepCTB II BeAOMCTB. ABa>Kl\bI OHH OTBepr.11.u rrpeA.11.aran­IIIy10c51 IlM KdHAilAaTypy Ha IIOCT MIIHIICTpa TOprOB.11.Il Il Hao6opoT - OTCT05!AH KaHAill\aTa Ha Kpec.11.0 r.11.aBbI MI1Aa. Ho r .11.aB.1-1oe co6bITHe TOH ceccrrrr - yrrpe>KAeHne rrocTa rrpe3ITAeHTa, rrpoeKT 3aKOHa 0 KOTOpOM TaK>Ke BnepBbie 6b!A Bb!Hece.1-1 Ha o6cy>KAeHrre o6meCTBeHHOCTil.

I1 rrepBbIH Tipe3rrAeHT, 1136pam-1b1Ji1 BepxOBHbIM CoBe­TOM 24 arrpe.11.51 1990 r., B CBOei1: perrn II3AO)KlIJ\. rrporpaMMY rrocTpoeHII5! HOBoro rocy AapcTBa: "YKpen.11.eHrre Haurro­HaAbHOH rocy4apCTBeHHOCTH, nOAIITIIrrecKOI"O cyBepeHrr­TeTa Ka3aXCKOH CCP, .1-1ano.11.HeHrre ero HOBbIM, pea.11.bHhIM COAep>KaH:IIeM B paMKax COBeTCKOll courraAIICTIICfeCKOll cpeAepaurrII, 60.11.ee creTKOe pa3rpaHrrrrem1e rro.11.HOMOrrHil Co103a CCP rr pecrry6.11.IIK" (5).

Ba>KHeftrueft 3aAacre:ll rrepBoro Ka3aXCTaHcKoro rrap.11.a­MeHTa CTaAo C03AaHIIe COOCTBeHHOll 3aKOHOAaTeAbHOll 6a3bI. 3aKOHbl C03AaBa.11.IlCb c ycreTOM IIO'!Til e>KeAHeBHO MEH5!IOIUilXC5! pea.II.HR. Y>Ke B rrepBbie MeC5!UbI CBOeH pa6o­Tbl Tipe3HAilYM BC BOCCTaHaBAHBaeT no Tpe6oBaHIIIO Tpy­A5!IUITXC51 TyprailcKyID 11 MaHrucTaycKy!O 06.11.acTil, rrp11-HHMaeT IIOCTaHOBAeHHe 0 BbIBOl\aX II TIPEAAO>KeHII51X C03-AaHHOH HM pa.Hee KOMIICC!U1 no OKOH-4aTeAbHOll or~eHKe AeRa6pbCKIIX co6bITilll 1986 r.

OceHmrn cecorn rrpMHMMaeT AeKAapau;mo o rocyAap­

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83

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UHaAhHYIO yrpo3y CTa6HAhHOCTH H MeJKHaUHOHaAbHOMY MHpy, BAaCTH APYJKHO OTKAaAbIBaAH "Ha ITOTOM" CTaHOB­

AeHHe 3Toro pemmow,ero gAR geMoKpamuu KOHKypeHnmoro UHcmumyma. TaK, ITpeACeAaTeAh BC 12 co3h!Ba CepHK6oA­ChIH A6AHAhAHH B csoeii KHHre "ITapAaMeHT Ka3axcTatta"

OTCYTCTBHe OIIII03HUHH B AHUe rrapAaMeHTCKHX cppaKUHM

rrpH'IHCAHeT K 3acAyraM 3aKOHOAaTeAbHOro opraHa:

"... B caMb!e OCTphle MOMeHThl CBOeM AeHTeAbHOCTH BC

rropoii CTOHA Ha rpaHH pacrraAa Ha rrapAaMeHTCKHe rpyrr­

ITHpOBKH, KOTOphle MOI'AH 6hl 6AOKHpOBaTb Bailly pa6oTy.

TaK, B nepHOA o6cyJKAeHHH H npHHHTHH Ha BTopo:H cec­

CHH BaJKHeiillle:H AAH pecrry6AHKH AeKAapauHH cyBepeH­HOCTH 6h!Aa C03AaHa H aKTHBHO AeMCTBOBaAa cppaKUHH "Ae­

MOKpaTH'leCKHM Ka3axcTaH", a B rrepHOA o6cyJKAeHHH KoH­

CTHTYUHH PK Ha BOChMOM ceccHH AeMCTBOBaAa cppaKUHH 'TpaJKAaHCKOe corAaCHe", KOTOphle rrpeAITPHHHMaAH He­

MaAhle H, AyMaeTCH, OC03HaHHb!e ycHAHH yBeCTH AerryTa­

TOB, a TaKJKe pecny6AHKaHCKYIO 06lUeCTBeHHOCTh 'lepe3

cpeACTBa MaCCOBOM HHcpOpMaUHH B IIAOCKOCTh AeCTpyK­

THBHhIX AHCKYCCHM. Ee3ycAoBHO, 'ITO co3AaHHe naµAaMeHTCKHX cppaKUHM -

3TO HOpMaAbHaH H o6ruerrpHHHTaH MHpOBaH rrpaKTHKa, HO

B ycAOBHHX peal\.HM Halllero MHOI'OHaUHOHaJ\.bHOro rocy­

AapCTBa H rrpeAeAbHO CJKaToro BpeMeHH AAH HCTOpH'le­

CKHX, CYAb60HOCHb!X pellleHHM Bee 3TO TOpM03HAO ABH­JKeHHe rrapAaMeHTCKOM Mb!CAH K HCTHHaM peaAbHOro MO­

MeHTa. Aa H TIOAaBAHIOIUee 6oAbllIHHCTBO HapOAHhIX Ae­rryTaTOB BblCKa3aAOCb npOTHB IIOA06HOH npaKTHKH. l1 3TO

MOJKHO oTHeCTH K 3acJ1.yraM BC ABeHaAuaToro C03brna" (13). Oco6eHHocmb10 BC 13 co3bZBa cmaAo rjJopMupoBCTHue

napAaMeHmcKoii onno3uuuu, so3rAaBAHeMo:i1: rpyrrrroM: "ITporpecc". EoAbll!HHCTBO AenyTaTOB OT cppaKUHM CouHa­

AHCTI!'leCKOtt rrapTI!l!, HapOAHoro KOHrpecca Ka3axcTaHa, o6ruecTBeHHoro o6'heAHHeHHH "ITpaBOBOe pa3BHTHe Ka3aXCTatta" H <DeAepau1rn: npocpCOI030B BXOAHAH B nap­

AaMeHTCKYIO OIIII03HUIUO. ITpeACTaBHTeAH cppaKUHH KOH­C~J\.l!AI!pOBaJ\.l!Cb Ha OCHOBe aAbTepHaTI!BHOM npaBI!TeAb­

CTBeHHOMy Rypcy rrporpaMMbl pecpopM.

100

OcHOBHbie OTAM'IMH MX nporpaMMbl OT npaBMTell.bCTBeH­

HOM COCTOHJ\.11 B MeTOAaX npoBeAeHMH np11BaTM3aIIMM; Tpe-

6oBaHMI1 yc11J1.eHMH COIIMall.bHOM HanpaBAeHHOCTM pe<tJopM;

3aMeAAeHMI1 TeMnOB paccpopMMpOBaHMH KOJl.X030B I1 COB­

X030B; BOCCTaHOBAeHMM KOHTpOAH HaA rocyAapcTBeHHOM

co6CTBeHHOCThIO; npeAAaraAMCb Mepbl no noAaBAeHMlO

MH<tJMII!MM.

fAaBHblM Tpe6oBaHMeM napAaMeHTCKOM onn03I1I!MI1 6blll.

OTKa3 OT peKOMeHAaIIMM MeJKAyHapOAHOro BaAIOTHOro

<t>oHAa, CAeAOBaHMe KOTOpbIM, no ee MHeHMIO, MOJKeT np11-

BeCTI1 K COIIMall.bHOMY B3pb!BY I1 KaTaCTpo<tJe.

Onno3MIIMH noArOTOBI1J\.a o<t>11u11all.bHblM AOKyMeHT nOA

Ha3BaHMeM "KoHIIenTyaAbHble nOAXOAbl K <tJopMMpOBaHMIO

aA&TepHaTMBHOM nporpaMMhI pe<tJopM". KpoMe KOHKpeT­

HhIX MexaHI13MOB <tJm-raHCMpOBaHMH 3KOHOMMKI1, npaBM·

Tell.bCTBY 6b!AI1 HanpaBAeHb! npeAAOJKeliMH no 6IOAJKeT­

HOM I1 HaAOrOBOM nOAMTMKe, nOAMTMKe B o6AaCTI1 3apa-

6oTHOM nAaTbI, per110HaAbHOM noAMTMKe, no C03AaHMIO

CMCTeMbl MeCTHOro caMoynpaBAeHMH, no I13MeHeHMIO 3Tan­

HOCTI1 pe<tJopM I1 Apyme ( 14). B ceHTH6pe AerryTaTCKaH rpynna "Tiporpecc" pacnpo­

CTpaHHAa 06parueH11e K AenyTaTaM BC PK, B KoTopoM npi:r­

Mo CTaBHJ\CH BOnpoc 0 nepeH36paHI1M CIIHKepa. "CAeAyeT

npI13HaTh, 'ITO opraHH3aIIHOHHblM nepMOA HeonpaBAaHHo

3aTHHY JI.CH. Bo MHoroM no BMHe pyKoBOACTBa BC, npoi:rB­

AHIOIUero Hecnoco6HOCTb HaAaAHTb 'IeTKYIO pa6oTy 3dKO­

HOAaTel\.bHOro opraHa. 3To KacaeTCH H nopHAKa npoxoJK­

AeHMH 3aKOHonpoeKTOB, opraHI13aIIMOHHOM pa60TbI B KO­

MMTeTax H AMCKYCCHM Ha nAeHapHbIX 3aCeAaHMHX.

EoAee Toro, •rAeHhI PYKOBOACTBa nOA'Iac caMH cnoco6-

CTBYIOT <tJopMHpoBaHHIO HeraTMBHoro o6ruecTBeHHoro

MHeHHH HeyMeAO npoBeAeHHbIMM npecc-KOH<tJepeHIIHHMH

I1 HeyBaJKMTeAhHblMM BblnaAaMH B aApec CBOHX KOAAer­

AerryTaTOB. B nopHAKe 3aKOHOAaTel\.bHOM HHI1I!HaTMBhl MhI

BHOCMM rrpeMOJKeHMe 0 nepeH36pamrn npeACeAaTeAH" ( 12). 0AHaKo B pe3yAbTaTe 3HeprH'IHOro BMeIIIaTell.bCTBa

Tipe3HAeHTa onn03HIIMH BhIHYJKAeHa 6b!Aa OTcTynHTb.

OceHh 1994 r. 03HaMeHoBaAacb erue OAHHM 6ecnpeue­

AeHTHh!M B HCTOpHH Ka3aXcTaHa nOAIITH'IeCKHM co6b!TH­

eM - OTCTaBKOH npaBHTe.l\.bCTBa BO rAaBe c npeMbep-MH­

HHCTpOM c .TeperueHKO. KpHTHKa pa60Tbl npaBHTell.bCTBa

co CTOpOHbl caMb!X pa3AH'!Hb!X noAHTH'IeCKHX CHA B no­

CAeAHHe noArOAa HeyKAOHHO B03pacTaAa, a AOBepHe K

HeMy IIOCTOHHHO rraAaAO.

101

HnipopMa1.1,uoHllb1ii MamepuaA

Tepem;euKo Cepreii A.11.eKcaHAPOBH'I. POAJilACH B 1951 r. B r.AeC03dBOACKe TipHMopcKoro KpaH.

PyccKHH:. B 1973 r. OKOH'lJilA Ka3aXCKJilH rocyAapcTBeHHhlH ceAhCKoxo-

3HHCTBeHHhIH JilHCTHTyT, 3aTeM 3aO'lHO - AAMa-ATHHCKyzo BhIC­myro rrapTHHHyro IIIKOAY.

Pa6oTaA rAaBHhIM JilHJKeHepoM K0.11.X-03a HMem1 B.B.Kyii:6hl­meaa T!OAhKy6accKoro paii:oHa '-IHMKeHTCKoi1 o6AaCTH, rrepab!M ceKpeTapeM T!0AhKy6accKoro paHKOMa KOMCOMOAa. c 1973 r. -Ha rrapTHHHOH pa6oTe. B 1986 r. 6wA H36paH npeACeAaTeAeM JilCIIOAKOMa '-IHMKeHTCKOrO o6ACOBeTa. c 1989 ~·. - nepBhIH 3a­MeCTJi1TeAb TipeACeAaTeAH CoaeTa MHHHCTpOB, 3aTeM - rrepBhlf! 3aMecTJilTeAh TipeACeAaTeAH BepxoBHOro CoaeTa, 3aMeCTHTeAh Tipe3HAeHTa Ka3axcKoH CCP. B 1990 r. H36paH npeACeAaTeAeM '-IHMKeHTcKoro o6AaCTHoro CoaeTa HapoAHhIX AenyTaToB, rrep­BhIM ceKpeTapeM. o6KOMa rrapTHJil. HapoAHhIH AerryTaT Ka3ax­CKOH CCP.

C 16 oK.TH6pH 1991 r. - rrpeMDep-MJilHJilcrp Ka3axCKoH CCP (15).

11 OKTH6pH Tipe3H11,eHT HypcyATaH Ha3ap6aeB 3ac.11.y-

11Ia.11. OT'leT rrpaBHTe.11.bCTBa 0 BbIII0.11.HeHHH aHTHKpH3HCHOll

rrporpaMMbI H, OlleHHB pa6oTy Ka6HHeTa MHHMCTpOB KaK

HeyAOB.ll.eTBOpHTe.11.bHYIO, IIOTpe60Ba.11. ero OTCTaBKH B IIOJ\­

HOM COCTaBe. B TOT JKe AeHb OH IIOAIIHCa.11. yKa3 06 OTCTaB­

Ke npaBHTe.11.bCTBa. Tipe3HAeHT CBOe Tpe6oBaHHe MOTMBM­

poBa.11. HeCOCTOHTe.11.bHOCTbIO HbIHeurnero Ka6HHeTa, Heco­

r.11.acoBaHHOCTbIO ero pa60TbI, KOrAa OAHM 'l.11.eHbI Ka6HHe­

Ta BMeCTO Ae.11.a Ha'lHHaIOT KpHTHKOBaTb ApyrHX . . Ha CBoe:iI IIOC.11.eAHe:li rrpecc-KOHcpepeHIJ;MH B Ka'leCTBe

rrpeMbep-MHHHCTpa C. Tepeui;eHKo rrpH3Ha.11., TIO "60.11.bIIIe

3aHHMaHCb TeKyIIJ;HMH BorrpocaMH, MbI yrrycTM.11.H CTpa­

TerJil'leCKHe. MbI A0.11.JKHbI 6bI.11.H 3aHHTb 60.11.ee JKeCTKYIO

II03HllHIO B KpeAHTHO-cpHHaHCOBOll II0.11.HTHKe, rrpoBeAeHMM

3a'leTa, 6bI.ll.a HeoTpery.11.HpOBaHHOCTb B3aHMOOTHOIIleHHll

c 06.11.aCTHbIMM H pailoHHbIMM aAMHHMCTpa!lHHMM" ( 16). B 3airB.11.eHHH yxoAHmero Ka6HHeTa MHHMcTpoB OTMe­

'lall.oCh, 'ITO BC PK BMecTo pa6oThI rro co3AaHMIO 3aKoHo­

AaTe.ll.hHoil 6a3bI cpaKTJil'leCKH 3aHH.11. II03HUMIO OTpMUaHHH

3KOHOMH'leCKOH CTpaTerHM rrpaBMTe.11.bCTBa, orpaHM'leHHH

ero IIOJl.HOMO'IHH, BMeIIIaTell.bCTBa B orrepanrnHyIO X03Hll­

CTBeHHYIO M cpHHaHCOBYIO AeHTell.bHOCTb. B cooTBeTCTBMH c KoHCTMTYUMeii AerryTaTaM npeACTOH­

ll.O .AaTh corJ1.acMe Ha YTBepJKAeHMe pHAa 'lll.eHOB Ka6MHe­Ta MHH11CTt-lOb. Hypcy.11.TaH Ha3ap6aeB rrpeAcTaBM.11. rrpM­

~HHbI, IIOAT0.11.KHYBIIIMe ero K peIIIMTell.bHblM AeHCTBMHM: ••• llpaBMTell.bCTBeHHaH rrporpaMMa BblII0.11.HHeTCH c.11.a60, BO

MHOrOM cpopMa.11.bHO M Hecor.11.acoBaHHO. 0Ha He CTa.11.a, KaK

102

H3Ha'Iil.l\.bHO 3aAyMbIBa.l\.OCb, PYKOBOACTBOM K AeHCTBHIO.

3a 3TO BpeMR yJKe ycrreJ1.11 3a6b1Th o ueJ1.5IX 11 coAepJKaH1111

rrporpaMMb!. 0CHOBHOe BHI1MaHI1e rrepeKJ1.IO'Il1.l\.OCb Ha 610-

poKpaTH'IeCKMe 11rpbI, CKpyrry Jl.e3HO IIOAC'Il1Tb!Ball.oCb K0-

.1\.H'IeCTBO IIOAI'OTOBAeHHb!X AOKyMeHTOB, rrpoeKTOB.

AeJ1.o AOIIIAO AO Toro, 'ITO He BbIIIOAH5IIOTCH HAM rrpocTo

lffHop11pyIOTCH MOH yKa3bI! Ka6HHeT Ml1HHCTpOB HHKdK He

MOr IIOHHTb, 'ITO rrporpaMMa TOAbKO TOrAa 6yAeT l1MeTb

pedJ\bHYIO CHAY l1 CTaHeT MOIUHb!M HHCTpyMeHTOM B py­

Ka x npaBHTeAbCTBa, ecAH 6y AeT IIOAI'OTOBJl.eH rrmpOKHH

Kpyr CTOpOHHHKOB H3 'Il1Cll.a X03HHCTBeHHHKOB, rrpOI13BOA­

CTBeHHI1KOB 11 rrpeArrpHHHMaTeAefr •.. " ( 16). 3aTeM rrepeA AerryTaTaMH BbICTYIIHA KaHAHAaT B rrpe­

Mbep-MHHHCTpbl AKeJKaH KaJKereAbAHH. OH 3aRBHA, 'ITO

pa3AeAReT 'lilCTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH rrpeJKHero Ka6HHeTa

MHHHCTpOB, oco6eHHO ITO IIOBOAY IIOCAeAHero OT'IeTa rrpa­

BHTeAbCTBa, H rrpI13HaA, 'ITO HOBbIH Ka6HHeT Ml1Hl1CTpOB

6yAeT O'IeHh HeIJOIIYAHpeH, IIOTOMY 'ITO HeH36eJKHbl catta­

UI1H, 6aHKpOTCTBa, OTIIYCK ueH Ha HecpTh.

B Ka-Y:eCTBe rrpuopHTeTHhIX ueJ1.efr HOBoro Ka6HHeTa

6h!Jl.l1 Hd3BaHhl pecpopMa cp11HaHCOBO-KpeAHTHOH CHCTeMbl,

3aKOH 0 3aAore, HOBbie HaAorOBbIH H fpaJKAdHCKHH KO­

AeKChI, opraHH3dUI1H 611pJKeBhIX TOproB, CTa6HAH3aUHH

HdUHOHd.l\.hHOH Bd.l\.IOThI.

AKeJKaH KaJKereAhAHH 6oll.bIIII1HCTBOM roAocoB (132 H3

136) 6hIJI. yrnepJKAeH rrpeMhep-MI1HHCTpOM.

lfn<jJopMauuomu.zii MamepuUA

KaJKere11.hAHH AKeJKaH MarJKaHOBHq. POAHJl.Cl! B 1952 r. B ce.11.e feoprn:eBKa ./KapMHHCKOro palioHa

CeMHrra11.aTHHCKOH 06.11.acTH. Ka3ax. 0KOH'IHll. CeMHna.11.aTHHCKHH neAarorH'IeCKllH llHCTHTyT, A.11.MaTHHCKHH HHCTHTYT HapOAHO­

ro X03l!llCTBa. f1oc.11.e OKOH'IaHlll! IIeAllHCTllTyTa pa6oTa.ll. Ha rrpenoAaBa­

Te.11.bCKOH pa6oTe B ll!KOAax CeM1rna11.aTHHCKa. C 1980 r. Ha rrap­TllHHOH ll COBeTCKOll pa60Te. B 1989-1990 rr. 6hlll. AllpeKTOpOM KOM6HHaTa 110 o6pa60TKe 06.ll.llUOBO'IHOI'O KaMHH. 3aTeM B03-rll.aBAll.ll. aKUllOHepHO-KOMMep'IeCKOe perllOHall.bHOe o6ruecT­BO "ToMaH" ll CeMll!IaAaTllHCKllH TeppllTOpllall.bHhlll rrpOll3BOA­CTBeHHblH aKUllOHepHO-KOMMep11ecKllH KOMIIJl.eKC "CeMeli".

C 1991 r. - 3aMeCTHTeAb rrpeACeAaTeAH CeM11rra11.aTHHcKoro 0611.HCIIOAKOMa, a c cj:Je0pa.11.l! 1992 r. - 3aMeCTllTeAb r 11.aBh! CeMHrra11.aTHHCKOH 0611.acTHoii aAMllHllCTpaUllll. J!l36Hpa11.cl!

HapOAHhIM AerryTaTOM .pecrry6.11.HKll. EhIA rrpe3HAeHTOM Co103a rrpoMhllllAeHHllKOB ll rrpeAIIPllHHMaTeAeli Ka3axcTaHa.

c AeKa6pH 1993 r. - rrepBblll 3aMeCTllTeJ\b rrpeMbep-MllHH­

CTpa PK (17).

103

AerryTaTbl yTBepAHAH ocTaAbHhIX '!AeHOB Ka6HHeTa MHHHCTpOB. KaHAHAaTypa rrpeTeHAeHTa Ha IIOCT BHile-rrpe­Mbepa rro HAeOAOrHH AAThIH6eKa CapceH6aeBa, paHee 3a­HHMaBIIIero AOAJKHOCTb MHHHCTpa rre'!aTH, OKa3aAaCb 3a-6aAAOTHpOBaHHOH (H3 136 rrpHCYTCTBYIOIUHX TOAbKO 58 6bIAH3a) (18).

13 OKTH6p.sI Ha BeqepHeM rrAeHapHoM 3aceAaHHH BC AerryTaTbl BepHyAHCh K o6cyJKAeHHIO 3aKoHa "06 yTO'l­HeHHoM pecrry6AHKaHCKOM 6IOAJKeTe Ha 1994 r." B CB5I3H c oTrrycKOM ueH Ha XAe6. AoKAaA'IHK rro AaHHOMY 3aKoHo­rrpoeKTY rrpeMbep-MHHHCTp AKeJKaH KaJKereAhAHH rrpH-3BaA AerryTaTOB cor AaCHTbC5I c TeM, 'ITO OTIIYCK ueH Ha XAe6 - 3TO OC03HaHHa5I He06XOAHMOCTb, H rrpHH5ITb rrpaBHAb­HOe peIIIeHHe. 0TrrycK ueH Ha XAe6 H XAe6o6yAO'!Hble H3-AeAH5I, Ha HeqJTerrpOAYKTbl IIOATBepAHAH HacTpoll: HOBOro rrpeMbep-MHHHCTpa Ha yJKeCTO'leHHe rrpOBOAHMOro Kyp­ca, HaMepeHHe cAeAoBaTb peKoMeHAallHHM MB<D, rrpoTHB qero peIIIHTeAbHO BbICTyrraAa OIIII03HllH5I.

06cyJKAeHHe 6oAe3HeHHoro BOIIpoca 6bIAO caMbIM 6yp­HbIM 3a IIOCAeAHHe MeCHilbl pa60Tbl rrapAaMeHTa. foAOCO­BaAH ABaJKAbl. B pe3yAhTaTe 3aKoHorrpoeKT, AeKAapHpy10-lllHH IIOBbIIIIeHHe ueH Ha XAe6orrpOAYKTbI c 15 OKT5I6p5I, 6bIA IIpHH5IT (18).

PeaKUHH rrapAaMeHTapHeB Ha cMeHy rrpaBHTeAbCTBa He 6b!Aa OIITHMHCTH'IHOH. LIAeH OIIII03HllHOHHOH rpyrrrrbl "TipaBoBoe pa3BHTHe Ka3axcTaHa", AerryTaT AAeKcaHAP TieperpHH rrHcaA B ra3eTe "TiaHopaMa", 'ITO BC BbICTyrraA He rrpOTHB rrepCOHaAHH B rrpaBHTeAbCTBe, a rrpOTHB Kypca rrpaBHTeAhCTBa. LJTo KacaeTCH cMeHbl Ka6HHeTa, TO 3TO 6y AeT rrpocTo o6bI'IHOH B03Hell: rpyrrrrHpOBOK BHYTPH HC­IIOAHHTeAbHOH BAaCTH, eCAH He IIOCAeAyeT AHaAor c OIIII0-3HUHell:, B3aHMHOe rrpH3HaHHe H KOppeKTHpOBKa II03HUHH H peaAbHa.sI CMeHa rrpoBOAHMOro Kypca (19).

0THOIIIeHHe ApyrHX AHAepoB rrapAaMeHTCKOH H BHerrap­AaMeHTCKOH OIIII03HUHH K HOBOMY COCTaBY Ka6HHeTa MH­HHCTpOB 6bIAO pe3KO OTPHilaTeAbHbIM. TipeACeAaTeAb rrap­THH HapOAHhIH KOHrpecc Ka3axcTaHa 0AJKac CyAell:MeHoB 3a5IBHA, 'ITO "B AeMOKpaTH'!eCKHX rocy AapCTBax MeH.sIIOT Ka6HHeT BMeCTe c KypcoM. I1Ha'!e HeT CMbICAa B 3aMeHe." Tio' ero MHeHHIO, rrporpaMMa "15 Mec.srn;eB" ycTapeAa eme AO orry6AHKOBaHH5I, H 'ITO BC5I 01-ra IIOCTpOeHa Ha peuerr­Tax MB<D, KOTOpbre Mb! He AOAJKHbl rrpHMeH.sITb y ce65I B 'IHCTOM BHAe (20) .

.l\HAep rrapAaMeHTCKOH OIIII03HllHH H corrpeACeAaTeAb CourrapTHH fa3H3 AAAaMJKapoB, pe3KO rrpoTecToBaBIIIHH rrpoTHB Ha3Ha'leHHH A.KaJKereAhAHHa rAaaoll: HOBoro Ka-

104

6IIHeTa MIIHIICTpOB, 3a5:1BIIA, 'ITO OHII rrpOTIIB Hh!HeIIIHero

Kypca, HO 3TO He 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO OHII IIpOTIIB pbIHKa. PbIHKY

cerOAH5I HeT aAbTepHaTHBbl. 0HH rrpOTIIB Toro rrynr pe­

cpopMHpoBaHII5I, KOTOpblH HM HaB5I3bIBa!OT. "CerOAHH MHO­

rHe AIIAepb! OIIII03HUIIH npHMO CTaBHT BOIIpoc 0 AOCpO'I­

HhIX Bbr6opax Dpe3HAeHTa. DoToMy 'ITO oH rAaBa rt)cy­

AapcTBa. J1 TOAbKO OH, a rm Teperu;eHKO, BIIHOBaT B TOM

pa3BaAe, K KOTopoMy Mb! IIpIIIIIAH" (21). 14 OKTH6p5I COCTOHAaCb rrpecc-KOHcpepeHilH5I rrpeACTa­

BHTeAeH 06ru;ecTBeIUIO-IIOAlITH'leCKlIX ABIIJKeHHH "Pecny6-

AIIKa", Ha KOTOpoi1 6bIAa AaHa oueHKa CAOJKHBIIIeHCH B

Ka3axcTaHe curyau11n. TeMa rrpaBIITeAbCTBeHHoro KpH3Hca

CTaAa rAaBHOH. DpeACeAaTeAb KOOPAHHdlllIOHHOro COBe­

Ta CepnK6oACbIH A6AHAbAHH coo6ru;nA, 'ITO B pe3YAbTaTe

TpeXAHeBHOrO o6cyJKAeH!IH 18 o6ru;ecTBeHHbIX ABHJKe­

HlIH IIOAIIHCdAII 3d5IBAeHrre, B KOTOpbM 6bIAH ccpopMy­

AHpOBdHbI ocHOBHbre Tpe6oBaHHH K BC 11 Dpe3HAeHTy, a

TaKJKe OTHOIIIeHHe K rrpOBOAHMOMY 3KOHOM!I'IeCKOMY Kyp­

cy.

Cyru;ecTBYIOIIIaH cnTya1lH5I 6brAa oxapaKTepn3oBaHa

c .A6AHAbAHHbIM KaK IIOAHeHIIIHH rrpoBaA pecpopM, 3a KO­

TOpbIH nepcoHaAbHY!O OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb HecyT He TOAbKO

pecpopMaTopbr H3 npaBHTeAbCTBa, HO .n Dpe3HAeHT. B 'IHC­

Ae Tpe6oBaHHH rrp03BY'laAO HeMeAAeHHOe C03AaHHe KOa­

AHUHOHHOro rrpaBHTeAbCTBa .lI rrpoBeAeHHe B 6ArrJKaliIIIe:i1

nepcneKTHBe npe3HAeHTCKHX .lI napAaMeHTCKHX Bhl6opoB.

c oco6bIM ,MHeHHeM Ha npecc-KOHcpepeHUHlI BbICTYIIHA

AHAep He3aBHClIMbIX rrpocpcOI030B .l\.eoHHA c OAOMHH.

CorAaC!IBIII!ICb B OCHOBHOM c AaHHbIMH 01.(eHKdMII B 06-

AaCTlI 3KOHOMIIKH, OH Ha3BdA a6COAIOTHO HenprreMAeMbI­

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6oBaHHH. BC, no MHeHIIIO r-Ha CoAOMHHa, AOAJKeH B3HTb

Ha ce6H BCIO IIOAHOTY 3dKOHOAaTeAbHOH IIHlil.(IIaTIIBbl,

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AeHIIe B Ka3aXcTaHe rpaJKAaHcKoro o6ru;ecTBa.

DapAaMeHTapIIn ceroAH5I, no ero MHeHII!O, rrpeACTaB­

AHIOT AIIIIIb caMIIX ce65I, rrapAaMeHTCKIIe cppaKUIIII HOCHT

cpopMaAbHbrfi xapaKTep, 'ITO rrpHAaeT peUieHHHM BC rrpo­TIIBOpe•mBbIH II HeIIOCAeAOBaTeAbHblll xapaKTep (22).

Pa6oTy rrapAaMeHTa ol.(emrnaAII HeOAH03Ha'lHO II caMII

AerryTaTbl. HarrpIIMep, J16parnM fyAep OTMe'IaA HeAHHa­

MlI'IHOCTb ero pa60TbI, 'ITO MHOro CIIA YXOAHT Ha HettyJK­Hbie crropbl, o6BrrHeHIIH IICIIOAHHTeAbHOll BAaCTII. A xopo­

llIIIX 3dKOHOB, KOTOpb!X OT Hae JKAYT, HeT (23). MexArrc CyAeliMeHOB 6bIA y6eJKAeH, 'ITO rrapAaMeHT

yJKe He TOT, 'ITO 6bIA paHbUie. "AyMa!O, 'ITO IIOAlITHKa

14-196 105

Ae.11.aeTc5! He HM, a nc110.11.HHTe.11.bHoii B.11.acTbIO. CocTaB BC

OTpaJKaeT COCT05!HHe Harnero o6mecTBa. 0AHY Tpe.Tb B HeM

MOJKHO Ha3BaTb O'IeHb aKTHBHOH, CT0.11.bKO JKe, G'IHTaIO,

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3Ha'!OK. 0HH H.11.H He 11pHXOA5!T Ha 3aCeAaHH5!, H.11.H Cl15!T.

flpocpecCHOHa.ll.H3M, KOHe'!HO, 6yAeT Hapa6oTaH, HO 110-HaCT0-

5!IUeMY OH CMOJKeT 11pHHTH T0.11.bKO KO BTOPOMY cpoKy" (24). A HX K0.11..11.era ./KaKCbl.11.b!K llleKeeB Apyroro MHeHH5!.

Pa6oTy 11ap.11.aMeHTa OH oueHIIBa.11. T0.11.hKO 110.11.oJKIITe.11.i,:Ho.

H 6hI.ll. KaTeropII'IeCKH 11p0THB Toro, 'IT06b! 11ap.11.aMeHT 3a­

HHMa.ll.C5! T0.11.bKO 3aKOHOTBOp'IeCKOH Ae5!Te.ll.hHOCTblO. "BC

A0.11.JKeH 3aHHMaTbC5! H KOPPYM11HpOBaHHb!MH rocyAapcT­

BeHHb!MH 'IHHOBHHKaMH, H 11po6.11.eMaMH opraHH30BaHHOH

11peCTYl1HOCTH, H perneHIIeM KOHKpeTHb!X COUHa.ll.bH0-3KO­

HOMH'leCKHX 3aAa'l" (25). 15 AeKa6p5! flpe3IIAeHT Bb!CTYl1H.ll. 11epeA Ae11yTaTaMH c

11porpaMMHOH 110 3Ha'!HMOCTH 110AH5!TbIX 11po6.11.eM pe'IblO.

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KH 11 o6mecTBa KaK 3aBeprneHHe 11epBoro 3Ta11a 11epexoA­

Horo 11epII0Aa, KOrAa 11pouecc pecpopM pa3BIIBaeTc5! Ha­

CT0.11.bKO AHHaMH'IHO, 'ITO 11pIIBbl'!Hb!e HOpMbl yJKe He OT­

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ce.11.o, CMOJKeT .11.H Ka3aXCTaH K KOHUY 1995 r. BbIHTH H3

KpH3HCa.

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3aKOHOB, KOTOpb!e BC HaA.11.eJKa.11.0 11pHHHTb B ocTaBrnnecH

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BIITe.ll.bCTBeHHoro cor .11.arneHHll 110 3aiiMaM MeJKAyHapOA­

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K 11epBOO'IepeAHb!M 3aKOH011pOeKTaM Ha 1995 r. OTHO­

CH.11.HCb HOBall. peAaKIIHll 3aKOHa "O HauIIOHa.11.bHOM 6aH­

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106

o6cy)KAaAc5! Borrpoc o BHecem-rn H3MeHem1rr B AeMCTBy10-IUy10 KoHCTHTYUH10, OH rrpeAAO)KHA CB010 MOAeAb MeHee 6oAe3HeHHoro pa3pemeHH5! Hau:6oAee YH3BHMbIX IIOAO)Ke­HHIT OcnoBHOro 3aKoHa.

Tipe3HAeHT rrpeAAO)KHA AerryTaTaM rrpoBeCTH perrTHH­roBoe roAOCOBaHHe H orrpeAeAHTbC5!, roTOB AH rrapAaMeHT paCCMOTpeTb BorrpoCb! 0 'laCTHOH co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eM­A10, o rocyAapcTBeHHOM ABY5!3bI'IHH, o cyAe6Horr pe¢op­Me H xapaKTepe rocyAapCTBeHHOCTH (rro KOHCTHTYUHH 1993 r. Pecrry6AHKa Ka3axcTaH 5!BA5!Aach rocy AapcTBOM "caMoorrpeAeAHBUieITC5! Ka3aXCKOIT HaUHH").

Pe3y AhTaThI roAocoBaHH5! noKa3aAH, 'ITO AenyTaTCKHH Kopnyc ero He IIOAAep)KaA (26).

Bonpochr 3a DpoTHB Bo3Aep- He roAo-)KaAHCh COBaAH

0 '!aCTHOH co6CTBeH- 66 56 9 1 HOCTH Ha 3eMA10 0 ABYX rocy AapCT- 59 66 10 2 BeHHh!X 5!3hIKaX 0 cy Ae6Ho-rrpaBOBOH 101 26 8 -pecpopMe 0 xapaKTepe rocy AapCTBeHHOCTH 52 74 9 -

B CB5!3H c 3THM Tipe3HAeHT rrpeAAO)KHA ceCTh 3a CTOA rreperOBOpOB r;peACTaBHTeA5!M rrapAaMeHTa, rrpaBHTeAbCT­Ba, ITOAHtH'leCKHX rrapTHIT H o6meCTBeHHhIX ABH)KeHJ1IT AA5! IIOAITHCaHH5! MopaTop1rn 0 BpeMeHHOM Heo6cy)KAeHHH BO­rrpocoB, KaCa10IUHXC5! BHeceHI15! H3MeHeHHI1 B KOHCTlfTY­U!110.

Y-epe3 HeAeA!O BO Bcex ra3eTaX 6bIAO orry6A!1KOBaHO 06pall{eH11e rpyrrrrhI rrpeAITpHHHMaTeAefl: K Tipe3!1AeHTY H.Ha3ap6aesy H BC Ka3aXcTaua, B KOTOpOM OHH, Bh1pa­)Ka5! rAy60Ky10 03a6o'leHHOCTh cyAh6011 PoAHHhI, BhlABH­raAH CAeAyIOIUHe rrpeAAO)KeHH5!:

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2. B. CB5!3H c BBeAeHHeM c 1 5!HBap5! 1995 I'. HOBb!X rrac­rropTOB HCKA10'IHTb rpacpy "rrau110HaAbHOCTb", 'faK KaK Mb!, MHOrOHaUHOHaAhHhlH rrapoA Ku3aXCTaHa, 5!BA5leMC5! OAHHM rrapoAOM H rrauHeli - Ka3axcTai~uaMv..

107

3. HaTiaTh KoHcn-ITyu:mo PK co cAeAyJOlllJIX CAoB: "Mu, HapoA KasaxcTaHa, o6'beAIIHeHHhril o6J.u:HocTbIO IICTOpH­'IecKofi cy Ah6hr, TeppHTop11eii, B3dHMHh!M yBaJKeHJieM K Hall!IIM 3THl1'lecKIIM, KY AhTYPHhIM, 5I3hIKOBhIM 11 peA11r11-03HhIM pa3AH'III5IM, pell!HAII OCHOBuTh AA5! Hae Il Harn11x IIOTOMKOB Ha 3T0ll 3eMJ\.e eAIIHOe, CB060AHOe 11 He3aBIICII­MOe rocyAapcrno" (27).

3nr co6hITII5I AeKa6p5I (rol\.OCOBaJ·rne B rrapAaMeIITe, saHBAemre BHAHhIX npeArrp11m1MaTeAeil o rocyAapcTBeH­HOM 5I3b!Ke, 0 xapaKTepe rocy AapcrneHHOCTII, 0 'lilCTHOll co6cTBeHFIOCTII Ha seMA!O) CTdl\11 ceHcau:rreil I1 Bb!3BaAII ll!KBaA Bh!CTYI1AeHIIll B rrpecce.

0AHdKO B COOTBeTCTBIIl1 c rrpocb60il Dpe3IlAeHTa nap­AaMeHT B IIOCJ\.eAHl1e AHH Mecm1a pa6oTuJ\ O'!eHh HHTeH­CI!BHO II npHHlIA pHA HOpMaTIIBI-IhIX ar<TOB. CpeAII HHX oco-6oe MecTo saHIIMaAH 'TpaJKAaIIcr<m1 KOAer<c. Ocr-ronr-rn>r 'laCTh", 3aKOHbl 06 IIHOCrpaHHbIX HHBecrm_urnx, TpaHcrrop­Te, IlHAHBIIAyaAbHOM )KJIJ\Hll!HOM CTpOIITeAbCTBe.

19 lIHBapH 1995 r. Hd'WAa pa6oTy TpeThH cecum BC, KOTOpoil npeACT05IAO o6cy Al!Th COAIIAHhlll rraKeT 3aKOHO­rrpoeKTOB: TaMoJKeHHhrfr KOAer<c, 3ar<OHhI o Hecpn1, o TO­BapHhIX 6IIpJKax, o IIO'ITe H TeAer<oMMynrmau;IllIX, PerAa­MeHT BepxonHoro CoBeTa, YroAOBHo-rrpou:eccyaAhHhII1 KOAeKc, HaAOrDBhiil KOAeKc, rrpoeKT 6IDAJKeTa Ha 1995 r. r AaBHhIM co6hITHeM cecorn cTal\.o rrpllHHTIIe pecrry6.l\.I-IKaH­cKoro 6JOAJKeTa Ha 1995 r.

B CB5I3II .C rroe3AKaMII AerryTaTOB B OKpyra !\.All BCTpe'! c JI36IIpaTel\.5IMII 6bIAO pell!eHO, 'ITO ceCCII5I B0306HOBIIT CBOJO pa6oTy 15 MapTa 1994 r. 0AHaKO 3TOMY He cyJKAeHO 6b!AO rrpOII30llTII.

B) Ilapl\.aMeHTCKHH KpH3HC (MapT 1995 r.)

XpoHUKa co6bzmuii. 6 Ma pTa 1995 r. KoHCTIITYU:IlOHHhiil cy A Pecny6AIIKII

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He cooTBeTcTBYIOlliIIMil KoHCTIITYU:IIII PK 6hIJ\. npII3HaH TaKJKe PlIA AOKyMeHTOB UeHTpII36IIpKoMa. B 'IaCTHOCTII, A6hrAaMxaHOBCKIIil II36IIpaTeAhHhlil oKpyr r.AJ\.MaThI (B KOTOpOM 6al\.AOTIIpoBaAacb T.KB5ITKOBCKa5I) no 'll!CAeHHO­CTII HaCel\.eHIIlI 60!/\. 3Ha'!JITeAbHO (B ABa-TpII pasa) 60Ab­rne ApyrIIx OKpyroB, 'ITO cymecTBeHHO ymeMHJ\.O KOHCTH-

108

Tyu:i10HHhte rrpaBa KaHA1IAaTOB B AerryTaTbt 1l 1l361IpaTe­

Aei1:, Hapyurll.l\O rrpllHlllill llX paBeHCTBa. f10A06Ha5I AllC­

nponopu;mr llMe.lla MeCTO 11 BO MHOrI1X ApyrHX o6AaCTHblX

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KC ou;eHll.ll MeTOAllKY TIOAC'IeTa roAocoB U:eHTpH36Hp­

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- KdJKAblH H36HpaTe.l\.h HMeeT OAllH rOAOC. B PHAe OKpy­

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KOAll'IeCTBO H3forpaTeAeH, IlpllHHBillllX Y'IaCTlle B I'OAOCO­

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6opOB n .llerHTHMHOCTh rroAHOMoq11il AerryTaToB BC.

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pecax coxpaHeHllH CTa6HAhHOCTll B o6lJleCTBe ll rocyAap­

cTBe, 8 Maprn 1995 r. f1pe3HAeHT Ha3ap6aeB BhICTyIIllA c

o6paru;eHHeM ITO pecrry6AHKdHCKOMy TeAeBIIA8HHIO, B KO­

TOpOM, B 'idCTHOCTH, CKa3aA: "f1pllH5ITOe CYAOM pewem1e

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B TO >Ke BpeMH, ITOAL!8PKHYA f1pe31IAeHT, CAeAyeT c yBa­

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MY rocyAapcTBy, o TopJKecTBe 3aKoHa.

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B03paJKeHHe Ha 3TO pewe11rre. 06pama10ch K KC c rrpeA­

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pa.1KeHH5I, TO ecTb ero IIOCT<1HOBJ\eH11e OT 6 MapTa BCTYIIll­

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rapanT co6AIDAeHHH KoHCTHTYllHH PK o6paT)'!.l\.ClI B KC c

3arrpocoM 0 rrpaDOBb!X IlOCA8ACTBll5IX 3TOrO !lOCTdHOB.lle­

Hll5I no CJ\eAyIOIJJ;HM BOrrpocaM:

109

- 03Ha1raeT .11.11 3TO rrocTaHoB.11.eH11e KC HeKOHCTHTYUH­

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TbI.fi 10 AeKa6p51 1993 r., I!pOA0.11.JKaeT Aei1:CTBOBilTb(2).

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cy Aa. Be1IepoM A611m KeKH.11.6aeB rrpoBe.11. CBOIO rroc.11.eAHIOIO

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oneHKl1 Toro 11.11.11 HHoro co6hrTH51 11.11.11 rrp11H5!Toro 3aKoHa,

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rrepb B 3IIaK rrpoTecTa Ha 'Ia.II. ro.11.oAaTh.

110

15 MapTa 6hIBIIJIIe AerryTaTbI rrpoBeA11 BCTpe'IY c rrpeA­

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I 15

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TapaHmoM peaAusa1.<uu npegcmaBume!lbHot! 1py11Kwm nap­AaMC.Hma RBARemcR qeM0Kpamu•1ecKWl u36upamellbHaR cuc­meMa B COBOKYllHOCinU c KOHK}7Jern,ueii B YCAOBllflX MJWronap­muilHocmu. Bbr6opb! )Ke 25 Md]JTd 1990 r. rrpoBOAHAl1Cb B COOTBeTCTBlll1 c 3aKOHOM "O Bb16opax Hil]JOAHb!X AerryTa­TOB Ka3CCP" (ceHTH6pb 1989 r.), OT[JO.)!<.dBllleM llOAHTH'Ie­CKYIO peal\bHOCTb 3ITOXH rAaCHOCTH H nepecTpOiiKH, KOrAa 'IeTBepTaB 'l:dCTb AeIJyTaTOB IT]Jl1WJ\11 B rrapAaMeHT 6e3 KOH­KypeHTHOH 6opb6b!. 3To ne f!03BOJ\5leT OTHeCTl1 IIOA06Hy]{) 113falpaTeAbHYIO CHCTeJ\ly K Ae~JOK]JCJTWleCKl1M. Bb160pbl 7 J\ld]JTa 1994 r. rrpOXOAHMI B COOTBE'l'CTBJ-!11 c KoAeKCOM 0 BbI6opax (AeKa6pb 1993 r.). npeAyCM<lTp11BdBIJ1eM 42 Ae­rryTaTa ITO rocyAd]JCTBeHHOMY crrn:cKy. 6oAee TOrO, Hapy­rnemie npoueAypbr Bbr6opoa, rrp11BeArnee roA crrycTB K npH3HafiHIO BC HeAer11T11MHhIM, He ocTaBMIAO coMHeH11!I B OTCYTCTBl1H AeMOKpaTJ1'IeCKOH 113611paTeJ\bHOH Cl1CTeMbl B Ka3axcTaHe. He cAy'-1a11Ho, I1pe3HAeHT H.Ha3ap6aeB, Bb!CTyrraH Ha rrpecC-KOHcpepeHUI111 no 11TOraM pecpepeHAY­Ma, c rrp11cyruei-'r eMy Tpe3BOCTbIO 3d!IBJ-IA: "AeMOKpanrn IIOKa TOJ\hKO CTY'l:HTC!I B Hdllll1 ABepH. He CTOHT OITJ\dKJ.I­BO.Th TO, 'l:ero HeT" (15).

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11 6

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117

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11 9

Ha CTaTb TBepAo{r OCHOBOI1 ABIDKeHIUI BrrepeA B ycAOBIHIX cjJopMHpoBamrn Ae~10KpaTwrecKoro o6mecTBa n YTBep)!(Ae­HHH pbIHO'-!Hb!X onrollle1m{1" ( 4).

I1 Ae.HCTBHTeJl.bHO, KoHCTHTYUHH 1993 r. CTilJl.a OTpa­:>KeHHeM rrepeXOAHOfO COCT05lHl15l o6IJJ,eCTBd. MHorHe ee uopMbl 6paJ1.11 HaqaJl.O B IIeAilJl.eK01'1 rrpOlllAOM. Eme B CeH­n16pe 1989 r. na cecc1111 BepxoBHoro CoBeTa X co3UBa HalllJl.11 KOHCTHTYUHOHHYIO JIOAAep)!(KY COBeprneHHO HO­Bb!e HAen: op11er-1Tauwr Ha pa3AeJ1.eH11e BJl.acTeii, napAaMeH­Tapl!3M, AeMOKpaTl13ClU!ill !13511paTeJ1.bHOH CHCTeMbl. 3aTeM OHH 6b!J1.l1 pa3BHTbI B AeKAapau1ur o rocyAapcnieHHOM cyBepeH!1TeTe (oKTH6pb 1990 r.), KoHCTnTyuuo11110M 3a­KOHe "O rocyAapcTBeHHoii ne3aB11c11Mocnr Pecrry6A!1KH Ka3axcTaH" (AeKa6pb 1991 r.). J\orwrecKoe 3aBeprne1rne 11AeH TpexJ1.eTHe11: KOIICTHTYU110HHO{! pecpopMbl 110)1. yqIIJl.11 B KoHCTIITyurrn 1993 r.

B XOAe pa60Tbl KoHCTIITYUlIOHHM! KOMHCCl15l IIOA rrpeA­CeAaTeJl.bCTBOM H.I-la3ap6aeBa paccM0TpeJ1.a HeCKOJl.bKO Bap11aHTOB rrpoeKTa.I-laI160J1.ee IIOAfOTC•BJl.eHHbI{! 113 HHX H 6bIA BbIHeceH Ha paccMoTper-rne ceccnn rrapAaMeHTa (Mail­moHb 1992 r.)' KOTOpa5I OA06pHAa rrpoeKT B rrepBOM '!Te­Hllll ll BbIHeCAa ero Ha BCeHapOAHOe o6cy)!(AeHIIe. 11 HIOH5j 1992 r. rrpoeKT 6bIA orry6AHKOBaH B pecrry61mKaHCKO{I rre­'!aTll (5).

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120

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A5IlOTC5I pa3HonopHAKOBhIMH HBAeHHHMH (7). Aa, aKTHBHCThl He3aBHCHMhIX rrpocpCOl030B, pecny6AHKaHCKOll rrapTHH "A3aT", CoD;HaA-AeMo:icpaTWiecKoil napTHH, Cou11aAHcTWie­CKoil rrapTHH, "EAHIIcTBa", AAMa-ATHHcKoro XeAhCHHKCKo­

ro KoMHTeTa, rrapTHH "AeMoKpaTWiecKoro nporpecca Ka-3axcTana" uacTaHBaAH, 'ITO HeAh3H npHHHMaTh OcHOBHoti

3aKOH rocyAapcTBa, He COAepJKaIUHll rapaHTHll rrpHOpH­TeTa npaB H CB060A 'leAOBeKa, a AHillh rrepe'!HCAHIOIUHll HX (8). Ho 3TO 3aHBAeHHe, orry6AHKOBaHHOe B ra3eTe

"EipAecy"' BPHA AH AOIIJAO AO :rr.rnpoKoro '!HTaTeAH. TIOA06Ha5I naCCHBHOCTh o6ruecTBeHHoro MHeHH5I OTHO­

oneAhHO IIpaB '!eAOBeKa, IIO-BHAHMOMY, 6hrAa CB5I3aHa c

AOMHHHpOBaHHeM B TIOAHTWieCKOM C03HaHHH CTepeOTHIIa,

'ITO rrpaBa Bee paBHO OCTaHYTCH Ha 6yMare, MaAO AH HX rrpoao3rAaIIIaAOCh B rrpeJKHHX KoHCTfiTYUHHx? B o6ruecT­

Be He 6bIAa ccpopMHpoaaHa TpaAHUHH yaaJKeHHH K KoH­CTHTyUHH, 6AaroroBelllioro OTHOIIIeHHH K Heil, 'ITO xapaK­TepHo AA5I "craphIX "AeMoKpaTHil. Ea3oBaH KaTeropHH "rpa­JKAaHCKoe o6ruecTBo" c rrpHOpHTeTOM rrpaB AH'IHOCTH 6bIAa

IIOHHTHa TIOKa TOAhKO crreuHaAHCTaM. B TO JKe BpeMH AeJKaru11e Ha IIOBepXHOCTH TIOAHTWie­

CKOll JKH3HH TIOHHTHH, c KOTOphIMH CTaAKHBaIOTCH B no­

BCeAHeBHOll JKH3HH MHAAHOHbI - 5I3hIK o6rueHHH, rocyAap­CTBO, co6CTBeHHOCTb, couHaAbHaH crrpaBeAAHBOCTh - cra­

AH rrpeAMeTOM OCTpeilIIJHX AHCKYCCHll.

a) CK0.11.1>Ko He06XOAHMO rocy AapcTBeHH1>1x .113I>IKOB1

B rrpoeKTe KoucTHTYUHH, BhrneceHHOM Ha aceHapoA.Hoe o6cyJKAeHHe, 6bI.11.o 3arrttcaHo (rryHKT 8): "B Pecrry6.11.HKe Ka3axCTaH rocy AapcTBeHHhlM H3hIK01'1 fil3AHeTcH Ka3axCKH:ll 5I3hIK. PycCKHll 5I3hlK 5IBAHeTC5I 5I3hIKOM MeJKHiilUfOHaAhHO­ro o6rueHHH. rocyAapcTBo rapaHTHpyeT coxpaHeHHe ccpe-

16-196 121

pbl ITpHMeHeHH5I 5!3h!Kd MeJKHdUHOHdAbHOro o6memrn: H

Apyrttx HdUHOHdhhHhIX JI3h!KOB, 3d60THTCJI 06 HX CB060A­HO~ pd3BHTHH. 3arrpemaeTCH orpaHli'leHHe ITpdB H CB060A rpaJK,A.aH ITO rrpH3HdKY HeBAaAemrn: rocy Ad pcTBeHHhIM JI3hl -KOM HAH JI3hIKOM MeJKHaUHOHdhbHOro o6meHH.sI"(5).

3Ta KOMITpOMHCCHdJI cpopMY AHpOBKa, POAHBIIIdJIC5I B xoAe o6cyJKAeHHJI Ha VIII ceccHH BepxOBHoro CoBeTa, rrpo­

THB KOTOpOH rOAOCOBdAO AHIIIb 10 qeAoBeK, TeM He MeHee YAOBAeTBOpHAa He Bcex. YqacTHHKH o6cyJKAeHHJI ITpoeK­Ta (HIOHb - AeKa6pb 1992 r.) rrpeAAaraAH AM60 orpaHH'IMTb~ rn cppa3oi1: 'TocyAapcTBeHHbIH JI3h!K - Ka3axcKHi1:", AH6o

ITpMAaTh cTaryc rocyAapcrBeHHoro ABYM JI3h!KdM - Ka3ax­CKOMY H pyccKOMY, AM6o corAdCHThCll. c cpopMyAMpOBKOH

ITpoeKTa. KaK ITpaBMAO, ITpOTMBOCTOHIIIHMM cTopoHaMH 6b!AH

ITpeACTaBMTeAH ABYX OCHOBHhIX 3THOCOB pecITy6AMKH. 3To OTpaJKdAO peahhHYIO CMTYdUHIO, KOrAa pyCCKOJI3blqHoe HdCeAeHMe MCIThITh!BdAO ecTeCTBeHHyIO TpeBory 3d CBOe

6yAymee, oco6eHHO B CBeTe rrpOHCXOAHBIIIMX B rocyAap­CTBdX Ea.ATHM M COCeAHHX cpeAHed3MdTCKHX pecrry6AMKdX

dKTHBHhIX MHI'pauMOHHhIX rrpoueccoB BOBHe. TioTeHUMdhbHdJI yrpo3a MeJK3THM'leCKHX CTOAKHOBeHMH

ocrpo rrpoHBHAdCb HaKaHyHe IX cecCMM BC (AeKa6pb 1992 r.). KOTOpdll. AOAJKHa 6h!Ad paCCMOTpeTh H npHHll.Tb KOHCTM­TYUMIO. 5 AeKa6p.sI B TiaBAOAape, rAe, HecMOTp.sI Ha MaAO­

q1:1c11.eHHOCTh CHAhHhI II03MUMM KOpeHHOrO HdCeAeHMJI,

rrpOIIIeA MMTMHr, opraHH30BaHHhIH o6AaCTHhIM OTAeAeHHeM "A3aTa", JIOBOAOM K KOTopoMy TIOCAYJKMAM neqaAbHhie

C06hITHJI HO.sI6p.sI (y6MHCTBO napHeH-Kd3dXOB AMUdMM KaB­Kd3CKOH HdUMOHdhbHOcrn). B o6parueHMM K Tipe311AeHTY yqaCTHHKH MMTHHra ITOTpe60BdAM Bb!CeAeHMJI y:eqeHUeB 11

MHryIIIeH M3 pecrry6AHKH, paCTOpJKeHHJI AOrOBOpOB c KdB­Kd3UaMM Hd npHBaTM3HpOBaHHbre 06-heKThI, ceTOBaAH, 'ITO Kd3dXdM B KOMMepUHH He AdlOT pd3BepHyTbCJI.

B q1:1CAe 6oAee MdCIIITa6Hb!X :JaAu'i. cTaBHAHCh o6·beAH­

HeHHe MYCYAbMaH 6AM/KaHIIIMx rocyAapcTB, •no6b! "BbI­CTOHTb npOTHB AHKTaTa PoccMM", B03p0/KAeHHe Kd3dXCKO{I

HdUHH, He06XOAHMOCTb ITPHAdTb l1CAdMY ITOA06dIOIUee MecTo B pecrry6AHKe ITO rrpm-1epy Hp<1Ha (9).

6 AeKa6p.sI B YcTb-KaMeHoropcKe, npaKTHqecKH pyccKo5!-3bI'IHOM ropoAe, COCT05IACJI MHOfC.•\f<JA(lblH MHTMHr '.10 llHH­

UMdTHBe OTAe.11.e1nrn o6ruecTBii CJ\illl5!HCKOH KYAbTYPb!. f10BOAOM ITOCAYJKH.11.0 OTK.11.0HeHJ·ie ITOnpaBOK 11 rrpeAAO)Ke­

HHH ycTu-KaMeuoropueB no npoeKTY ,'<.oHcTMTYUHH. 3 pe-30AIOUHH MHTHHru BblpdJKd1\C5! U'.JC'":;cr rrpOTHB iTIHKTil

crpoeKTa KoHCTP.TVl'.J·Ja, ·c·Ae npe:\ 1: '-f" "DXB<lA<lcb He3hitl1\•·-

122

MOCTb Kd3dXCKOi1, a He Kd3dXCTdHCKOi1: rocy AapCTBeHHO­

cnr; COAepJKaAIICb Tpe60BdHII5! C03AdHIIH naAdTb! HdUIIO­HdAbHOCTei1, KOTOpaH 6br 3d!I(IIII(dAa IIHTepeCbl HapOAOB

pecny6AIIKII; BBeAeHIIH rocy AapcTBeHHoro ABYH3b11'.f1rn;

ABOHHoro rpaJKAaHCTBa He TOAbKO AA5! Kd3dXOB, HO II AAH HaCeAeHIIH, POAHb!M H3b!KOM KOTOporo HBAHeTCH 5!3b!K MeJK­HdI(IIOHdAbHOro o6meHIIH; Bhr6opoB B Y1ipeAIITeJ\.baoe co-6paHIIe, AenyTaTbl KOTOporo AOAJKHbl npIIHHTb KOHCTII­

TYUIIIO. B cAy".fae, eaII 3TII II ApyrIIe npeAAOJKeHIIH, nonpaBKII

ycTb-KaMeHoropueB 6y AyT OTKAOHeHb!, MIITIIHryromIIe OCTdBMIAII 3a co6o:H npaBO Ha noAIITII'ieCKIIe 3a6aCTOBKII II Hd'idAO OT3b!Bd CBOIIX HdpOAHb!X AerryTaTOB II3 BepXOB­HOro CoBeTa (9).

TIOA06Hble IIOAHTII'ieCKIIe dKI(IIII B ABYX Kpym-re:Humx

IIHAYCTpIIaJ\.bHhIX ueHTpax pecrry6AIIKII HaKaHyHe ceccIIII He TOJ\.bKO IIMeAH ueAblO OKa3aTb AaBAeHIIe Ha napAaMeHT, HO II CAYJKIIAII IIHAIIKdTOpOM o6mecTBeHHoro MHeHIIH, He Be3Ae CTOJ\.b noAHpHoro, HO AOCTdTO'iHO 3aMeTHoro no o6-

AdCT5!M. 3TO Tpe6oBaAO OT HapOAHb!X AerryTaTOB oco6o:H

B3BeIIIeHHOCTII, noAIITII'ieCKOro TdKTa, rocy AapCTBeHHOH

MYAPOCTII. B nepBb!R AeHb pa6oTbJ ceccIIII - 9 AeKa6p5I 1992 r. -

Tipe3IIAeHT H.Ha3ap6aeB KaK TipeACeAaTeJ\.b KoHCTIITYUII­OHHoli KOMIICCHH CAeAaA AOKAdA "O npoeKTe KOHCTIITy­

UIIII Pecny6AIIKII Ka3aXcTaH II IITOrax ero BCeHapOAHOro o6cyJKAeHIIH" ( 10)' OTBeTIIA Ha MHOl'O'iIICAeHHb!e Bonpc­Cbl. 3aTeM Ha'idAOCb o6cyJKAeHIIe, npOAOAJKdBll!eecH ABa

AHH. Bb!CTYITIIAO 108 1'.feAOBeK II nO'iTII HIIKTO He o6oll!eA IIYHKT 8.·

HeAoyMeHIIe AenyTaTOB, a 3aTeM II ll!KBaA B03Myme­

HII5I B npecce, oco6eHHO co CTOpOHb! He3aBIICIIMbIX II3Aa­HIIH, Bb!3BdAO TO HeO;>KIIAdHHOe o6CTOHTeAbCTBO, '!TO Ha

pyKII napAaMeH'I:apIIHM 6h!A po3AaH TeKcT npoeKTa KoH­

CTIITYUIIII, 3Hd'iIITeAbHO OTAII'iaBIIIIIHCH OT npIIHHTOro B nepBOM 'iTeHIIII II ony6AIIKOBaHHoro B npecce. 3TO HeAO­yMeHIIe noHHTHO. HarrpIIMep, rryHKT 8, no KOTOPOMY c Ta­

KIIM TPYAOM rrpIIIIIAII K KOHCeHcycy Ha Vfil ceccmr, 3BY".faA Tenepb TaK: "B Pecrry6AIIKe Ka3axcTaH rocyAapcTBeHHhIM H3hIKOM HBJ\.5leTCH Ka3aXCKIIR 5!3h!K. Pecny6AIIKa Ka3aXcTaH

o6ecne'iIIBaeT CBo6oAHoe ¢ymw;1-mHHpoBaHIIe pyccKoro H3bIKa HapaBHe c rocyAapcTBeHHb!M 5I3b!KOM. f'paJKAaHaM rapaHTIIpyeTCH rrpaBO IIOAb30BaHIIH POAHbIM H3b!KOM."

AaHHaH, 6oAee ;>KecTKaH cpopMyAIIpOBKa, He MOrAa He Bb!3BaTb HOBb!H HaKaA CTpacTeR. 0 rrpII3HaHIIII Ka3aXCKO­ro H3b!Ka eAIIHCTBeattb!M rocy AapcrBeHHblM 5I3bIKOM roB0-

123

pw.11.H AerryTaThI M.lllaxattoB, lll.MypTa3a, M.Ko3br6aeB, M.A.11.HeB HAP· Ha Heo6xoAHMOCTH ABYX rocyAapcTBeH­HhIX H3hlKOB HacTaHBa.11.H AerryTaThI E.Eap"IeHKO, B.Ma­co.11.oB, TI.TiaB.11.HHa, TI.CDeAoceHKO, C.B.11.aceHKo, .l\.ApTio­IIIeHKO. BepttyThCH K rrepBoii peAa~HH rrpH3hlBa.11.H H.fepT, P.EayMeiicTep, B.513HKOB, lll.lllapAap6eKoB.

B pe3y 11.bTaTe, rrpaKTH"leCKH He AOHAH AO pa3Ae.11.0B o B.11.aCTH, cy AaX H APYfHX BaJKHeHIIIHX COCTaB.11.HIOIUHX HO­BOH rocyAapcTBeHHOCTH, no npeA.11.0JKeHHIO AerryTaToB Ha BeqepHeM 3aceAaHHH 11 AeKa6pH o6cyJKAeHHe rrpoeKTa KoHCTHTJUHH 6hl.11.0 3aBepIIIeHo. YcTHhre H nwchMeHHhle 3aMe"!aHHH peIIIeHo 6hl.11.0 nepeAaTb KottcTHTyUHOHHOH KOMHCCHH, KOTopaH A0.11.JKHa 6bIJ\.d yqeCTb 3aMe"IdHHH H nonpaBKH npH AOpa6oTKe rrpoeKTa. K nocTaTeiiHoMy 06-cyJKAeHHIO H rrpHHHTHIO rrpoeKTa KoHcTHTYUHH rrap.11.aMeHT peIIIH.11. BepttyTbCH Ha BTOpOM 3Tane ceCCHH (c 13 HHBdpH 1993 r.)

HecMOTpH Ha IIOHHTHOe JKe.11.aHHe npeACTaBHTe.11.eii Ka-3aXCKOH HHTeJ\.J\.HreHUHH - q.11.eHOB rrap.11.aMeHTa .11.era.11.H30-Ba Tb H .11.erHTHMH3HpoBaTh MHorocTpaAa.11.hHhlH poAHOH H3hlK, ::\aKphlTb r.11.a3a Ha cyruecTBOBdHHe nO"ITH paBHOro no "IHC.11.eHHOCTH HHOH3bI"IHOf0 3THOCa pecrry6.11.HKH rryTeM J\.HIII8HHH pyccKoro H3hIKa XOTH 6hl CTaryca SI3hlKd MeJK­HdUHOHa.11.hHOrO o6meHHH 6hl.ll.0 He TOJ\.hKO npeJKAeBpeMeH­HO, HO H no.11.HTH"leCKH HeAa.11.bHOBHAHO. 11 Tipe3HAeHT H.Ha3ap6aeB CMOr y6eAHTb AerryTaTOB B He06XOAHMOCTH KOMIIpoMHcca. B HTOre, KOrAa 25 HHBapH BepxoBHhlH Co­BeT Ha"la.11. IIOCTaTeHHOe o6cyJKAeHHe KOHCTHTYUHH, IIO­AaB.11.HIOIUHM 6011.hIIIHHCTBOM ro.11.ocoB nyHKT 8 6hl.11. npH­HHT B c.11.eAyrorueii cpOpMJAHpOBKe: "B Pecrry6.11.HKe Ka3ax­CTaH rocy AapcTBeHHhlM H3bIKOM HB.11.HeTCH Ka3axCKHii H3hlK. PyccKHH H3hlK HBAHeTCH H3hlKOM MeJKHauHoHa.11.bHOro 06-rueHHH. focyAapcTBo rapaHTHpyeT coxpaHeHHe ccpephl rrpHMeHeHHH H3hlKa MeJKHauHOHa.11.hHoro o6rueHHH H APY­nrx H3bIKOB, 3a60THTCH 06 HX CB060AHOM pa3BHTHH.

3arrperuaeTCH orpaHH"!eHHe npaB H cBo6oA rpaJKAaH no rrpH3HaKy HeB.11.dAeHHH rocy AdPCTB8HHhlM H3hlKOM H.11.H H3bI­KOM MeJKHaUHOHd.11.hHOro o6rueHHH" ( 11).

3a.11. B30pBa.11.CH arrAOAHCMeHTaMH (12). MHoroMeCH"!Hblil: MapacpoH crropoB BOKPyr H3hIKa 3aBepIIIHACH. 0THblHe -Dura Lex, sed Lex (3aKOH cypOB, HO OH aaKOH) !

6) KoMy 6bITh Ilpe3HAeHTOM1

Bonpoc, He IIOAHfiMdBlIIHHOI BO BpeMH o6cyJKAeHHH npoeKTa KoHCTHTYUHH, He BOAHOBdBIIIHH o6mecTBeHHoe

124

MHeHHe HaJIOA06He CTaTyca rocyAapCTBeHHOro 5l3hlKa, BApyr pe3KO BCKOAbIXHy A rrapAaMeHTCKHe CTpaCTH B rrep­Bbie AHH pa60TbI ceCCHH B 11.eKa6pe. 3TO CBH3aHO- c TeM, 'ITO B orry6AHKOBaHHOM rrpoeKTe 6bIAO 3arrncaHo: "Tipe3H­AeHTOM MOJKeT 6bITh H36paH rpaJKAaHHH Pecrry6AHKH Ka3aXCTaH JIO pOJKAeHHIO, He MOAOJKe 35 AeT H He CTapIIIe 65 AeT, rrocTOHHHO npoJKHBaIOIIIHH Ha TeppHTopHH Pec­rry6AHKH Ka3aXCTaH He MeHee 10 AeT, BAaAeIOIIIHH rocy­AapcTBeHHhIM 5I3bIKOM H 5!3bIKOM MeJKHaUHOHaAhHOro 06-ureHHH" (5).

B po3AaHHOM JKe Ha IX ceccHH rrpoeKTe BApyr 'lHTaeM: 'Tlpe3HAeHTOM MOJKeT 6bITh H36paH rpaJKAaHHH PK, Ka3ax no HQl.(UOHllAbHOCmu {KypcHB MOH - )K.A.). He MOAOJKe 35 H He CTapIIIe 65 AeT, JIOCTOHHHO rrpoJKHBaIOIIIHH Ha TeppH­TOpHH PK He MeHee 10· AeT, BAaAeIOIIIHH rocy11.apcTBeH­HbIM 5!3bIKOM".

KoMy IlOHaA06HAOCb BBOAHTh 3TY HeAeMOKpaTH'lHYIO cpopMyAttpoBKy? Ctte TaliHa ecTh ... BHAHMO aBTop (HAH dBTOpbI) HaBcerAa OCTaHyTCH 6e3BeCTHbIMH, HO ueAH CBO­e:H - BHOBh BbI3BaTb rrpOTHBOCTOHHHe AenyTaTOB - OHH A06HAHCb.

B nepBbIH JKe 11.eHh o6cyJKAeHHH AerryTaTbI A.TieperpHH, IO.TKa'leB 3aHBIIAII, 'ITO 3TO A06aBAeHIIe B rrpoeKT KoH­CTHTYUHH 6yAeT crroco6cTBOBaTb pocTy HeAOBepHH, MeJK­HaUIIOHaAhHOH HarrpHJKeHHOCTH. TaKHe orpaHII'leHHH B AeMOKpaTII'leCKHX rocyAapcTBax HCKAIO'laIOTCH, IlOCKOAb­KY rrpOTIIBOpe'laT OCHOBHbIM rrpaBaM 'leAOBeKa. TipIIBOAH­J\.lICb rrpHMephl CllIA, r11.e .11.ro6o:H rpaJKAaHIIH cTpaHbI no pOJKAeHIIIO, He3aBHCHMO OT HaUIIOHaAbHOCTH, pacbI, UBe­Ta KOJKH MOJKe'.F- CT a Tb rrpe3HA€HTOM; Tiepy' rrpe3HA€HT KOTOpOH - BbIX0Aeu H3 ceMbH HIIOHCKIIX 3MHrpaHTOB; <l>HHAHHAHH, rAe IIIBeA KapA MaHHepreHM AOArHe roAbI 6hl.11. pyKOBOAIITe.11.eM CTpaHhI. AerryTaT A.TieperpHH 3aAaA TaKJKe Borrpoc: "KaK, rro KaKOH rrpoue11.ype 6y11.eT onpe11.e­AHThCH HaUHOHa.11.bHOCTb KaHAIIAaTa B rrpe3HAeHTbI? (13).

YicKAIO'lHTh yKa3aHHe Ha HaUHOHa.11.hHOCTh rrpe3HAeH­Ta rr0Tpe60Ba.11.H 11.erryTaTbI A.HHAeHc, B.MacoAoB, B.Bay­MeHcTep, A.Ka3aKoB. A rrap.11.aMeHTapHH TI.TiaB.11.HHa, X.ApH.11..11.ep, C.MyKaHoB, f.CMe.11.KoBa npe11..11.0JKHAH 3TY cTaThIO rrpIIBeCTH B cooTBeTCTBHe c OcHoBaMH KoHCTHTY­UHOHHoro CTpoH, rrpoBo3rAaIIIarourHMH, 'ITO PK o6ecrre'lH­BaeT paBHhle rrpaBa rrpeACTaBHTe.11.HM BCeX HdUHOHaAbHO­CTeH, npoJKHBaIOIIIHX Ha ee TeppHTopHH. AerryTaT B.fyAH­eB He11.oyMeBaA, rro'leMy AMaH TyAeeB MoJKeT BbIABHraTh CBOIO KaHAHAarypy Ha rrocT npe3HAeHTa PocCHH, a B.11.aAH­MHp I'y .11.HeB He MOJKeT?

125

c Apyro:H CTOpOHbl, lll.MypTa3a, A.AAl1MJKaHOB, I1.AJ".1-MaraM6eTOB, c .lllaKeTOB, c . .6a:H6aTb!pOB, 3.TaMnrn6aeBa,

f.I1c11M6aeBa, P.)KyHycoB, K.HanMaH6aeB,K.llla6eHoB 11

Apyr11e HacTaHBa.l\H Ha TOM, '!TO rrpe3HAeHTOM PK MOJKeT

6b!Tb rpaJKAaHHH TO.l\bKO Ka3aXCKOH HaUHOHaAbHOCTH.

ABTOp11TeTHhIH rrncaTeAh 11 o6mecTBeHHbIH AeRTeAb,

rrpeACeAaTeAh Cou11aA11cT11'!eCKon rrapT1111 Ka3axcTaHa

AHyap AA11MJKaHoB, Ha3BaB cpopMyA11poBKY cTaTbl1 "BbI­

My'!eHHOH, BblCTpaAaHHOH, KOTOpa5I co BpeMeHeM yliAeT,"

rrp113BaA Bee JKe coxpaHl1Th ee. CTopoHH11KaM11 11 rrpoT11B­

H11KaM11 BbIABl1raAHCh pa3.l\11'!Hb!e apryMeHTbl, BTIAOTb AO

r11noTeTl1'!ecKoro yTsepJKAeHirn OAHOH JKeHll!HHbI-AerryTa­

Ta, '!TO eC./\11 AeTl1 6y AyT 11rpaTb "B rrpe311AeHTa"' TO ee

pe6eHOK 6yAeT 11CK.l\lO'!eH 113 11rphl, TaK KaK OH He Ka3aX.

Ha '!TO 113BeCTHbIM JKypHaA11CT AerryTaT KaMaA CMaHAOB

ocTpoyMHO 3aMeTHA, 'ITO AMI pe6eHKa ecTb B03MOJKHOCTb

CTaTb rrpeMhep-M11HHCTpOM, B11Ue-upe311AeHTOM, HO caMoe

AY'!!llee AA5I AeTeii B HhIHe!llHl1X YCAOBWIX HrpaTb He "B

rrpe3HAeHTa", a "B 6.H3HeCMeHOB".

Bee AOBOAbl paA11KaAOB, IIOA'!epKHBaBlli11X TaKOM MO­

paAbHbIM acrreKT BOrrpoca, KaK BbIIIO.l\HeHHe AOAra rrepeA

HapOAOM, Bb!CTPilAilBillHM rnoe rrpaBO lIMeTb rrpe3HAeHTa­

Ka3axa, HaTaAKHBa.l\lICb Ha pellilITeAbHOe HerrpmIT11e . .11 AuJKe I!OCAeAH5IH IIOIIblTKa OAHOfO 113 RecpopMaAbHhlX rrap­

AaMeHTCKHX AHAepoB, MHeH11e lI apryMeHTbl KOTOporo He

pa3 B.l\HlI.l\H Ha HCXOA fO.l\OCOBaHH5I, aKaAeMHKa ./Ka6aI1-

xaHa A6AH.l\bAHHa rrepeAOMHTb HacTpoeHHe AerryTaToB, He

yBeH'!aAaCh ycrrexoM .

.11, B11A11MO, 3TO 3ilKOHOMepHO, TaK KaK He TO.l\bKO B KOH­

CTl1TYU115IX "cTapb!X AeMOKpaT11I1", HO 11 BO BHOBh rrpHHH­

Tb!X OcHoBHhIX 3aKoHax Halli11x coceAeii rro CHf 11 6hlB­

llieMY CCCP HeT yrroM11HaH11lI o Hau110HaAhHOCT11 rrpe3H­

AeHTa. YKa3aH11e B KoHCTHTYU11H Hau110HaAbHOCT11 rrpe-

311AeHTa RBl1AOCb 6bI HapyllieH11eM cTaTbH I "Bceo6meI1

AeKAapau1-m rrpaB '!eAOBeKa" ( 1948 r.), rrpoBo3r Aallia10meI1:

"Bee AIOAl1 pOJKAaIOTClI CB060AHbIMl1 11 paBHh!MH -B CBOeM

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CB513ll c o6peTeHHeM pecrry6J\HKOH He3aBHCllMOCTll ll IIOTepeli aKTyaJ\bHOCTll HeKOTOfJbIX J\03YHI'OB ABll)KeHHll, a TaK)Ke B CB51-

3ll c tj:JaKTH'IeCKHM paCKOJ\OM BHYTPII fAK "A3cl.T'', xoTl! J\HAe­paMII tj:JaKT pacKoJ\a oTpIIUilJ\Cll. B ueJ\l!X ycuJ\eHHll pa3p03HeH­HbIX Hillil10HilJ\bHO-AeMoKpaTH'IecKHX ABll)KeHIIH B03HlIKAa IIAell OfrheAHHeHHll r AK "A3aT", Pecrry6AHKaHCKOH rrapTllll Ka3aXCTa­Ha u HAOK ")KeJ\TOKCaH" B eAIIHYIO rrapTHIO. nocAe pl!Aa rrpo-611eM 11 OKT516pll 1992 r. o6beAIIHHTellbHb!H Cbe3A 6hIJ\. rrpoBe­

AeH. OH rrpHHllll pellleHHe o KOHCOllHAaUHH Tpex Hauuona11hHO­

AeM0KpaTu'IecKHX opranu3auun B paMKax eAHHOM POK "A3aT".

149

flpeAceAaTeJ\.eM rrapnm 6bIJ\. 1136paH rrpocpeccop KaMaJ\. OpMaH­TaeB, ero rrepBbIM 3aMecT11TeAeM - XaceH KoJKaxMeToB, rAaB­HblM coBeTH11KOM - )!(acapaA KyaHhlIIIaA11H. 0AHaKo rrapT115! B pe3yJ\.hTaTe oqepeAHOro paCKOAa OKa3aAaCb HeAOJ\.rOBeqHOH.

llporpUMMU. flOAHOCTb!O 3KOHOM11qeCKl1 11 IIOAl1Tll'feCKl1 He-3aB11Cl1MOe rocyAapcTBO Ka3ilXCTaH. <DopM11poBaH11e Ka3axcTaH­cKoro rraTp110T113Ma cpeAl1 pa3Al1qHbIX 3THl1'IeCKHX rpyrrrr Hace­AeH115!. Co3AaH11e rpaJKAaHcKoro 061uecrBa 11 AeM0KpaT11'1ecKo­ro rocyAupCTBa, OCHOBilHHOro Ha B3al1MHOM IIOHHMilHHl1 pa3J\.Hq­HblX 3THOCOB. flp11op11TeT rrpaB KOpeHHOro 1-iaceJ\.eHI·rn, KOTOpbie AOAro rrorr11paA11Cb Moc1rnoi\, floAHbIH rrp11op11rer Ka3axcKoro 5!3b!Ka. Tepp11TopnaJ\.bHa5! mrrerparrHl! rocy AapcTBa.

Pecny6AHKaHcKa5! napnrn Ka3axcTaHa ( ocHonaHa 22 HOH6-p5! 1992 r., 3apemcTp11ponaHa 26 AeKa6p5! 1992 r.)

flo5IBl1J\.aCb B pe3y J\.bTaTe paCKOJ\.a BHyTp.u r AK "A3ar". Pac­KOJ\. BO MHOI'OM CB5!3i1H c pa3HOr J\.aCmlM11 B oueHKe IIOJ\.11THqe­CKoro 11 3KOHOM11qecKoro Kypca pyKOBOACTBa pecrry6Al1KH, a. TaKJKe c J\.11qHbIMl1 aM6HUI1HMH J\.11AepoB.

llporpUMMQ. PflK B Uel\.OM IIOAAepJKHBaeT rrporpaMMY pe­cpopM 11 nHeIIIHeIIOJ\.HniqecKHH Kypc rrpaBHTeJ\.bCTBa Ka3axcra­Ha. 0Ha AeKAap11pyer panHorrpaB11e ncex rpaJKA.aH Ka3axcTaHa He3ilBHCl1MO OT paconoH H HaUHOHilJ\.bHOH rrp11HaAAeJKHOCTl1, peAl1I'l103HblX 11 IIOJ\.11Tl1qecKl1X y6eJKAeH11i1."B3alIMOIIOHl!MaH11e Ka3axcKoro 11 pyccKoro HaCeJ\.eH115! Ka3axcTaHa - ocHOBa co­r Aacm1 11 M11pa B pecrry6J\.11Ke" - OA11H 113 Te3l!COB rrpeABhl6op­HOH rrAarcpopMbI PflK.

Pecrry6A11KaHI.\hl BblcTynamT rrpoT11B ABOHHoro rpaJKAilHCT­na, n Ka3axcTaHe AOAJKHbI pa3n11naTI>C5! 5!3bIK, KYAI>Typa, rocy­AapcTBeHHOCTb Ka3axcKoro HapoAa 6e3 yI1IeMJ\.eH115! rrpan Bcex 6e3 11CKJ\.IO'leHl15! Hau110HaAbHblX rpyrrrr.

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150

")l(eATOKCaH" (ocHOBaHo AeTOM-oceHb!O 1989 r.).

Haqa11.o ABIDKeHHIO ITOll.OJKHll.H H3BeCTHhle AeKa6pbCKHe co-6hITHH 1986 r. B A11.Ma-ATe.

HeIT,?cpeACTBeHHhIM To11.qKoM K C03AafIHIO ABHJKeHHH ">Ke11.­TOKCaH HBHll.OCb Hecor11.acHe aKTHBHCTOB o6mecTBeHHOro KO­

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ITapTHH. Ha ITpe3HAeHTCKl1X Bb16opax 1991 r. 11.11Aep ">Ke11.TOKCaHa"

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151

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KYMTYPHhIX npas pyccKOH3bl'!HOro Hace.11.eHM5!. HHTeHCHB­HOCTh 3TMX Tpe60BaHMH oco6eHHo Be.11.MKa Ha ceBepe M BOC­TOKe pecny6.ll.HKM, rAe rrpeo6.11.aAaeT pyccKoe Hace.11.eHIIe.

HmpopMaquORHb1ii MamepullJI.

"AaA" (Pecny6AHKaHcKoe o6mecrBeHHOe c11.aBHHcKoe ABH)l(e­HHe "AaA") (OCHOBaHO AeTOM 1993 r.).

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Y HeKa3axcKoro HaceAeHl15! HapacTaAa Tpesora 3a csoii: cTaTyc,

3a 6yAymee. 11 AIOAH, Bb!CKa3b!BaBIIIl1e 3al1HTepecoBaHHOCTh B

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152

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B BepxOBHOM ConeTe 13 co3r,ma "J\.aA" l!OAJ'll1A 8 ocjJHUH­aAhHO 3apen1C'rpHponaHHbIX MecT. K HHM HilAO A06aBHTb r-re­CKOAbKO caMOBblABH:>Ke!luen, ITOAAepJKuBllHJX rrporpaMMY "/\.aAa". 3TH AIOAH BXOAHAH B AerryTaTcKyro rpyrrrry "EBpa3tt51".

nporpaMMCl. POCA "J\.ilA" BbICTyrraeT 3a yKperrAem1e COI03· HW!eCKHX OTHOll!eHHll M8JKAY HOBb!MH He3aBHCHMh!MH rocyAap­CTBiiMH, B 'racTHOCTI1, c Poccneli, KOTopaH TecHo CB5!3aHa c Ka­'.JaXCTilHOM l1CTOpHefi, 3KOHOMHKOll, 'IeAoBe'IeCKHMH cyAh6aMH.

POCA "J\.aA" 3il BBeAeHHe ABOttHoro rpa)KAilHCTBa. l1M 6b!Aii opriiH!130BiiHa H rrpOllPAeHa BC8Kii3ilXCTiiHCKa5! aKUl15! !10 c6opy l!OAilHCett B l!OAAepJKKY 3TOH l!AeH. 0AHO 113 OCHOBHh!X Tpe6o­B'1HI1ll ABH)KeHH5! - Heo6xOAHMOCTh ll3MeH8H!I5! CTiiTYCil pyc­CKOfO H3h!Ka. A.Ao1<y<raena: "Tpe6onaH11e o rrpHAilHHH pyccKo­MY 5!3bIKY CTaTyca rocyAapC'rnenr-roro oTpa)KaeT o6ruee MHeHHe pyccKorOBOp5!ll!ero HaCeAeHI15! pecrry6AHKH. TipH cj:JaKTll'!eCKH paBHOM 11crroAh30BaHHH AByx BeAyll!HX 5!3bIKOB pyccK11li TeM He MeHee iiAMHHHCTpiiTHBHh!MH MepaMH Ha'Il1Hii8T BhITeCHlIThC5!. 3TO rrp5!MOe HapymeHHe AeHCTBy10meli KoHCTHTYUllH. KOHCTll­TYUlllI PK npeAycMaTp11BaeT rrpaBo ABolinoro rpaJKAaHcTBa AA51 Kii3iiXOB, JKHBYll!HX 3a rrpeAeAaMH pecrry6AHKH. TipH3HiiHHe 3Toro rrpana AA5! ncex Ha TeppHTOPHH 6b1Blllero CCCP 6yAeT peaAhHblM ll!arOM Hii rryTH co6AJOAeHHlI rrpaB 'IeAOBeKa 6e3 Ka­KOrO-AH60 rroKymemrn Ha cynepeHHTeTbl HOBh!X rocyAapCTB"(6). "/\.aA" rroAAepJKHBaJOT HeKoTOpbre Apyrtte KYAhTypoAorwieCKHe opraHH3aUHH, rrpH'IllCA5!!0ll!l!e ce65! K Olll103HUHH.

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20--196 153

Ha 7 ceHn16pH 1991 r. Cor11.acHo pernemurM 3Toro C'be3Aa CflK HBll.HeTCll npaBonpeeMH1IUef1 KflK. flp<'ACeAaTe11.eM napTim 6b111. !136paH ll3BecTHbIH Ka3aXCK!lH m1caTeJ\b AHyap AAllMJKaHOB.

c ll03HUHH nepBOHa'Iall.bHOH IIOAAep;KKil rrpOBOAHMbIX B pec­ny6AHKe perpopM CflK 3BOll.IOUHOHHblM uyTeM nepeJUJ\a B pllAbI OII!l03illlllll, BbICTyrra10rne(1 rrpoTIJB 3KOHOMU'JeCKOro Kypcil rrpa­BHTell.bCTBa.

CpeAH AerryTaTOB BepxoBHoro CoBeTa 12 C03brna fo,1J10 46 counall.HCTOB. Ho Ha rrap11.aMeHTCK!lX BLI6opax 7 MiipTa 1994 r. napTirn rroTepH11.a 60.7\ee IIOJ\OBHHbI AerryTaTCKHX Meer.

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KoMMYHllCT11'!ecKall rrapTllll Ka3axcTaaa ( ocHoBana oceHhJO 1991 r., 3aperncTp11poBaHa 16 MapTa 199 4 r.).

riocAe BneoqepeAHOro ('-!pe3BbI'!a:iiHoro c'be3Aa KTIK) '!acTL '!AeHOB KoMMYHHCTH'!ecKOH rrapTHll, He corAaCHbIX c perneHa­eM o rrepe11MeH0BaJ-JHII KrIK B CITK H o6'b51BAeHHeM ee rrpaBo­rrpeeMJ-JIIIJe:ii KoMrrapTIIll, rrpoBeAa oceJ-JbKJ 1991r. XIX cbe3A KrIK. bblJ\. 3aCA yrnan AOKAaA 0 IlOJ\.HTH'!eCKOH c1nyaIJ1III, BOC­C03AaJ-JHll KoMMYHIICTH'J:eCKo:ii rrapTIIH Ka3axcTana II ee rrepBo­oqepeAHbIX 3aAa'!ax.

ABHJ!Cenue 3a BOCC03AaH1Ie KCTK na'!aAOCb ne "CBepxy", a "cn113y". B ee pyKoBOACTBe HeT rrpeAcTaB1ITeAe:ii 6Lrnrneil rrapT­HoMeJ-JKAaTypbr. KrIK J-JeCKOJ\bKO pa3 6b!AO OTKa3aJ-JO B pemCT­pauuu. MonIBhI OTKa3a: Bocco3AaHue o6noBAenno:ii KTIK rrpo­TIIBope•rnT 3aKOHY "06 o6rnecTBeHHhIX 06beA1IHeHm1x" ( 1990 r.)' rAe HeT HOpM 0 B0306HOBAeJ-Jull (BOCC03AaHI11I) caMorrpeKpameH­HbIX napTIIH.

Oq:ml]llaAb!-10 KI1K He rrpllHIIMaAa r1aCTII5! B BbI6opax 1994 r .. TaK KaK per11cTpau1rn ee ycTaBa rrpoH30IIIAa TOAbKO 16 MapTa 1994 r. f!o3TOMY AerryTaTOB OT KoMrrapTim B BepxoBHOM CoBe­Te H MeCTHbIX opra1-1ax BAacn1 He 6b!J\.O.

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ABHM~HHe He HBAHeTcH orrrro3HUliIOHHbIM HH npe3HAeHTy, HH rrpamneAbCTBy. Ero rro3HI!Hll - cTa6HAH3dI!Hll rroAHTH'IeCKoil CHTyaunn, paAHKaAbHbie 3KOHOMII'leCKHe rrpeo6pa3oBaHHll, co­unaAbHOe n HHTeAAeKTyaAbHOe Bo3pOMAeHne o6mecTBa. Kpe­AO - MaKCHMaAbHO 'leTKall opraHH3dIUill H AHCUHllAHHa (12).

no MHeHHIO HeKOTOpbIX aHaAHTHKOB, K HeAOCTaTKaM HOBO­I'O ABHMeHHll OTHOCllTCll AeKAapaTHBHblll H pa3MbITbIH xapaK­Tep rrpnHHTbIX ua cpopyMe pe30AIOI!HH, a TaKMe Y3Kall counaAb­naH 6a3a. "B 6AHMaHIIIeM 6yAymeM ABHMeHHe HaAeeTCll OllH­paTbCll Ha umpoKyIO COI!HdAbHYIO 6a3y, HO B uacTOHII.(ee BpeMH peaAbHO OHO MOMeT paCC'lHTbIBaTb TOAbKO Ha O'leHb TOHKHH rrpeAITpHHHMaTeAbCKHH CAOll HJ\H "HapOMAtl!OII.(YIOCll HaUHO­HaAbHYIO 6ypMya3HIO" ( 13).

158

HapoAHO-KoonepaTHBHaH napnrn Ka3axcTaHa (HKIIK) (o6-pa3oBaHa 15 AeKa6p5! 1994 r. Ha y'lpeAHTe.l\hHOM c"be3Ae).

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Cou11aAbH011 6a3oii HKDK AO.l\)KHhI cTaTh KoonepaTHBHoe ce.l\hCKOe HaCe.l\eHHe, Tpy>KeHHKH MaTepaaAbHOro rrpOH3BOACT­Ba H ccj:>ephl o6CAYJKHBaHHH.

ITporpaMMa. B 06mecTBeHHo-noA11T11'lecKoii: JKH3HH - no­crpoeH11e rpaJKAilHCKOfO o6IUeCTBa, OCHOBaHHoro Ha BepxoBeH­crne 3dKOHa; cpopMHpOBdHHe COUHdAbHO opHeHTHpOBaHHOII 3KO­HOMHKH; yKperr.l\eHUe rrpasonopHAKa; pa3BHTHe HdYKH, 3Apaso­oxpaHeHH5!, pacuseT MHorona11110Ha.l\hHOH KYAhTYPhI.

B cou11a.l\hHOlI ccpepe - peaAH3aUHH COI.\HdAhHO-.JKOHOMH'le­cK!IX nporpaMM, o6ecne'!HBa!OIUHX IlOBb!llleHHe CTaTyca KpeCTb-5!HHHa H KOorrepaTopa: "3Tn npocj:>ecc1111 AOA)!<HhI 6LITh yBaJKae­MbI l1 flQ't-18THbln.

HKDK HaMepeHa cpopMupoBaTh co6cTBeHHYIO rrapAaMeHT­cKy10 cppaKI.1mo, a rrpH 6AarorrpH5!THhIX ycAOBHHX - KOd.l\HI.IH­oHHoe npaBHTeAhCTBO napoAHOro AOBep1rn. LlAeHOM HKDK MO­:;KeT 6hITh .i\J06oli rpaJKAaHHH Ka3aXcTaHa, AOCTHflllHH 18 AeT, pa3A8AHIOU!HI1 rrporpaMMHbie ueAH H ycTaBHbie HOpMbI rrapTHH H COAeHCTBYIOIU

0

Hll HX ocyIUeCTBJ\.eHH!O. LlAeHCKne B3HOChI He o6H3aTe.l\hHhI ( 14).

IlapTHH Bo3pO)l{AeHHH Ka3axcTatta (IlBK) (o6pa3oBaHa 27 srnBapH 1995 r. Ha y<1peA11TeAhHOM c"he3Ae). DpeAceAaTe.l\h -A.l\ThIHIIIalll A)KaraHoBa (AerryTaT BepxoBHoro CoseTa PK AByx C03hIBOB) ..

UeAhJO rrapnrn Bo3pOJKAeHHH Ka3axcTaHa HB.l\HeTcH Bhipa­JKeHHe ITOJ\.HTH"!eCKHX HHTepecoB IllHpOKHX CJ\.OeB cj:>opMnpy10-1uerocJI cpeAHero KJ\.acca: pa6oTHHKOB 06pa3osamrn, 3ApaBo­oxpaneH11H, HdYKH, KVJ\.bTYPhI, rrpeAnpHHHMaTeJ\.ell, rocc.l\yJKa­nmx, aAMHHHCTpaTHBHhIX H HHJKeHepHO- T8XHH'l8CKHX KaApOB npeArrpHHTHH H cpHpM.

ITporpOMMa. fl\.aBHaH 3C1Aa'la rrapTHH - BKJ\.IO'!eHHe B aKTHB· nym rrOAHTH'lecKyJO /!ZH3Hh Hay'lHOH, ·rnop'leCKOH 11 TeXHl!'le­CKOH HHTeJ1.J1.11reHUHH, JKeHIUllH, cTyAeHTOB. OcHOBHOH J\.o3yHr - cnpaBeAJ\.HDa.5! 11 AOCTOHHdH OIIAaTa TpyAa ycmTe.l\H H Bpaqa

B co11Hal\.hHOM HJ\.aHe rrapTHH Bo3po:>KAeHHll rrpeAITElJ1.araeT IIOMOIUh BeTepaHaJYI BoilHhI, neHCHOHepa:r.-r, ITnBaAH,liaM, TO ecTb

BCeM CJl.OJIM He11MyIUef1 '!aCTH Hacel\.eHHH, He3aIUHIU8HHhlM 01' HHcpAHnHH H 3KOHOMHqecKoro KpH3HCa.

B :JVOHOMH'lecKuM rrAaHe - co3Aairne yu .. oBHH, 06ecrre'!n­B~!OIU11x llOA'beM rrepepa6aTblBd!Oll.\eH rrpoMhllll.l\8HHOCTH, Tpa­AHIIHOHHOfO KycTapHoro 11 HaAOMHoro rrpo!BBOACTBa, rAe MO­/!,eT ncrroAb30BaTLC51 TPYA JKeHU\llH, neHCHOHepoB, cTyl\eHTOB.

B JJ,cl.(lloHaAhHOi'.t noAHTHKe rrapnrn BbJCTynaeT 3il rpil)!{AaH­CKHi1 I'vIFfp Ii 'J'.Je/KHUJUiOHai\.hHOe corAaCHe ( 15).

AeM0KpaTw1ecKa.11 uapnrn Ka3aXcTaHa (06pa3onaHa 1 mo1u1 1995 r. Ha y'lpeAIITeAbHOM Cbe3Ae).

CorrpeAceAaTeAH UK rrapTHH - TyAereH >KyKeeB, B TO Bpe­M51 ceKpeTapb CoBeTa J3e3orracHOCTH PK H AATbIH6eK CapceH-6aeB, MllHllCTp rre'!aTH ll Macconoii HHCpOpMaUHll.

B pyKoBOA51IUHH opraH rrapTHH H36paHbI rrpeACTilBHTeAH yrrpaBAeH'!eCKOH, Hay'IHO-TeXHH'!eCKOH, TBOp'!eCKOH 3AHTbl, AHpeKTOpa Kpy1rneiiumx rrpoMbII11AeHHbIX rrpeArrpH51THH Ka3ilX­cTaHa, rrpeACeAaTeAH HaUHOHaAbHO-KYAbTypHb!X ueHTpOB.

3TO rrapnrn rocyAapCTBeHHHKOB, paTy10runx .3a COUllaAbHO­pbIHO'IHY!O 3KOHOMHKy, AeMOKpaTH'!eCKOe rrpaBOBOe rocyAap­CTBO ll rpa)KAaHCKOe o6rueCTBO.

nporpaMMU. UeAb!O rrapTHll 51BA51eTC51 IIOCTpOeHne rpa)KAdH­CKOro o6rueCTBa H AeMOKpaTH'!eCKOfO rocy AapCTBa c pb!HO'IHOH 3KOHOMHKOH.

B 3KOHOMH'!ecKoi-i ccjJepe - C03AaHHe ycAOBHH pa3BHTH51 MHOroo6pa3Hb!X cjJopM co6CTBeHHOCTll, HX CB060AHOH K01my­peHUHH; rrpaso Bcex TOBaporrpOH3BOAHTeAeii He3aBHCllMO OT cjJopM co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha caMOCT051TeAbHOCTb H CB060AY rrpeA-. rrpHHHMaTeAbCTBa.

B IIOAllTH'leCKOH ccjJepe - COAeHCTBlle rrpoueccaM IIOAHTH'!e­CKHX rrpeo6pa30BilHHH; o6ruecTBeHHb!H KOHTpOAb 3a co6AIOAe­HlleM 3aKOHOB; AeMOKpaTH'IHOCTb H OTKpb!TOCTb 3aKOHOAilTeAb­HOf0 rrpouecca; yKperrAeHHe AHCUHIIAHHbl ll rrpaBorrop51AKil, ycH-11 eHHe 6opb6bl c rrpecTynHOCTbIO; yBa)KeHne KYAbTYPHbIX TpaAHUHH H HHTepecos scex HaunoHaAbHbIX rpyrrrr HaceAeHnH; rroAHTHKa HaunoHaAbHoro corAac1151; coTpyAHH'!eCTBO c AeMo­KpaTH'!eCKH opHeHTHpOBaHHblMll ABH)KeHll51Mll ll rrapTH51MH, AHa­AOf H rrapTHepCTBO co BCeMH rrporpeCCllBHbIMH IIOAHTH'!eCKllMll opraHH3aUH51Mll.

B COUHaAbHOH ccjJepe - COUHaAbHa51 3aIUHTa HaceAeHH51 B o6AaCTll o6pa3oBaHH51, MeAHUHHCKOfO o6cAy)KHBaHH51, rreHCH­OHHOfO o6ecrre'!eHH51; IIOAAep)KaHHe 3dH51TOCTH, TPYAOYCTpoii­CTBa, rrpocjJecCHOHaAbHOH rrepeIIOAfOTOBKH ll rrepeKBaAHcjJHKa­UllH KaApos; paBeHCTBO CTapTOBbIX B03MO)KHOCTeH MOAOAe)Kll 113 pa3HblX COUllaAbHbIX rpyrrrr.

BHeI11HerroAHTH'!eCKHe IIOAXOAbI - HHTerpaUH51 B MHposoe coo6rueCTBO Ha OCHOBe H.e3aBHCllMOH BHeI11HeH IIOAHTHKH; CHC­TeMa KOAAeKTHBHOH 6e3orraCHOCTU; yKperrAeHHe 6e3orraCHOCTll rocyAapcTsa 3a c'!eT co3AaHH51 co6cTBeHHb!X rrpocjJeccnoHaAb­Hb!X BOopy)KeHHb!X CHA ( 16).

BceHapOAHOe Ka3axcraHCKOe ABH)l(eHHe "HoBoe IlOKOAeHHe" (2 cpespaA51 1995 r. orry6AnKoBaHa AeKAapaunH oprKOMHTeTa). CorrpeACeAaTeAH ABn)KeHH51 - Ko3b!KoprreI11 EceH6epAHH n Ey­AaT A6HAOB.

UeAbIO ABHJKeHH51 51BA51eTc51 rrocTpoeHHe rrpaBosoro H AeMo­KpaTH'!ecKoro rocyAapCTBa Ha OCHOBe o6neAHHeHH51 MHOfOHa­UllOHaAbHOro HapoAa Ka3axcTaHa.

"Mb! - 3a rrpaBOBY!O pecpopMy, CB060AHY!O He3aBHCHMY!O rrpeccy, eAHHCTBO HapoAa Ka3axcTaHil KaK o6ruHOCTH scex rpa­)KAaH HaI11eH CTpaHbl, 3a IIOHCK pa3yMHOro IIOAXOAa K pa3BU-

160

TH!O IIOAAHHHoro ABYll3hJqm1, B03pOJKAeHHe H pa3BHTHe Ka3ax­cKoro l!3h!Ka, 3a qacTHY!O co6CTBeHHOCTh Ha 3eMAIO, 3a llOAAHH­HY!O rrp1rnaTH3a11mo co6cTBeHHOCTH. Harua rAasHal! 3KOHOM11-'!ecKal! 3aAa'!a - 3aruttTa HHTepecoa HaceAeHHl! a Maccoson nptt­Bani3aUirn" ( 17).

AeKAapaUHl! 6h1Aa IIOAIIHcaHa npeACTaBHTeAl!MH KpynHeH­llIHX rrpeAnpHHHMaTeAhCKHX CTPYKTYP Ka3aXCTaua (AKuenT, AAeMCHCTeM, AMapaTa, AcTaHa-XOAAHHr, AO AAeKcen nocTO­BaAOB H Ko, EyTll, Ka3KOMMepu6auK, Pa11M6eK).

no MHeHHIO 0603peBaTeAeH, IIOAHTWI8CKl1H ycneX AB11JKe­Hl1l! 3aBl1CHT OT pocTa 11 KOHCOAHAaUHH Maccosoro Mal\oro 11 cpeAHero 6113Heca 11 OT ycrrexa KPYIIHhIX 6tt3HecMenoa n opra­Hli3aUHl1 3cpcpeKTHBHhIX npOH3BOACTB. ToAbKO MaCChI MeAKHX 11 cpeAHHX rrpeAIIpHHHMaTel\ett COBMeCTHO c npouBeTaIOrueH Hf!­

TeAAHreHUHen MoryT COCTaBHTb peaAbHYIO 6a3y ABHJKeHHIO "HoBOe IIOKOA8Irne" HAH ApyroMy IIOA06HoMy ABH)K8HHIO ( 18).

AeMoKpanrn ocHoBaHa, c OAHOJ':i cTopoHLI, Ha rroJ\MTH­

qecKoii KOimypetj:L{Illl lWHAHAaTOB BHYTPH IIOAHTJ1'IeCKOI1

rrapnrn, c Apyroii - MeJKAY rrapT11llMH. I10AHT11qecKall

KOHKypeHuHa MeJKAY KaHAHAaTaMJ1 H IIOAilTH'IeCKHMH

rrapnrnMH AOAJKHa 06ecrreq1rnaTb !IO KOHCTHTY1111Il Il co­

OTBeTCTBY!OIIlHM 3dKOHaM AeraAbHbie rapaHTHH ncex oc­

HOBHbIX rrpaB Il CB060A 'leAOBeKa (rno60Aa CAOBa, rrpeCCbl,

co6paHnii) ( 19). 3aKOHOAaTeAbHOH OCHOBOH cymecTBOBaHHH IIOAHT]1qe­

CKHX rrapTHH B CTpaHe rrepBoHaqaAhHO 6b!Ail. KOHCTHTY­

UHH Pecrry6AHKH Ka3axcTaH 1993 r., rrpII3HaBIIIaH peaJ\b­

HOCTh rrapTHH KaK cy6'beKTOB Tl0AilTJ1qecKOH JKil3Hil. 3a­

per11cTp11poBaHHb!M B ycTaHOBAeHHOM 3aKOHOM rropHAKe

IIOAJ1TJ1qecKHM rrapnrnM rapaHTHpOBaAaCh B03MOJKHOCTb

CB060AHOro BhIABHJKeHHll KaHAHAaTOB, IlX BCecTopoHHe­

ro o6cyJKAeHJ15l, arHTaIIHil 3a IlAH rrpOTilB HHX (cT.117).

I1apTilll AOAJKHbl 6bIAl1 COAeHCTBOBaTb cpopMHpOBaHH!O Il

Il3'b5IBAeHH!O IIOAilT!fqecKOH BOAH rpa:>KAilH (CT.56). XOTll

napTilll no KOHCTilTYUilll 1993 r. np11paBHHBaAilCb K 06-

rueCTBeHHb!M o6'beAIIHeHil5IM, TeM He MeHee, 3TO 6hIA 3Ha­

qHTeAbHbIH Illar no rryTII AeMOKpaTH3aUHil o6ruecTBa.

HoBaH KoHCTHTYUHH ( 1995 r.), rrpH3HaBall HAeOJ\OrH­

qecKoe l1 ITOAHTH'leCKOe MHoroo6pa3He, rrpOB03f AaIIIaeT,

TeM CdMb!M, rrpHHUHII IIOAHTil'IecKoro ITA!OpaAH3Ma KaK oc­

HOBY ITOAHTHqecKOH JKil3HI1. B Heii He AOITYCKaeTCll He3a­

KOHHOe BMelllaTeAhCTBO rocyAapCTBd B AeAa o6ruecTBeH­

Hb!X o6'beAHHeHilH l1 Hao6opoT, B03AO:>KeHHe Ha o6mecT­

BeHHbie 06'beAHHemrn cpyHKUIIH rocy Aa pCTBeHHb!X opra­

HOB, rocy AapCTBeHHOe cpHHaHCilpOBaHIIe o6meCTBeHHb!X

o6neAIIHeHIIH(CT.5, rr.2). 3TO C03AaeT OCHOBY AAll HOBO-

21-196 161

ro ypoBH5! B3alIMOOTHOIIIeHIIH rocy,11,apCTBa Il o6rn;ecTBa,

,11,.11.5! cpopM11poBanm1 rpaJKAaHCKoro o6rn:ecTBa.

B KoHCTHTYUlIH 3arrpern.aeTC5! c03Aan11e II Ae5!TeALHocn.

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i62

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24 MapTa 1994 r. npeACTdBHTeMIMH pa3AHqHbIX napTHH H

ABHJKelmH 6LII\ o6pa30BaH KoopAHHaUHOHHblH COBeT o6mecT­

BeHHblX 06beAHHe1u1f1 "Pecny6AHKa". OTibIT TIOA06Hb!X o6'beAH­

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BbICTynttAa ConHal\HCTH'IeCKaH napTHH. Ro3rAaBHA KC oTibIT·

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22 HIOAl! 1994 r. B AAMilTbl rrpOllIAO npeACTilBJ\eHHe HOBOro

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163

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164

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165

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167

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168

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175

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176

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23-196 177

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24-196

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3axcTaH HypcyATaH Ha3ap6aes. AAMaThI: <l>oHA noA11T11qecKHx 11ccAeAo­sam1i\,"Ka3axcTaH - XX! BeK", 1993; Ba.AonoilA. KpeMAeBCKHH Tyn11K 11 Ha3ap6ae·B. QqepKtt-pa3MblWAeHm1: MoAoAa>I raapAtt>I. M. 1993; OAJKa· eB K. CTpe3HAeHT nh1parb1. AAMaThI: ATaMypa, 1994 (Ha Ka3axcKOM >I3bI­Ke).

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BeHHOCTH. AAMaThI: Ka3axcTm1, 1993. 3.AJKyHycoB M., MaHcypoB T. AHKH cysepeHHTeTa. CysepeHHTeT B

npH3Me COUHaAhHOH HCTOpHH. M., 1994. 4. CM., HanpHMep, Martha Brill Olcott, Central Asia's Political Crisis,

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fAaBa 1

1. Bernard M. Bass, Stogdill'sHandbook of Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1981), pp.7 -15.

2. Andrew McFarland, Power and Leadership in Pluralist Systems (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969), p.155.

3. Barbara Kellerman, Leadership as a Political Act, in, ed. B.Kellerman Leadership: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, (New Jercy, 1984), pp.70-89.

4. Fred Greenstein, Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, in­ference, and Conceptualization (Chicago: Markham, 1969), pp.42-45.

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6. Harold Lasswell. Psychopathology andPoliiics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 75.

fAaBa 2

1. Ha3ap6aen H. Ee3 npaBwx H Aeswic. CTpaHHUhl aBT06ttorpacp1-111, pa3MhIIIIAeHfUI, no3HUH.SI. 0TBeThI Ha aoIIpOcbI H3AaTeAhCTBa. M.: MoAo-Aa>I raapAH>I, 1991. '

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192

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4. Philip D.Stewart, Attitudes of Regional Soviet Political Leaders: Toward Understanding the Potential for Charge, in Margaret G.Hermann and Thomas W.Milburn eds., A Psychological Examination of Political Lead­ers (The Free Press, N. Y., L. 1977), pp. 241- 245.

5. Z.Brzezinski, Between Two Ages: America's Role in Technotronic Era (New York. Viking). 1970.

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fJ\ana 3

I. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Society (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1968).

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//KoMCOMOAhCKall npaBAa, 1991. 13 anpeAll . 3. PoKMeH E. CToAHTHqecKoe AHAepcTBO. CoseTcKoe rocyAapcTBo H

npano, 1988 1

NQ 5. 4. Ha3ap6aea H. fie3 npaBhIX H AeBhIX. CTpaHHUhI asTo6norpacjmn,

pa3MhIWAeHHll, II03HUHll. 0TBeThJ Ha sorrpochr H3AaTeAhCTBa. M.: MoAo­Aall rsapAHll, 1991.

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fhana 4

I. 0 3BAa<Jax pecny6AHKaHcKoi1 napTHHHoi1 opraHH3aUHH no yrAy6-AeHH!O npoueccos ncpecTpoi1KH B cneTe arrpeAhCKoro ( 1989 r.) CTAeHyMa U.K Knee. AoKAaA rrepsoro ceKpeTap51 UK KoMrrapTHH Ka3axcTaHa r.B. KoA6HHa I I Ka3aXCTa!ICKaH npaBAa, 1 989 . 18 Mall.

2. Cne3A 11apOAHh!X AenyTaTOB CCCP. rosopl!T AeAeraThl I I Ka3aX­CTaHCKaH rrpaBAa. 1989. 3 H!OHH.

3. "CHAhHall pecny6AHKa 3TO H eCTh CHl\hHhlH ueHTp," - CqHTaeT Ha­PDAHhlH AenyTaT CCCP, npeACeAaTeAh CoBeTa MHHHCTpOB Ka3aXCTaHa H.Ha3ap6aes // HeAeA51. 1989, NQ?.3.

4. 0AI1H H3 "HeKOTOphIX, KTO rrpeAhCTHACH 3arraAHbIMH HAellMH" // KoMCOMOAhCKaH npaBAa. 1991. 13 arrpeAll.

5. Ka3axcTaHCKall rrpaBAa. 1989. 23 HJOHll. 6. Ka3axCTaHcKa51 rrpanAa. 1 991 . 29 asrycTa. 7. Ka3axCTaHcKa51 rrpaBAa. 1989. 29 HJOHH.

25-196 193

8. Ka3axcTaHcKa5! npaBAa. 1989. 23, 24 asrycTa. 9. Ka3axcTancKa>1 npaBAa. 1989. 22 aBrycTa. 10. Ka3axCTaHCKii5! npaBAa. 1989. 22 ceHT>16p5!, 15 H0>16p>1. 11. Ka3axcTaHcKa>1 npaBAa. 1989. 14 ceHT5!6p5!. 12. nocTyAaT 6paTCTBa, H.Ha3ap6aes, nepBblH ceKpeTapb UK KoM-

napT!m Ka3aXCTaHa 11 CoseTcKa5! Poccm1. 1989. 18 OKT>16p>1. l 3.Ka3axcTaHCKa5! npaBAa. 1989. 15 H05!6p>1. 14. Ka3axcTaHcKa5! npaBAa. 1989. 31 AGKa6p>I. 15. Ka3aXcTaHcKaH rrpaBAa. 1990. 6 5IHBap>1. 16. Ka3axcTaHCKaH rrpaBAa. 1990. 20 MapTa. 17. OrKponem1b1ii AMaAor c MOAOAe>KbJO 11 Ka3aXCTaHcKa5! npaBAa.

1990. 17 5IHBdp5!. 18. AoKAaA H.Ha3ap6aesa Ha pecny6AHKancKoM conell.(amm ceKpe­

Tapeii rrepBH'IHbIX napT11iiHhIX opraHH3au11ii 11 Ka3axcTaHCKa5! npaBAa. 1990. 3 MapTa.

19. Ka3axcTaHcKa5! npaBAa. 1990. 4 OKTH6p5!. 20. BTopoii 3Tan XYII Cbe3Aa KoMrrapT1111Ka3axcTaHa11 Ka3axcTaH­

cKa>I rrpaBAa. 1990. 23 AeKa6p>I. 21. Ha3ap6aeB H. Aemum3M i-1 nepecTpoiiKa: 3a ryMaHH3M H AeMo­

KpaTmo 11 Ka3axcTaHcKa5! npasAa. 1990. 10 Ma.51. 22. Ka3axcTaHcKa5! rrpasAa. 1990. 25 AeKa6p>I, 26 AeKa6p5!. 23. CysepemiTeT 11 pbIHOK. Ha BorrpocbI KoppecnoHAeHTa "Ka3ax­

cTaucKoii npaBAhI" OTBe•iaeT npe3!1AeHT Ka3aXCKOH CCP H.Ha3ap6aes 11 Ka3axcTaHcKa>1 rrpaBAa. 1990. 22 mOHH.

24. Bb!CTYITAeH11e Ha nAeHyMe UK KoMrrapT1111 Ka3aXCTaHa H.Ha-3ap6aeBa, Tiepsoro ceKpeTap5! UK KoMrrapTHH Ka3aXCTaHa, npe311AeHTa Ka3aXcKoii CCP II Ka3axcTaHcKa>I npasAa. 1991. 30 arrpeA5!.

25. EeAhiii nyTh B crrpaBeAAMBOCTh. C npecc-KoHcjlepeHu1111 no cAy­•1am npe3eHTauww KHHrH H.A.Ha3ap6aesa "Ee3 rrpaswx 11 AeBhIX" 11 Ka-3axcTaHcKa5! npasAa. 1991. 25 MaH.

26. Ha3ap6aeB H. nptt3HaJO TOAbKO HpaBCTBeHHYJO ITOAHTHKY 11 VfaBeCTHH. 199 J. 2 1110A5!.

27. Barn co6eceAH11K - npe3HAeHT. V!3AO>Kem1e O'lepeAHOH nepeAa­'Il1 113 u11KAa "npe311AeI-ITCKHii •1ac" 11 Ka3axc-raHcKa5! rrpaBAa. 1991. 20 HIOHH.

28. Ka3axcraIIcKall npaBAa. 1991. 10 ce1u>i6pll.

fAasa 5

1. Ka3axCTaHcKa?I npaBAa. 1990. 27 Map-ra. 2. Ka3axc-rancKa>I npaBAa. 1990. 12 anpeA>I. 3. CM.: MaAuHoncKutl B. Ha nyTH K npe3HAeHTCTBY 11 Ka3axcTaH­

cKa>1 npaBAa. 1990. 6 anpeAH.; Capmaen c. npe3HAeHTCTBO ueAecoo6pa3-IIO I I Ka3axcTancKall npaBAa. 1990. 13 anpeA>1.; AAUiaHOB P., AAuen Y. Mo:>KeT AH 6b1Tb B Ka3axcra11e CBOi'I npe3IIACIIT? // Ka3aXCTaHCKa51 npaB­Aa. 1990. 18 anpeA>1.; KoAnaKon K. Y•1peJKAen11c rrpe311AeHTCTBa: "3a "11

194

"nponrn" 11 Ka3axcrancKa>1 npanAa. 1990. 19 anpeA>1.; Kygaii6epreHOB Y., Ygapu.eB C., Ulonu11 B. ConepwencrnonaTL 11apOAOBAacrne B pecny6A11Ke 11 Ka3axcrancKa5! npanAa. 1990. 20 anpeMJ,

4. Ka3axcrn11cKaH npaBA<l. 25 a11peM1. 1990. 5. BbICTYJIAe1111e 1rnpOAJIDrO AenyraTa CCCP, nepuoro ceKpeTap51

UK K0Mnapnn1 Ka3axcrn1rn H .Ha3ap6aena Ha Il che3Ae HapOAHhIX Aeny­TaToB CCCP /I Ka3ilXCTa11cKaH upanAa. 1989. 16 AeKa6p>1.

6. ForeignAffuirs, Summer I 992. 7. Ka3axcTa1IcKaH npaBAd. 1990. 24 mow!. 8. 011..HH H.'."i

11flPKOTOpl1IX, l<TO npeAbCTl1ACH 3anaAIILIMl1 HAe5IMH

11 //

KoMCOMoAhCKaH npaBAa. 1991. 13 anpeA>1. 9. Ka3axCTa11cKa>1 npanAa. 1990. 13 ACKa6p>1. l 0. ApryMCIITI>I 11 <]JaKTLI. 1991. N' 9. 11. Bh1crynAe1111e H.Ha3ap6aena ua co6pamm pecny6A11KaHcKoro aK­

T11na c yqacTHeM M.C .rop6a•1ena. AAMa-ATa, 30 Mall 19911·. // Ka3axcTaH­cKaH npasAa. 1991. l ll!OIIH.

12. Ha3ap6aen H. npll3Hill0 TOAbKO npancme1my10IIOAllTHKY111'13-necnrn. 1991. 2 moA>I.

13. AeKAapaum1 o rocyAapcTnemmM cysepeHHTeTe KaJaxcKoiiCCP. 25 OKT>I6p>I 1990r. 11 Ka3axcrancK.a>I npanAa. l 990. 28 OKTH6p>1.

14. npe3HAeHT J<a3aXCTaHa: AHaAor C npeccoij CTpaHbl ll MMpa 11 KaJaxcTaHcKa>I npanAa. 1990. 13 AeKa6p>I.

l 5. Ka3axcTaHCKa51 npanAa. 1990. 27 OKT>I6pJJ. 16. EeAbIH nyTh n cnpaBeAAHBOCTb 11 Ka3axcTaHcKa>I npanAa. 1991.

25 Mafl. 17. Pec11y6AnKa N2 I// Ka3axcrnncKa>I npaBAa. 1991.17 aBrycrn. 18.BhICTynAeHlle H.Ha3ap6aeBa 23 AeKa6p>I 1991r. Ha ceccm1 Bep­

xos11oro ConeTa np11 panup11Kau1111 pHAa HTOroBbIX AOKyMeHTOB aAMa­aTMHCKOii BCTpe'm rAaB CHr // Ka3ax.crnHcKa>1 npanAa. 1991. 25 AeKa6-pJJ.

I 9.Ka3axcTaHcKa>i npanAa. 1991. 11 AeKa6p>I. 20. Ka3axcTaHCKa>I rrpanAa. 1991. 19 HOH6p>1. 21. A6yon H. Mbr noiiAeM APYrI1M nyTeM? 11 Ka3axcTaHCKa>1 rrpaBAa.

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3. AoKAal\ npe11.ce11.aTe11.>< MaHl\aTttoi'i KOMHcorn BepXOBHoro CoBeTa Ka3aXCKoii CCP 11.enyTaTa B.A.EpbIHKmrn // Ka3axcTattcKa51 rrpan11.a. 1990. 25 anpe11.>1.

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4. K<naxnaHCK<rn llpaBA<L 1991.18 OKTH6pH.

5. Pe'!I. npe3H}\C'llTa Ka'.lilXCKOH CCP H.A.Ha3ap6aesa Ha nepBOM

CPCCHH Bepxon1101·0 CoBP'J'il Ka:frlXCKoi1CCP12 C03hJna// Ka3axcTa1-1cKa.H

upclllAd. 1990. 25 dl!J1PA>I.

6. rypCKui1 A .Tp11 l'<l/\d lldllll1X ""P"M"ll // CmwrLI KaJaXCTaHa. 1993. 25 MapTa.

7. EcAH 1-1e ;\eKAapaTHBllO, a KOllKpCTHO // ConeTLI Ka3axcra1-1a. 1993. 2 J\"Ka6pH.

8. Ka:wxcTaJJcKall 11paa11a. 1991. 12 AeKa6p'L

'l. npo"KT KoHC'J'l1TYUHH Pec11y0Al1KH Ka3aXCTall // Ka3axcrancKa>1

npaB11a. 1992. 1 l 111011>1.

1 O.Ko11cT11Tyum1 Pecny6M1K11 KaJaxcrnu. AAMaTbI, 1993.

I 1.3uMalloLJ C. Hyxura nepecrpoi1Ka caMoi1 nepeCTpoi1K11 // BecTH11K

KaJaxcTaHa. 1994. 19 anpel\lJ.

12.0 caMopocnycKe AAaTaycKoro pattOHHoro CoBeTa aapOAHbIX Ae­

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13. 06paIUerrne JJapOAHhIX 11enyTaTOB PK / / CoueThI Ka3axcTaHa.

1993. 23 H0'16pH. 14. fapaHT AeMoKpaTim - 3aKoH / / Cosen,1 KaJaxcTaHa. 1993. 23

HOH6pH.

15. CoBeThI KaJaxCTaHa. 1993. 20 HO>I6p>I.

16. OT AerryTaTCTBa OTKa3hIBaIOcb / / KaJaxcTaHcKaJI npas11a. 1993.

8 11eKa6p>1.

17. Ka3axcTaHcKaR rrpas11a. 1993. 2 AeKa6p>L

18. no11cK Ayqrrmx pernem1Cr I I CoBeTbl Ka3aXCTaHa. 199.3. 7 11eKa6-

pH.

19. nocAeAH11M AeHh cecc1m I I CoBeTbl Ka3axcTaHa. 1993. 14 AeKa6-

pl!. 20. CTyTb 06HOBAeH11JI - eAHHCTBeHHhrfr rryTb AMI MHoroHauHoHaAb­

Horo Hapo11a Ka3axcTana / / Ka3aXcTaHcKaR rrpaB11a. 1993. 16 AeKa6p>L

fAaBa 2 (6)

I. Coo6rneH11e U.eaTpaAbttoi1113611paTeAbHOi1 KOM11ccuu 06 11Torax

Bh16opoB 11enyTaTos BepxosHoro CoBeTa Pecrry6A11KH KaJaxcTaH / / Ka-

3axcTaHcKall npaB11a. 1994. 17 Mapra.

2. BecnmK KaJaxcTaHa. 1994. 22 arrpeAJI.

3. BecTHttK KaJaxcTaHa. 1994. 31 Ma>I.

4. I'aAeHKOB. Mm1rno Al1 aa11eHTbCJI Ha BepxoBHhli1 CoseT? I/ Cose­

TbI KaJaxcTaHa. 1994. 6 1110AJI. 5. rpaHKUH A. 3aH11MaTbC'1 3aKOHOTB0pYeCTBOM, a He rrp113b!BaMl1 I I

CoseThr Ka3axcTaHa. 1994. 9 HIOAH. 6. napi\aMeHT HeorrpaBAaHIJO MHOro BpeMeHH 3aTpaqusaeT Ha pe­

WeHHe C06Cl:THeI-IHbIX MaTepHa1\_bHO-Opra1uI3aUHOHHbIX rrp06AeM. npeAOC­

TaBAeHO npecc-cAy)l<Goi1 CTpe3HAeHTa Ka3axcTaHa / / CTaHopaMa. 1994.

N2 35. C.2.

197

7. KeKuA6aeB A. Haw napAaMeHT pa6oTocrroco6eH H HH B 'IeM 11e

yCTyrraeT ApyrnM 11 CoseThI Ka3axcrnHa. 1994. 31AeKa6p>I. 8. CTpaHHUbI B 611orpaqnn1 MOAOAOro rocy AapCTBa. BhICTynAem1e

npeACCAaTeJl.H BepXOBHOfO CoseTa PK A.K.KeKHJl.6aeBa Ha ceccm1 Bep­XOBHOro CoseTa 28 AeKa6pH l 994r. 11 CoseThI Ka3axcTaHa. 1994. 31 Ae­

Ka6p>I. 9. rocmen A. BepxoBHhIH ConeT rrpeACTaBAeHHe reHepaAbHoro npo­

Kypopa 0 J\HLilCHH.\.I MHHHCTpa JKOHOMHKH AenyTaTCKOro HMMYHHTeTa l-1('

IlOAACp:>KaJI., a, rrporOAOCOBaB, - YAHBHJl.C>I pe3yAhTaTY 11 naHopaMa. 1994.

No 35. C.2. 1 O.EpyrnAOBCKWJ E. feHepaAbHhIH npoKypop o6'b51BHA o 3aMopa>KH­

BaHHH "AeAa YpKyM6aeBa", noAllHHHHCh nepso11alfaAbHOMY peme1-1w10 Bep­

XllBHoro CoBeTa 11 na11upaMa. 1994. No 36. c. 5. 11. naHopaMa. 1994. No 36. c. 5. 12. rocmen A. BepxoBHhIM C oBeT nocTenenHo npeBpamaeTCH B oco-

6b1iil OTAeA rrpH renepaAbHOH rrpoKypaType 11 na1rnpaMa. 1994. No 37.

C.2. 13.A6guAbgw1 C. TiapAaMeHT Ka3axcTaHa: Or Co103a K rocyAapcT­

BeHHoc.TH. AAMdTb1." 1993. C .52-53. 14.BopOHOB B., neperpuH A., P03e B. TaK CCTb AH y Hae 0111103HU11H

BAaCTH? 11 CoseThI Ka3axcTaHa. 1994. 28 AeKa6pll.

1_5.Ka3aXCTaHCKall rrpaBAa. l 991. 18 OKTll6pll. 16. E)f(eHoBa K. Ehmw11iil rAasa rrpas1neJ1.hCTBa y6e)!(ACH, 'ITO ern Ka-

61111eT 6b1J1. xopowe11 KOMaHAoiiI /I naHopaMa. I 994. N2 40. C .2. 17. Ka3axcTa11cKaH npaBAa. 1994. 13 OKTll6pll.

18. naHopaMa. 1994. N2 40. C.2. 19.neperpuH A. CKopee scero, Ho Boe npaBHTeAbCTBO 6yAeT rrpeA­

cTaBA51Tb HHTepeCbl TaK 1-ra:~bIBaeMbIX HOBhlX Ka3aXCTaHQeB // DaHopaMa.

1994. No 40. C.5.

20.CM.: ApeHOB /\1., I'MblpR c. noJl.HTH'IeCKa>I CHTyaUHll B pecny6AH­Ke rrocAe cMeHbI rrpaBHTeAbCTBa 11 CoseThI Ka3axcTaHa. 1995. 19 mrnapl!.

21.0aHopaMa. 1994. No 40. C .5.

22.A6guAbguH C. B3aMell 11osoro rrpaB1neJ1.hCTBa 11y)!(HO rpopMHpo­BaTb Apyroe - KOaAHUHOHHOe 11 Tia11opaMa. 1995. No 41. C. I 0.

23.I'yAep 11. Hy:>K11b1 KOMrreTeHTHb1e cneu11aJ1.HCTbI, cnoco6Hbie pa3-pcrnHTh 11po6J1.eMb1 nepexOAHoro nep110aa 11 CoseTbl Ka3axcTaHa. 1994. 21 OKT>!6pl!.

24.CyAet1Me1101J /\1. B >Ktt3HH, KaK H B waxMaTax, HY.>KHbI "1-1eo11eBHA­

"""' xoAi,1" 11 CcmeTbI Ka:iaxcra11a. 1994. 22 mrn6pll. 25.llieKeeB )J(. napAaMC1JT AOA>KeH 3a~HMaTbC.8 He TOAbKO 3dKOHO­

T!Hlp'!C:CTHOM 11 C 011eThl Ka3axcTa1ia. 1 994. 14 OKTll6pll.

26. BepXOBl!hlii Cone-r nprmr11op11poBaJ1. HOBYIO HHHUHaTHBY npe-3Hl\el!Ta 11 naHCipaMa. 1994. Ne 49. c .2.

27.OGpa111e1me rpynnb1 npeAnpHHHMaTeAeii K Tipe31111e11Ty H.Ha3ap6aeny H Bepxont10My CoseTy Ka3aXCTaHa /I Ka3axcrnncKall npaB-11a. 1994. 22 ACKa6pll.

198

L'l.aBa 2 (B)

I. naHopaMa. 1995. NQ 10. C.2.

2. npec..-KOHcjlepemurn H.Ha3ap6aesa 11 Maprn 1995r. 11 naHopa-Ma. 1995. NQ 11. C .2.

3. naHopaMa. 1995. No 11. C.3. 4. naimpaMa. 1995. N2 11. C.5.

5. Ao6paR P. Onno:mumi 6AoK11pyeTC>I c 6bmw11M11 AerryrnTaM11 11 KaJaxcTaHcKa>I rrpasAa. 1995. 1 B MapTa.

6. naHopaMa. 1995. NQ 11. C.4.

7. OpraH11Jau1rn 11 XOA BbI6opos B Ka3axcrnHe rroAY'll1Al1 HeOAH0-3HaqHYIO oueHKY JarraAHhIX Ha6AJOAaTeAefI 11 CoseTbI KaJaxcTaHa. 1994. 10 MapTa.

8. BecTHHK KaJaxcTana. 1994. 26 arrpeA>I.

9. KBRmKOBCKaR T. 51 He co611pa10ch "pa3pywaTh P11M" paA11 TopJKe-CTBa MOHX npaB 11 KaJaxCTaHcKa>I npasAa. 1995. 4 MapTa.

10. Ka3axcTaHcKa>1 npaBAa. 1995. 18 MapTa. 11. KaJaxci'aHcKa>I npaBAa. 1995. 25 MapTa. 12. naHopaMa. 1995. NQ 11. C.9. 13. KaJaxcTaHcKa>I npaBAa. 1995. 24 MapTa. 14. Ka3axcTaHCKa>1 rrpasAa. 1995. 28 MapTa. l's. naHopaMa. 1995. NQ 18. C.2.

1. A6guAbgzm C. Hawa KoHcT11Tyu11>1 - CB>IllleHnoe rr11caH11e AA>I Ka­JKl\oro rpaJKAaH11Ha pecny6A11K11, AA>I KaJKAoro naTp110Ta PoAHHbi 11 Ka­JaxcTaHcKa>I npasAa. 1993. 27 cjlespaA>I.

2. CeHaTop CllIA AaeT Bh!COKYJO oueHKY KoHCT11Tyu1111 Pecny6Al1Kl1 11 CoseTbI KaJaxcrnna. 1993. 3 cpespaA>I.

3. M11cc11>1, BOJAaJKeHHa>I Ha Hae speMeHeM. l1HTepBbIO H.Ha3ap6a­esa rAaBHOMy peAaKTopy raJeTbI "EreMeH Ka3axcTaH" .HypAaHy Opa3a­Al1HY 11 K.aJaxcrnHcKall npaBAa. 1993. 28 cpespaA>I.

4. AoKAaA H.Ha3ap6aesa Ha pecny6A11KaHCKOM coaeiuaH1111 rAaB aA­MHHHCTpau11H u rrpeACeAaTeAeH MeCTHhIX CoseToB HapoAHbIX AenyTaToB

11 KaJaXCTaHcKa>I npaBAa. 1992. 11 Ha>16p>1. 5. npoeKT KoHCTl1TYU1111 Pecriy6Al1Kl1 KaJaXCTaH 11 KaJaxcraHCKa5!

npaBAa. 1992. 11 H!OH5!.

6. Epmb1c6aeB E. noAl1Tl1Ka - yAeA rrapn1i'1, a !IC npoc\JCOI030B 11 Co­BeTb! Ka3axcra1Ia. 1992. 11 ACKa6p>1.: Epnlb1c6aeH E. AcMuKpanrn HAM ux­AoKpaTHll? 11 C011eTb! Ka:iaxCTa!la. 1993. 13 lll!BapH.; CyAcLIMeucw 0. 51 -Ja HapoAIIyio ... 11 Ka'iaxcTaHcKa>I rrpanAa. 1993. 27 "1rnap>I.; CyAeliMe­

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7. LllailKel/013 H.AAH IIOCTTOTilAHTap11oro o01necTl3a IIpeJI1J\el-ITCKa.H

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S. AeB>JT011 cecc1111 BepxoBHOl'O CoBeTa Pecny6AHKH Ka3axcTaH, npeACeAaTeAJO BepXOBHOl'O ConeTa C.A6AHAbAHHy, HapOAHb!M AenyTa­TaM Pecny6AHKH Kmaxcra11 / / 6ipAecy. 1993. N2 5.

9, A n JTO upeM>J B o6Aacrnx 6ymy10T cTpacm 11 Ka3axcraHcKal! npaBAa. 1992. 8 AeKa6pl!.

10. Ha3ap6aen H. 0 npocKTe KoHCTHTYUHH l'cc-n ~ vAHKH Ka3aXCTdH 11 HTorax era sceIIapoAHOro o6cy>KAelU15I. Ao I< I\ rt.A Ha cecc1111 BepxoBHoro

CoBeTa II CoBeThI Ka3axcTa1m. 1993. 10 AeKa6pl!. 11. KoHCTI·ITYlll1ll Pecny6A11K11 Ka3aXcTaH. AAMaTbl, 1993. 12. ABTOp np11cyTcTB0BaAa Ha 3aceAaH1111 IX ceccm1 BC PK (AeKa6pb

199<! -l!Hsapb 1993) s Ka«eCTse rocrn. 13. CoseTbI KaJaxCTaHa. 1992. 12 AeKa6p>1. 14. Bceo6ma>1 AeKAapal\H>I npas '!eAoBeKa 11 J.-fanecnrn. 1989. 9 Ae­

Ka6p>I. 15. Ks>1mKoscKaR T. Kcmcn1Tyl\HOHHhIH cyA s "rAyxoii 3am1ne"

11 Ka3aXCTdHCKdll npaBAd. 1992. 11 AeKa6p'1.; J\ynapen r. Y3Aa AAll Km1-cnny11110HHOro cyAa /I T1panAa. 1992. 27 no>16pH.; TaK 6hITL HAH ne 6hITh KoHCT11Ty11110HHOMY cyAy pecny6A11KH? 11 Ka3axcTaHcKal! npasAa. 1992. 12 AeKa6pH.

16. B 3am11Ty KoHCTHTYUHOHHOro cy Aa I/ Ka3axcTaHcKal! npaa­Aa.1993. 12 llHBap>1.

L'lasa 4

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2. A6guAbguH C. Hawa Ko11cnnyu11l! - CBl!ll\eHHoe n11caHHe AAll Ka­JKAoro rpaJKAdHHHa pecny6Al1KH, AMI KaJKAOro riaTp110Ta PoAHHbI / / Ka-3axcTaHCKa>1 npasAa. 1993. 27 cjlespaAl!.

3. Ha3ap6aeB H. 0 npoeKTe KoHCTHTYUHH PK H 1norax era BCeHa­poAHOro 06cy:>KAeH1·rn. AoKAaA na ceccm1 BepxoBHoro CoseTa /I CoaeThI Ka3axcrnHa. 1993. 10 AeKa6pl!.

4. BopoHOB B, 3UMGHOB c, PaeB M. napAaMeHTCKall HAM npe3HAeHT· cKal!? I/ Ka3axCTaHCKal! npaBAa. 1993. 23 l!HBap.sr.

5. CyAeiiMeHoB 0. 51 - 3a HapOAHYJO ... // Ka3axcTaHCKa>1 npaaAa. 1993. 27 l!HBapH.

6. MHCCHll, B03AOJKeHHall Ha Hae BpeMeHeM. l1HTepBbJO H.Ha3ap6a­esa rAaBHOMY peAaK·ropy ra3e'fb1 "EreMeH Ka3axcrnH" HypAaHy Opa3a­AHHY // KaJaxcrnHcKal! npaBAa. 1993. 28 ¢espaA>1.

7. ToAbKO Ta KoHCTHTYUHll '!ero-H116yAb CTOHT, KOTopal! yMeeT 3a­IUHll\aTbCll I/ 3Kcnpecc K. 1993. 6 HJOAll.

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9. >KypC!lM6aeB C. KoHCTHTYUHOHHbIH cyA: onpaaAaeT AH OH caoe Ha3Ha'leH11el /I CoBeTbI Ka3axCTaHa. 1994. 11 HoH6pl!.

10. Kygai16epreHoB Y. MecTHoe ynpasAeHHe: nepcneKTHBbI pa3BM­THl! /I CoaeTbI Ka3axcTaHa. 1993. 20 anpeAl!.

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'lecKHx llHTepecoB MOJKeT ".lrrpeAeAHTb XOA pa3BllTllll pecny6AH"ll hd

AAHTeAhHY!O nepcneKTHJIY 11 DattopaMa. 1995. N• 6. C .36.

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21. naaopaMa. 1994. N214. · 22. Apo3g H. 4AeHbl Hosoro o6meCTBeHHoro o6pa3osatt1rn Tpe6y10T

OTCTaBKf! npaBr!TeAbCTBa H npe3HAeHTa 11 naHopaMa. 1994. N2 30. c. I I. 23. K. van Bey me, Functions of Political Pa tries, in Vernon Bogda nor,

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2. "Ka3a>ccTaH cMoJKeT HaHTH csoe r.fecTo B p><AY AeMoKpaTH'IeCKH pa3BHBa!OmHXCli CTpaH". TaKOH BblBOA AeAalOT B OTKAHKaJC Ha npoeKT Hosoi\ KoHCTHTywm PK npeAceAaTeAb KoHcTHTY1U1DHHoro coseTa <l>paH-1.um p .AIOMa, 6blBWiiii racy AapcTBeHHblH COBeTHHK )!(.A TTaAH H npocpec­cop KapKaccoH 11 Ka3axcraHcKa>< npasAa. 1995. 26 asrycTa.

3. CoseTCKHe CTepeOTHnhI - Ha csaAKY 11cTop1111? 0 npecc-KoHcpe­peHUHH Hararn6aR illaiiKeHosa 11 Ka3aXcTaHcKa><,npaBAa. 1995. 29 HIOJl.li.

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Ae6HyJO BAaCTh // Ka3axcTaHCKa5! npaBAa. 1995. 26 aBrycTa.

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cpopMHpoBaHHe o6mecTBa. AoKAM f1pe3HAeHTa H.A.Ha3ap6aeBa. (BTo­pall cecc11J1 AccaM6AeH µapoAOB Ka3axcrnHa, 30 HJOHJI 1995 r.) // Ka3ax­cTaHcKal! rrpaBAa. 1995. 1 HIOAJI.

·5. Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Great Transformation, in The National Interest No.33, Fall 1993,pp.3-13.

SUMMARY

This book is a political biography of Presi­dent Nursultan Nazarbaev. The author exam­ines the processes which have shaped Nazarbaev as a political lea<ier.

The book analyses the new political institu­tions of the independent Republic of Kazakhstan: the Presidency, Parliament, Constitutional Court, political parties and Constitution. The development of these democratic institutions, as well as the specific nature of the transition from a post-Soviet Republic to a democratic law-gov­erned state are beind determined to a consider­able extent by the personal and political influ­ence of President Nazarbaev.

This book is intended for political scientists, lawyers and for a wide range of readers who are interested ln the current political processes in Kazakhstan.

COAEP)KAHHE

OraaTOpa ........................................................................................... 3 l.\ a-c Tb I. HypcyATaH Ha3ap6aea KaK rroAHTWiecKHi\ AHAep.: .......... 7

r Aaaa 1. npo611eMa IlOAHTH'-leCKoro AHAepCTBa .................................. , fAaBa 2. CTaHoBAeHHe AHqHoCTH ....................................................... 10 f11aaa3.CHCTeMaHAHAep .................................................................... 23 fAaaa 4. Bo rAaae pecny611HKaHCKOH nf.J.lrHHHoi\ opram13a11HH .......... 32 fAaaa 5. nepBbIH npe3HAeHT Ka3axcTaHd .......................................... 47 a) 0pe3HAeHT, H36pat!Hb!H rrapAaMeHTOJ•I ........................................... 4/ 6) noqeMy 3a H.Ha3ap6aeaa IIP.OrOAOCOBaAO 98, 78% 3AeKTOpaTa? ..... 57 B) K HHCTHTYTY rrpe3HAeHTCTBa... .. .. . . .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . . ... .. .. 65

q a c T b II. noAHTHqecKHe HHCTHTYTbI He3aBHCHMoro K~3aXCTaHa

fAaaa 1. npo6AeMa rrepeXOAHOro nepHOAa K AeMOKpaTHH .................. 70 fAaBa 2. Ka3axcTaHCKHH rrapAaMeHTapH3M: ......................................... 78 a) rrepBbIH rrapAaMeHT (arrpeAb 1990 r. - AeKa6pb 1993 r.); ................ 79 6) BTOpoi\ napAaMeHT (arrpeAb 1994 r. - MapT 1995 r.); ........................ 93

B) rrapAaMeHTCKHH KpH3HC (MapT 1995 r.) ............................................ 108 fAaaa 3. CTpHHlITHe rrepaoii KOHCTHTYL\HH Ka3axcTaHa ....................... 119 a) CKOAbKO neo6xoAHMO rocyAapcTBeHHbIX >I3bIKOB? .......................... 121 6) KoMy 6bITb CTpe3HAeHTOM?.. ........................................................... · 124 a) KoncTHTYL\HOHHbitt cyA: 6bITb HAH ne 6b!Tb? .................................... 127 r) CTpaaa qeAOBeKa .... , ......................................................................... 130 fAaaa 4. KoHCTHTYilHlI 1993 r.: CTPYKTYPa rocyAapcraeHHOii BAaCTH. 132 a) CTpe3HAeHT ...................................................................................... 133 6) BepxoBHbIH CoaeT ......................................................................... 137 B) KOHCTHTYL\HOHHblll CYA·.. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . ... .. .. .. .. ... . . .. . . .. . . . .. 140 r) MecTHble opranbl BAaCTH ................................................................. 143 fAaaa 5. CTOAHTWieCKHe napTHH H CTaHOBAeHHe rrapTHHHOll CHCTeMbl 146 a) PeaAbHOCTb ............................................ " ........................................ 146 6) 0po6AeMbl... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. ... .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . ... . . . .. . . . 164 f11aaa 6. KoHCTHTyl\H>I 1995 r.: pecpopMa ~ocyAapcraeHHOii BAaCTH ... 172 a) CTpaBa H CB060Abl qeAOBeKa H rpaJKAaHHHa.................................. .. 173 6) CTpe3HAeHT ................. ; .................................................................... 175 B) CTapAaMeHT ..................................................................................... 179 r) focyAapCTBeHHOe ynpaBAeHHe ....................................................... 181 A) PecpopMa cy Ae6HOH CHCTeMbl... .. ... . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . ... .. . .. 182 3aKAIOqeHHe. nepcrreKTHBbl AeMoKpaTHH B Ka3axCTaHe ..................... 186

. CTpHMeqaHH>I....... .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ... . .. . . ... .. 190 Pe3IOMe (aHrA. >13.) .............................................................................. 204

205

CONTENTS

Preface ............................................................................................... 3 Part I : Nursultan Nazarbaev as a Political Leader. ........................... 7

1. Problem of Political Leadership ......................................................... -2. The Development of Personality ...................................................... 10 3. The System and t.he Leader. ............................................................ 23 4. The Head of Republican Party Organization ..................................... 32 5. The First President of Kazakhstan ............................. : .................... 47 a) President Elected by Parliament.. ................................................... 47 b) Why Nazarbaev Has Received 98,78% Electorate Voices? ............. 57 c) Towards the Presidency .................................................................. 65

Pa r t IL Political Institutions of Independent Kazakhstan.

1. Problem of Transition to Democracy ............................................... 70 2. Kazakhstan Parliamentarism: .......................................................... 78 a) the First Parliament (April 1990 - December 1993); ....................... 79 b) the Second Parliament (April 1994 - March 1995); ...... : ................. 93 c) Parliamentary Crisis (March 1995) .................................................. 108 3. Adoption of the First Kazakhstan Constitution ... , .......................... 119 a) How Many State Languages Are Necessary?.. .......... · ............ : ........ 121 b) Who Can Be a President? ............................................................... 124 c) the Constitutional Court: to Be or Not to Be? .................................. 127 d) Human Rights ................................................................................ 130 4. 1993 Constitution: Structure of State Power. .................................. 132 a) President. ........................................................................................ 133 b) The SupremeSoviet. ...................... : ............................................... 137 c) Constitutional Court. .................................................................. : .. 140 d) Local Government.. ................................................... , ................... 143 5. Political Parties and Construction of the Party System ................... 146 a)Reality ............................................................................ : ............... 146 b) Problems .............................................................................. : ......... 164 6. 1995 Constitution: Reform of State Power. ............................ ~ ......... 172 a) Rights and Liberties of Individual and Citizen ................................... 173 b) President. ....................................................................................... 175 c) Parliament. ........................................................................................ 179 d) State Government .......................................................................... 181 e) Reform of Judicial System .............................................................. 182 Conclusion: Prospects of Democracy in Kazakhstan ........................... 186 References ..... · ...................................................................................... 190 Summary ....................................................................................... c··· 204

206

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,D.>KYHYCOBA >KAHbln>KAH XACblMOBHA POA11JlaCb B r. nerponaBJlOBCKe. B 1974 r. OKOH411Jla 11qop114ecK11i:1 cj:>aKynbrer Ka3axcKoro rocyAapcrseHHoro yH11sepc11rera, 3aTeM acn1-1paHTYPY MOCKOBCKOro rocy AapcrseHHOro yH11sepc11rera. KaHA~AaT 1-1crop114ecK1-1x HayK, AOL.leHT. C 1992 r. pa6oraer 3aBeAYtoll..lei:1 or AenoM L\eHrpa BocroK0BeAeH11R l-lal..ll10HaJlbHOi:1 aKaAeMl111 HayK. B 1993-1994 rr. npowna CT0>Kl1POBKY B 611pM11HreMCKOM yH11sepc11rere (Be1111Ko6p11raH11R)11 Baw11HrTOHCKOM yH11sepc11rere, r. C113rn (CWA). RsnRercR asropoM MHoro41-1c11eHHblX crarei:1 Ha PYCC-KOM 11 aHrn11i:1CKOt.4 R3b1Kax no npo6neMaM no1111rn4ecKoi:1 c11creMbl Ka3axcra~:::.. Cnel..l11a1111311pyercR ·B 0611acrn cpasH11re11bHoi:1 nom1ro11or1111.