Responsible alcohol service

Responsible

Alcohol Service

HBar

M. Aldana

• “Just as important as encouraging guests

to enjoy their beverages, it is the role of

sellers and servers of alcohol in

safeguarding their clientele from

unpleasant and potentially dangerous,

medical and legal effects of excessive

alcohol consumption.”

Alcohol

• Found in beer, liquor and wine – ethanol

• Is a form of drug – a depressant or a

tranquilizer

Alcohol

• In moderate doses – beneficial effects:

– Relaxation

– Stimulate appetite

– Heighten pleasure

– Provide sense of euphoria (is medically recognized

as a mental and emotional condition in which a person

experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness,

excitement, and joy.)

Alcohol

• In larger doses, it becomes toxic – a form

of poison.

Alcohol

• The body does not

digest alcohol the

way it digests

food.

Alcohol

• Rather than entering the

digestive system, it passes

thru the wall of the stomach

or small intestine directly

into the bloodstream.

• An alcoholic drink taken on

empty stomach empties

itself into the bloodstream

within 20 minutes.

Alcohol

• If there is food in the stomach, the transfer

is delayed especially if the foods contain

fats, such as cheese, meats, eggs and

milk.

• Carbonated drinks, on the other hand

speed the transfer.

Alcohol

• By way of the bloodstream, alcohol travels

through the body wherever there is water:

to the brain, lungs, kidney, heart, liver until

it is broken down into carbon dioxide and

water.

Path of Alcohol in the Body

Alcohol and the Human Body

• The liver metabolizes

about 90 percent of the

alcohol consumed.

• The liver is the organ

most affected by

alcoholism, since it is the

first defense organ when

attempting to disperse

the alcohol.

Alcohol and the Human Body

• The remaining 10 percent is eliminated

thru the lungs and in urine

• The alcohol reaches the brain within a

few minutes of entering the bloodstream

Alcohol and the Brain

• Alcohol’s effect on the

brain is the key to both

the pleasures and the

problems with alcohol

consumption.

• The first effect of

alcohol is to stimulate

pleasant feelings and

overall relaxation.


• As drinking continues, the concentration of

alcohol in both the bloodstream and brain

increases:

– diminishing inhibitions and judgment

– making the drinker more gregarious(fond of

company; sociable.) and expansive (relaxed

and genially frank and communicative.)

– but less able to accurately perceive reality.


• As intoxication takes over brain function:

– Impairs motor ability

– Muscle coordination

– Reaction time

– Eyesight

– Night vision

– (all normal skills needed by drivers to go

home safely)


• It does not take a great number of drinks

to reach intoxication; drinking coffee to

“sober up” do not have an impact on blood

alcohol content.

Intoxication

• Intoxication is measured

by the percentage of

alcohol in the blood.

• The typical definition of

intoxication used to be a

blood alcohol

concentration (BAC) of

0.10 percent, but it has

been lowered to 0.08

percent.

Intoxication

• The size of the person affects his or her

blood alcohol level.

• The heavier a person’s body weight, the

lower the percent of his or her blood

alcohol.

• This is because alcohol mixes with the

water in the body.

Intoxication

• Women, who naturally have less water

and a higher percentage of body fat than

men, tend to have higher blood alcohol

contents than men of similar height and

weight.

• Alcohol is more highly concentrated in the

women’s bodies than the men’s.

Top 20 countries based on annual

beer-drinking for adults per capita

• Czech Republic: 9.43

• Ireland: 9.24

• Swaziland: 7.48

• Germany: 7.26

• Austria: 6.42

• Luxembourg: 6.16

• Uganda: 6.14

• Denmark: 6.02

• United Kingdom: 5.97

• Belgium: 5.90

• Venezuela: 5.69

• Lithuania: 5.53

• Slovakia: 5.34

• Australia: 5.20

• Croatia: 5.16

• Netherlands Antilles: 4.96

• The Netherlands: 4.91

• Finland: 4.89

• United Republic of Tanzania:

4.85

• Gabon: 4.77

Top 20 countries based on

annual wine-drinking• Luxembourg: 9.43

• France: 8.38

• Portugal: 7.16

• Italy: 6.99

• Croatia: 6.42

• Switzerland: 6.23

• Argentina: 5.63

• Spain: 5.07

• Bermuda: 4.95

• Greece: 4.78

• Denmark: 4.57

• Austria: 4.47

• Hungary: 4.47

• Uruguray: 4.35

• Germany: 3.38

• Romania: 3.37

• Chile: 3.25

• French Polynesia: 3.10

• Bulgaria: 3.05

• Republic of Korea: 2.99

Alcohol and Human Health

• Studies say: moderate drinking moderate

amounts of alcohol are good for humans.

Alcohol and Human Health

• Moderate drinking:

– 12 ounces of beer at 5%

alcohol content

– 4 ounces of wine at 12%

alcohol content

– 1 ¼ ounces of distilled spirit

at 40% alcohol content (80

proof)

– 1 ounce of distilled spirit at

50% alcohol content (100

proof)

Moderate Drinking

• Health experts say that one drink for

women and two drinks for men is

considered moderate intake.

Red wine and Health

• Red wine appears to

promise for reducing

inflammation, fighting

bacteria and even

cancer.

• Moderate drinking leads

to lower incidence of

heart disease

Wine and Health

• Wine contains phenolic compounds, part

of what gives grapes their color, known as

tannins.

• Tannins are antioxidants. Antioxidants

break down bad cholesterol and help

prevent clogging of arteries and blood

clots that can lead to strokes.

Wine and Health

• Antioxidants are

also proven to be

effective at

inhibiting some

types of cancer

Wine and Health

• Resveratrol is the primary

antioxidant in wine.

• It is a flavonoid (a

substance the gives fresh

fruit and vegetables their

colors), a component of

grape skins that grapevines

make naturally in response

to stress, lack of nutrients,

or fungal infections.

Wine and Health

• Red wines contain more resveratrol than

white wines simply because of the way

they are made; the color of the grape skin

gives the wine its color.

• Recent studies also show that resveratrol

also works a Caloric Restriction.

Wine and Health

• In other studies, moderate wine

consumption also appears to be linked to

increased bone density in older women.

• Wine also has anti-inflammatory effects.

Alcohol’s Effect on the Heart

and Brain• Ethanol, the alcohol in alcoholic beverages

raises HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

levels in the bloodstream which prevents

heart diseases.

• Ethanol also contains t-PA antigen, which

prevents chronic internal blood clots,

which takes effect within hours of alcohol

consumption.


and Brain• The darker the beer, the better it might be

for the heart; darker brews contain more

blood-clotting prevention, which is a result

of the flavonoids darker beer contains.


and Brain• BUT, heart attack and stroke preventions

from moderate drinking are relatively small

and they are offset by the greater risks of

drinking too much.

– Heart disease

– Cancer

– Liver problems

– Higher chance of violent death

Alcohol/Drug Interactions

• Brain cells are particularly sensitive to

alcohol exposure.

• The 1st part of the brain to be exposed is

the frontal lobe, where judgment and

reasoning takes place.


• After more drinks, the vision and speech

centers of the brain are sedated, along

with voluntary muscle control.

• Breathing and heart action are the last to

be affected.


• Some people drink alcoholic beverages as

kind of social anesthetic, to help them

relax or relieve anxiety.

• It is a common mistake that people

consider it as a stimulant, in fact it works in

the body as depressant that sedates nerve

cells.


• At least 150 medications interact harmfully

with alcohol.


• Source:

• http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Medi

cine/medicine.htm


• Mixing alcohol and medicines can be

harmful. Alcohol, like some medicines, can

make you sleepy, drowsy, or lightheaded.

Drinking alcohol while taking medicines

can intensify these effects. You may have

trouble concentrating or performing

mechanical skills.


• Small amounts of alcohol can make it

dangerous to drive, and when you mix

alcohol with certain medicines you put

yourself at even greater risk. Combining

alcohol with some medicines can lead to

falls and serious injuries, especially among

older people


• Some medications—including many

popular painkillers and cough, cold, and

allergy remedies—contain more than one

ingredient that can react with alcohol.

Read the label on the medication bottle to

find out exactly what ingredients a

medicine contains. Ask your pharmacist if

you have any questions about how alcohol

might interact with a drug you are taking.

Alcohol and Women

• In women, heart disease is slightly less

prevalent than in men, and when it occurs,

it usually happens later in life.

• Alcohol has more beneficial effects for

women at midlife and older than it does for

those in their child-bearing years.

Alcohol and Women

• Though still unproven, alcohol use

contributes to higher breast cancer levels

in women.

• However it also shows women who are

moderate wine drinkers might develop

lower risks of developing ovarian cancer

Alcohol and Women

• A woman who is trying to become

pregnant should be aware that heavy

alcohol use by either her or her partner

may impair her ability to conceive at all.

Alcohol and Women

• For a woman to drink while pregnant is

risky, the alcohol passes easily through

the placenta into the body of the fetus.

• Drinking during pregnancy can cause a

pattern of physical and mental defects in

the child known as fetal alcohol syndrome

FAS of fetal alcohol effects FAE

Alcohol and Women

• The ADA guidelines suggests that if a

mother wants to have a drink, she should

do so after the child is fed or postpone

breastfeeding at least an hour after

consuming the drink. This allows her body

to metabolize the alcohol before she

nurses the infant.

Alcohol and Teens

• Research shows that alcohol affects the

developing brains of young people

differently than adult brains.

• Adolescent brains produce more

dopamine, which helps the brain make the

connection between an activity and

pleasure or reward.

Alcohol and Teens

• Studies say that the high dopamine level

speeds up the process of addiction,

prompting kids to crave drinking and feel

extreme discomfort without it.

Alcohol and Teens

• Teens who begin drinking at age 13 have

a 45% chance of becoming alcohol

dependent

• For those who don’t begin until age 21, the

risk drops to 7%

Alcohol and Teens

• Brain plasticity is at its highest in years 10-

15 that is, neurons and their complex

circuitry within the brain are physically

connecting, changing, and growing in

response to learning and new

experiences.

Alcohol and Teens

• The more neural connections a person

makes, the smarter and more capable he

or she becomes.

Alcohol and Teens

• Alcohol can slow, delay, and distort these

connections; a teen who has alcohol

abuse problems may even have a

significantly smaller hippocampus, the

portion of the brain responsible for

learning and memory.

Alcohol and Teens

• More than 2/3 of young people who start

drinking before age 15 also are more likely

to try illegal drugs, making alcohol a

“gateway” substance with potentially

deadly consequences.

Alcohol and Aging

• Older adults metabolize alcohol more

slowly than young people

• As the body ages, it loses lean muscle

mass and water content, so the alcohol

reaches a higher concentration than in

younger person’s body.

Alcohol and Aging

• Older stomachs do not secrete as many

enzymes to start the breakdown of the

alcohol, which leaves a bigger job for the

liver.

• Blood flows slightly more slowly in older

people, meaning that alcohol is eliminated

from their bodies more slowly.

Alcohol and Aging

• Blood alcohol levels are 30 to 40 percent

higher in a senior citizen than in a young

person who consumes the identical

amount of alcohol.

Alcohol and Aging

• Older adults tend to have myriad medical

conditions that require prescription

medications.

• An estimated 17 percent of adults over age

60 are alcohol abusers; however they are

sometimes harder to spot because the

symptoms of alcoholism – for example

trembling, sleeping problems, memory loss,

unsteady gait – uncommon to older people

Alcohol and Aging

• Healthy seniors who drink in moderation

are less likely to suffer many of the

disabilities that can lead to them losing

their independence.

• Alcohol also improves the blood lipid

profile, decreases the risk of thrombosis

(blood clotting), increases appetite,

improves digestion.

Alcohol and Aging

• 37% reduction in dementia

• Double the risk of developing dementia for

the non-drinkers

Alcohol and Stress

• Some people to alcohol as a coping

mechanism when they feel their situations

are severe or unavoidable, when they lack

social support or other resources to help

them cope, or when they feel helpless or

hopeless.

Alcohol and Cancer

• Medical research indicates increased

levels of liver, esophagus, breast and

mouth related cancers in heavy drinkers.

• Moderate drinkers have less likelihood of

developing polyps in their bowels, which is

a precursor to colon cancer.

Alcohol and Cancer

• Medical research indicates increased

levels of liver, esophagus, breast and

mouth related cancers in heavy drinkers.

• Moderate drinkers have less likelihood of

developing polyps in their bowels, which is

a precursor to colon cancer.

Alcohol and Cancer

• Research found that moderate drinking

curbed the formation of bacteria that are

thought to cause ulcers in the stomach

Alcohol and Nutrition

• 3 Main Components of Alcohol:

– Ethanol

– Simple Carbohydrates

– Glucose and Fructose


• 3 Main Roles of Alcohol in Human

Nutrition:

– As food

– As an aid to the absorption of minerals

– As an appetite stimulant


• As Food, it is agreed as ingesting “empty

calories”

• Alcohol is not full of vitamins and contains

sugars

• But its not harmful either.


• In the stomach, the alcohol in a glass of

wine has the side benefits of helping to

digest food and enhance absorption of

other nutrients from the food, particularly

calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus

and zinc.


• Drinking might actually promote fat

storage in the body, particularly in the

central abdominal cavity, thus the “beer

belly”.


• Another condition most associated with

alcoholism is even called fatty liver, a

build-up of fat cells retained by the liver

that enlarges and damages it, even with

no symptoms.

Anatomy of the Hangover

• Headache, nausea, stomach cramps,

dehydration, and dizziness known as the

hangover.

• A hangover indicates a chemical

imbalance and a milder form of drug

withdrawal.

Anatomy of the Hangover

• Congeners are compounds found in

alcoholic beverages that contribute to the

hangover.

• Different types of alcohol have different

congeners, and the more added flavoring

and coloring in a beverage, the higher the

congener content.

Hangover

• A byproduct of the overburdened liver,

working hard to metabolize the alcohol, is

a chemical called acetaldehyde, a

probable carcinogen that can damage cell

DNA.

• Some of it gets into the bloodstream,

prompting inflammation.

Hangover

• The acetaldehyde, along with congeners,

appear to stimulate the body’s immune

response, much as if it were fighting the flu

or an infection.

• This triggers the release of molecules

cytokines. These tiny culprits produce the

flu-like feelings that come from drinking

too much.

Hangover

• Dehydration is perhaps the most serious

of hangover’s side effects.

• Alcohol depresses the body’s production

of anti-diuretic hormones and prompts

greater urine output.

• With the out-go, minerals like the vitamin B

folate are lost that are vital to nerve

function and muscle coordination.

Hangover

• Intense thirst after drinking is a signal that

your body needs water and, as you

rehydrate, the common side effects are

headache and nerve pain as the brain

cells swell back to their normal size.

Alcoholism and other Drinking

Problems• Alcoholism’s 4 symptoms

– A craving for alcohol – a strong need or urge

to drink

– A lack of control – not being able to stop

drinking once the person had begun

– Physical dependence – withdrawal symptoms

(shakiness, sweating, nausea, anxiety)

– Increased tolerance – the need to drink

greater amounts of alcohol to feel its effects.

Genetic Theory

• Defines alcoholism as the result of a predisposed reaction to alcohol because of chromosomes, genes, or hormonal deficiencies.

• It is medically and scientifically accepted that a low-threshold response to alcohol is genetic; so is a person’s ability to drink a lot without showing the apparent effects and in fact, the latter is a strong indicator of a genetic risk for alcoholism.

Genetic Theory

• Children of alcoholics are four times more

likely than the general population to

develop alcohol-related problems.

Psychological Theory

• Defines alcoholism as a condition in

people who have a preset disposition or

personality that triggers a reaction to

alcohol.

Sociological Theory

• Defines alcoholism as a learned response,

that is that addiction happens as a result

of the influences of society.

Binge Drinking

• For men, it is defined as the act of

consuming five or more alcoholic

beverages in a single, short time period.

• For women, four or more drinks qualify as

a binge.

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

Dramshop Laws and Third Party

Liability• Bars, as well as restaurants that serve

alcoholic beverages, should be at least

partially responsible for how the

beverages affect their guests is known as

the Dramshop laws.

Dramshop Laws and Third Party

Liability• Third Party Liability say that the liability for

damages in a drunk driving accident for

instance, should be shared by the driver

who caused it and the server or the

alcoholic beverage licensee who provided

the intoxicating drinks.

Drunk-driving laws