Respirocytes from Patterned Atomic Layer Epitaxy: The Most Conservative Pathway to the Simplest Medical Nanorobot Tihamer Toth-Fejel Tihamer.Toth-Fejel gd-ais.com 2 nd Unither Nanomedical and Telemedicine Technology Conference Quebec, Canada February 24-27, 2009
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Respirocytes from Patterned Atomic Layer Epitaxy: The Most Conservative Pathway to the Simplest Medical Nanorobot Tihamer Toth-Fejel Tihamer.Toth-Fejel.
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Respirocytes from Patterned Atomic Layer Epitaxy:
The Most Conservative Pathway to the Simplest Medical Nanorobot
Tihamer Toth-FejelTihamer.Toth-Fejel gd-ais.com
2nd Unither Nanomedical and Telemedicine Technology
Difficult: must solve protein folding problemSensitive to small changes in sequence or environmentLow temperature process, but low performance properties
Bis-amino acid Solid-phase Self-assembly
• Protein engineering• Bis-amino acid Solid-phase Self-
assembly• Structural DNA
C. Schafmeister, Molecular Lego, Scientific American, Feb 2007, 64-71
Structural DNA50 billion Smiley Faces in two hoursBy 1 person with a glorified kitchen oven
Paul W. K. Rothemund, Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns, Nature Vol 440,16 March 2006 Courtesy Paul Rothemund
Pixelated DNA and Positioning
courtesy Paul W. K. Rothemund Ke, et. al., Self-Assembled Water-Soluble Nucleic Acid Probe Tiles for Label-Free RNA Hybridization Assays, Science, Jan 11, 2008
Diamondoid Mechanosynthesis
Adding two carbon atoms at a timeTheory confirmed by 100,000 hours CPU time2009 experiment funded by UK EPSRC
Automated, parallel nanofabricationAutomated, parallel nanofabricationPosition, size, shape, and orientationPosition, size, shape, and orientation In-situ detection & repairIn-situ detection & repairAFM/STM or similar scanning probesAFM/STM or similar scanning probes
TBN with LasersTBN with Lasers
3–5 ns pulse NSOM based
ablation FWHM of 90 nm Film of unsintered,
1–3 nm gold nanoparticle encapsulated by hexanethiol
300n
m
TBN with Dip Pen Nanolithography: TBN with Dip Pen Nanolithography: Scanning Probe EpitaxyScanning Probe Epitaxy
Reader tip integrated with synthesis tip
Dual-tip scanning probes combine contact and non-contact modes
Core-filled tip with aperture controls nanostructure deposition
Control where, when, and how a reaction occurs on the nanometer scale
Produce 3D structures with top-down Produce 3D structures with top-down control and atomic precision. control and atomic precision.
Inevitable result of continued Inevitable result of continued improvements in ultra-precision improvements in ultra-precision manufacturingmanufacturing
Integration of known techniquesIntegration of known techniques
General manufacturing processGeneral manufacturing process
Patterned Si ALE
STM tip removes H atoms from the Si surface
A precursor gas is used to dose the surface. Protected Si atoms are deposited only where H has been removed.
Completed deposition is verified and then the deprotection/patterning is repeated.
Patterned Si ALE
Joe Lyding UIUC
Patterned Si ALE
Joe Lyding UIUC
Room Temperature10-8 Torr disilane10 minutes/row5V, 1nA; 7V .1nA; & 6V 1nA6nm high features
Lower pH -> lower saturationLower pH -> lower saturationHigher COHigher CO22 -> more oxygen delivered -> more oxygen deliveredHigher temperature also shifts curve rightHigher temperature also shifts curve right
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump• Small (12 nm diameter)• 17 RMP (no load)• 100 picoNewtons• Runs on ATP • Elegant • Difficult to integrate with silicon shell
Selective Oxygen Rotor
Oxygen bound
by Hemoglobin Oxygen re
leased
by Hemoglobin
Lower pH
higher temperature
mechanism
s
6 nm
Cascaded Selective RotorsBloodPlasma
Kinesin 2 ATP/cycle2 steps/cycle(rotation/slide)16 nm per cycle100 steps/second~5 picoNewtons40% efficient
Kinesin-based Motors
Glucose → ATP
Three out of 10 enzymes have been attached
PH
40% efficient
Carbon Dioxide Return
Carbonic anhydrase • 1 million times faster• 30,000 daltons
Issues:
Detecting CO2 presence
Getting CO2 out of heme
Bicarbonate Sequestering
CmpA Protein
Highly selective
452 residues ≈ 52,000 daltons
Selective Carbon Dioxide Rotor
CO2 catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase
HCO 3
— released by
CmpA
Location
switch
5 nm
HCO3
— captured
by CmpA
Non-Selective Pumps
3-valve peristaltic Micropump
Piezoelectric
100 V (peak-to-peak)
100 Hz
17.6 microliters/minute
Selective Membranes
Denissov, Molecular Sieves for Gas Separating Membranes
Computation:Quantum Dot Cellular Automata
• Arbitrary Boolean logic• Single electron charge• Very low power consumption
Production IssuesProduction Issues
By 2012: Ten million atoms/hour (silicon)By 2012: Ten million atoms/hour (silicon) Nanoimprint lithographyNanoimprint lithography Multiple materials Multiple materials ALE does not work for complex proteinsALE does not work for complex proteins BootstrappingBootstrapping
Small STM arrays build larger STM arraysSmall STM arrays build larger STM arraysBuild fabrication and assembly linesBuild fabrication and assembly lines