Respiratory System

By X1 IA 1 Group 6:

1. Akhmad Rizki Hidayatullah (01)2. Anggun Citra Rahmani (02)3. Farida Norma Yulia

(14)4. Rossinta Indahsari

(26)5. Trastian Satria Wibowo (28)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

Gas Exchange

RespirationA process of combustion (oxidation) of organic compounds (food) in the cells to obtain energy.C6H12O6  +  6O2    6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  Energy 

Breathing and Respiration are NOT the same thing!

BreathingMoving air in and out of the lungs

Purpose of Respiratory System

1.Ventilate the lungs

2. Extract oxygen from the air and transfer it to the bloodstream

3. Extract carbon dioxide and water vapour4. Maintain the acid base of the blood

Respiration Process

Aerob Respiratio

n

Anerob Respiration

Human Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory Tract

Passageway for respiration (Nose) Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign

material (Nasal hairs in nostril) Moistens and warms incoming air (Nasal 

cavity) Resonating chambers for voice (Larynx)

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Lower Respiratory Tract

Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production

Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas

exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract Functions

Respiratory Tract

• Air enters nostrils– filtered by hairs, warmed &

humidified– sampled for odors

• Pharynx  glottis  larynx (vocal cords)  trachea (windpipe)  bronchi  bronchioles  air sacs (alveoli)

• Epithelial lining covered by cilia & thin film of mucus–mucus traps dust, pollen, particulates– beating cilia move mucus upward to

pharynx, where it is swallowed

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.9

Respiratory Cycle

Lung Capacity

Tidal volume:Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs during quiet respiration. Inspiratory reserve volume:Maximum volume of air that can beinspired after normal tidal inspiration. Expiratory reserve volume:Maximum volume of air that can be expired after normal tidal expiration.Residual volume:Volume of air that remains in lungs after forceful expiration.Closing volume:Lung volume at which airways begin to close off.

Lung Volume

Inspiratory capacity:Maximum Volume of air that can be inspired after end of tidal expiration. IC = TV + IRV.Expiratory capacity:Maximum volume of air that can be expired after end of tidal inspiration. EC = TV + ERV.Vital capacity:Maximum volume of air that can be expelled forcefully following a maximal inspiration. VC = TV +IRV=ERV.Functional residual capacity:Volume of air that remains in the lung after end of tidal respiration.FRC = RV + ERV.Total lung capacity:VC + RV

Lung Capacities

Factors Affecting Vital Capacity

1.VC in males > females.

2. VC decreases in advancing age.

3. VC decreases in pregnancy.

4. VC is greater in standing position ascompared to sitting or lying.

5. VC decreases in diseases of respiratory system.

Regulation of Breathing

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs

External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood

Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues

Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste

Four Respiration Processes

Direct diffusion through cells• How to maximize rate of diffusion?

– thin cell or tissue layers

• What constraints are associated with this system?

– circulate water across outer surface (maintain DP)

– cannot be large in size

• Phyla Cnidaria

– cannot be involved in energy-consuming activities

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Cutaneous (skin) respiration

• How to maximize rate of diffusion? – thin skin

• What constraints are associated with this system?

– increase surface area with parapodia

– cannot get too large– no energetically expensive activities

– use cilia on skin to move water (maintain DP)

• Phyla Annelida

Respiratory Systems in Animals

• Phylum Chordata

– thin gills

– increase surface area with feather-like arrangement of gills and by using skin as additional respiratory surface

– must be in constant motion or in water current

– tissue delicate and cannot be protected

• Larval fish and amphibians (also in some adult salamanders)

– relatively small body size

Respiratory Systems in Animals

External Gills

• How to maximize rate of diffusion?

• What constraints are associated with this system?

• Neotenic salamander (development arrested in juvenile stage; adults have external gills)

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Internal (covered) Gills• Phylum Chordata

– Buccal cavity (mouth)

• Two cavities act together to draw water across surface of gills

– Opercular cavity (gill chamber below gill cover or operculum)

• Bony fish (Class Osteichthyes)• Internal gills enclosed within body chambers that move

water over gills

Respiratory Systems in Animals

– Thin gills (blood vessels close to surface of gill)– Increase surface area of gill with feather-like arrangement

– Uses counter-current system in gills to increase DP

– Constantly ‘pump’ water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Internal (covered) Gills• How to maximize rate of diffusion?

• What constraints are associated with this system? – Gills very efficient in water but do not work on land

» Gills lack support needed in less-buoyant air» Air is relatively dry and all respiratory surfaces must be moist

(gas exchange must occur in water); gills have large surface area exposed to dry air

Respiratory Systems in Animals

Structure of Internal (covered) Gills

– Water flows over surface of lamellae of gills within which are capillaries

– flow of blood in capillaries is opposite flow of water = counter-current system of gas exchange

Respiratory Systems in Animals

A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury

Disorders of The Respiratory

AnthraxCaused by spores of the bacterium

Asthma attackMay result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotionATELECTASIS

A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema

Disorders of The Respiratory

BRONCHITISAn infection of the bronchi

Carbon monoxide poisoningOccurs from breathing carbon monoxide

CHRONING OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well, can be caused by smoking

Disorders of The Respiratory

COLD

Caused by mutation of a single gene, the CFTR gene, which controls salt balance in the lungs

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

A respiratory infection

EMPHYSEMA

Directly linked to smoking and smoke products, CO2, which affects the CO2 diffusion gradient

Disorders of The Respiratory

hantavirusA respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks Hay feverA respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food

Lung cancer

An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing

Disorders of The Respiratory

PLEURAL EFFUSIONA condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity

PLEURISYAn inflammation of the membranes that line the lungsPNEUMONIA

A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

Disorders of The Respiratory

pneumoconiosisAn inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants

Respiratory acidosisA buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH

Respiratory alkalosis

A respiratory disorder of newborns

Disorders of The Respiratory

Respiratory distress syndromeA condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly

sinusitisAn inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx

Disorders of The Respiratory

tuberculosisCaused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection

Technology of Respiratory System