Applied Anatomy & Physiology • Presented By:- • Sanjeev Kumar 012015 • Swapnil Rathore 012025 • Mayur Gupta 012018 • Philomen Prem 012010 • Jayesh Raut 012023 • Rahul Pawar 012003 • Pawan Sharma 012035 of Respiratory System
Applied Anatomy & Physiology
• Presented By:-• Sanjeev Kumar 012015• Swapnil Rathore 012025• Mayur Gupta 012018• Philomen Prem 012010• Jayesh Raut 012023• Rahul Pawar 012003• Pawan Sharma 012035
ofRespiratory System
Listed Disease related to RT•Bronchitis•Asbestosis•Asthma•Bronchiectasis•Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia•COPD•Cystic Fibrosis•Emphysema•Pneumonia•Laryngitis•Pharyngitis•Influenza•Lung Cancer•Tuberculosis •Pulmonary Fibrosis•Pulmonary Vascular Disease
PharyngitisIt is an inflammation of the throat. In most cases it is quite painful, and is the most common cause of a sore throat.
SymptomsFeverHeadacheJoint pain and muscle achesSkin rashesSwollen lymph nodes in the neck
Laryngitis - Swelling and irritation of the larynxCausesColds or flu.Acid reflux( gastroesophageal reflux disease).Overuse of your voice, such as cheering at a sports event.Irritation, such as from allergies or smoke.
Tonsillitis - Inflammation of the tonsilsSing & Symptomsa high temperaturewhite pus-filled spots on the tonsilsno coughswollen and tender lymph nodes (glands)
Bronchitis - An infection in your bronchial tubules caused by viruses, bacteria.Symptoms-Coughing, Production of clear, white, yellow, grey, or green mucus (sputum), Shortness of breath, Wheezing, Fatigue, Fever and chills, Chest pain or discomfort, Blocked or runny nose.
TreatmentAntibiotic therapyAnti-allergicMucolytic agentsCough SuppressantsNSAIDS
Diagnosis
CBC
Chest X-Ray
Sputum Culture
Pulmonary Function test
ManagementDrink warm water with Lemon & HoneyDrink warm fluidsSalted warm water garglesBreathe warm, moist airAvoid smoking & lung irritants
Pneumonia - An infection deep in your lungs affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria.
Types of Pneumonia1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae2 Streptococcus pneumoniae
Symptoms- cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
Moderate TreatmentAntibiotics - given by mouth as tablets or liquidPain relieving medicationsParacetamol to reduce feverSEVERE TREATMENT Antibiotics given intravenously (via a drip into a vein)Oxygen therapy - to ensure the body gets the oxygen it needsIntravenous fluids - to correct dehydration or if the person is too unwell to eat or drinkPhysiotherapy - to help clear the sputum from the lungs.
Bronchiectasis - Widening and destruction of the airways, often caused by recurrent infection or inflammation
Causes
Immune deficiency
Inhalation of a foreign object into the lungs (if left untreated)
Inhalation of harmful chemicals eg: ammonia
Diagnosis
Patient History
CT scan
Chest X-Ray
Antigen test
Bronchoscopy
TreatmentExerciseAntibiotic therapyNeubulisationCorticosteroidsSurgeryAnti-allergic
Asthma - A chronic disease in which your airway walls become sore and swollen, narrowing so that your lungs get less air
Symptoms- wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and sputum.Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.Associated Disorder- Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhino-sinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorder and mood disorders.
MANAGEMENT• While there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can typically be
improved. A specific, customized plan for proactively monitoring and managing symptoms should be created. This plan should include the reduction of exposure to allergens, testing to assess the severity of symptoms, and the usage of medications. The treatment plan should be written down and advise adjustments to treatment according to changes in symptoms.
• Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief of symptoms. In those with occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. If mild persistent disease is present (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled corticosteroids is recommended. For those who have daily attacks, a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids is used. In a moderate or severe exacerbation, oral corticosteroids are added to these treatments.
Medication
• Medications used to treat asthma are divided into two general classes: quick-relief medications used to treat acute symptoms; and long-term control medications used to prevent further exacerbation
• Fast-acting:-
1-short-acting beta – adrenoceptor agonist(SABA): such as salbutamol
2-Anticholinergic medication- such as ipratropium bromide• Long-term control:-
1-Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist(LABA)-such as salmeterol and formoterol
2-Leukotriene Antagonists - such as montelucast and zafirlukast
3-Mast cell stabilizers- such as cromolyn sodium
Swine influenza(H1N1)- also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses.
MANAGEMENT Annual vaccination
Stay at home
Get plenty of rest
Drink a lot of liquids
Do not smoke or drink alcohol
Treatment
Antivirals e.g. Zanamivir and oseltamivir
Amantadine and Rimantadine.
DiagnosisBlood TestChest X-RayNose or throat swab
Influenza (the flu) - A virus that enters your body through your nose and mouth and causes fever, headaches, muscle aches and sore throat
MANAGEMENT :-
Stay home
Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
Wear a face mask
Treatment :-
Cough suppressants
Antipyretics and analgesics (e.g. Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for fever.
Antiviral agents may also be considered for treatment or prophylaxis.
Tuberculosis (TB) - A bacterial infection that attacks the lungs and other parts of the body and can be deadly if not treated correctly
Caused by various strains of mycobacterium, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air.
Symptoms- chronic cough, fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue and significant finger clubbing.Affected Parts-Bones, Brain, Spinal Cord, Urinary Tract, Sexual Organs, Lymph nodes, Intestine and even in skin.Prevention- BCG Vaccination. Treatment- DOTS (Directly observed treatment Short-courses)
ManagementTreatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria.antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin.New onset• six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin,
isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the first two months.• And only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.• Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for
the last four months as an alternative.
Treatment :• Isoniazid• Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)• Ethambutol (Myambutol)• Pyrazinamide• DOTS (Directly observed treatment Short-courses)
Emphysema - A type of COPD, usually caused by cigarette smoke, which makes it hard to catch your breathPulmonary embolism (PE) - A blood clot that blocks a lung artery because of surgery or long periods of inactivity
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Damage of the airways and air sacs from cigarette smoke and other pollutants that prevents airflow in and out of your lungs
DiagnosisChest X-ray film:.Computed tomography of the chestComplete blood countMRIUltrasound
SymptomsShortness of breathChronic cough WheezingDecreased ability to exerciseweight lossAnkle, feet, and leg swellingFatigue
TreatmentBronchodilator MedicationsSteroids and anticholinergicsAntibioticsVaccinesOxygen TherapySurgery or Lung Transplant
Lung cancer - One of the most common cancers in the world, usually caused by cigarette smoke
Treatment options for non-small cell lung cancers
Stage Common options
I Surgery, sometimes chemotherapy
II Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
III Combined chemotherapy and radiation, chemotherapy alone, sometimes surgery based on results of other treatments
IV Chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, clinical trials, supportive care
Treatment options for small cell lung cancers
Stage Common options
I Surgery when possible, but usually combined chemotherapy and radiation
II Combined chemotherapy and radiation
III Combined chemotherapy and radiation, clinical trials, supportive care
IV Chemotherapy, clinical trials, supportive care