Resp Disorders

8/3/2019 Resp Disorders

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Respiratory Infections


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Restrictive Disease: loss of lung compliance due to

scarring of the lung.

Compliance: the ability of the lungs tostretch during a change in volumerelative to an applied change inpressure.

Lung tissue replaced with scar tissueand air pockets.

Symptoms: Shortness of breath andcoughing


4/18

Respiratory Distress Syndrome:

Restrictive Neonatal infants, lungs not

fully developed

The disease is mainlycaused by a lack of aslippery, protectivesubstance called surfactant,which helps the lungsinflate with air and keepsthe air sacs from collapsing.This substance normallyappears in mature lungs.

Causes Rapid labor, diabetes in

mother, C-section, deliverycomplications, multiplebabies

Tests: blood gasanalysis, chest x-ray,testing for infection.

Treatment: breathing

machine, given warmmoist oxygen.

Symptoms: Bluish color skin, brief

stops in breathing,decrease urine output,

grunting, nasal flaring,swollen arms and legs,rapid breathing shallowbreathing


5/18

Obstructive Disease

category of respiratory diseasecharacterized by airway obstruction.

Also known as COPD (chronic obstructivepulmonary disease)

Symptoms: Coughing, Wheezing,sputum


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Bronchial Asthma:O

bstructive Allergic reaction to foreign substance.

Walls of bronchioles swell because thecells lining the respiratory tubessecrete abnormally large amounts ofmucus and the smooth muscle in thetube.

Diameter of the tube reduced.

Difficulty breathing, wheezing, oftencoughing.

Treatment: Often epinephrine, drugs that relax the

smooth muscle- opening passageways.

Steroid inhalers

Factors that trigger asthma: Foods, dust, animal dander, mold

spores, pollutants, smoke, changes inweather, emotional disturbances.

Expiration is usually more painful thaninspiration. Reason: During inspiration lungs are

expanded widening the passageways.Expiration reduces the diameter ofpassageways.

http://www.kidshealth.org/misc/movie/cc/how-asthma-affects.html


7/18

Pneumonia:

Obstructive

Inflammation of the lungscaused by bacteria infectionor virus.

May be primary or secondary. Most commonly caused by

the pneumococcus bacterium. Lobar pneumonia Symptoms: cough,

sharp pains, bloodstreaked or brownsputum, high fever withchills, increased pulse,and respiration.

Bronchial pneumonia Same as lobar but:

appears gradually, rarelyfatal.


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Emphysema:O

bstructive Cause: initial (some bronchitis)prolonged irritation or repeated injuryto the bronchial tubes (smoke, dust/powders, pollutants), injury due toviral or bacterial infection.

Symptoms: shortness of breath,

chronic cough ( barrel-chestedbecause of trapped air can cause totalincapacitation).

Characterized by an abnormal increasein size and eventual destruction, of thebronchioles and alveoli.

Can lead to enlargement of the rightventricle (causes increased resistance

to blood flow). Flow imbalance may result. Irreversible tissue damage. Treatment: Keep disease from

progressing.


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Lung Cancer Incontrollable growth of

abnormal cells derivenutrients from normalcells.

Cause death of normalcells by crowding themout carcinoma

Most common formamong males.

Arise from epithelial

cells, connective tissuecells, and blood cells. Cells may produce

masses that obstructpassages.


12/18

Tuberculosis: Obstructive and

Restrictive Caused by bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Atypical types may be caughtfrom cattle and birds.

Symptoms:

Early: loss of energy, poorappetite, loss of weight, andfever

Late: cough, purulentsputum, fever, night sweats,hemorrhage from lungs

Diagnosis: using chest X-ray Contraction is affected by

living conditions. Treatment: antibiotics Multi drug resistant TB


13/18

Rhinitis Viral infection of the

upper respiratory tract.

AKA Hay Fever

Result from dust,

dander, pollen About 20 varieties.

Last 7-14 days

Treatment: Fluids, bed rest, aspirin,

analgesics Symptoms:

Blood streaked mucus,fever over 103


14/18

Croup: obstructive Caused by bacteria or

virus. Inflammation and

swelling of the larynxand epiglottis.

Symptoms: blueness:cyanosis, barking cough,fever, mucus production,increase in respirationrate.

Treatment: suction to

remove mucus, oxygen,water vapor, antibiotics,viral not accompanied byfever.


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Pneumothorax (Collapsed Lung)

A collapsed lung refers to acondition in which the spacebetween the wall of the chestcavity and the lung itself fillswith air, causing all or aportion of the lung to

collapse.

Inflated lung: intrapleuralpressure is less thenintrapulmonary pressure.

Collapsed lung: intrapleuralpressure is rising or becomes

equal to or greater thanintrapulmonary.


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WetPleurisy

Wet Pleurisy Pleura inflamed due to

infection, injury or tumor. May be a complication of lung

disease (pneumonia or TB).

Symptoms Cough, fever, chills, sharp,

sticking pain that is worse oninspiration.

Fluid in pleura cavityincreased.

Less likely to cause painbecause there is no chaffing.

May develop into purulentpleurisy.

Treatment: Antibiotics, heat application,

bed rest Physician may strap chest to

restrict movement.

Dry Pleurisy Pleura inflamed due to

infection, injury or tumor. May be a complication of lung

disease (pneumonia or TB).

Symptoms Cough, fever, chills,

sharp, sticking pain thatis worse on inspiration.

2 layers of the pleura becomecongested and swollen andrub against each other with agrating effect.

More painfully than wetpleurisy.

Only the outer layer causespain.


17/18

Pleurisy


18/18

Influenza Acute, contagious viraldisease.

Symptoms: fever, headache,muscle aches. Most frequent symptoms:

headache, pain in legs, lowerback and abdominal muscles.

Cough, dryness or soreness inthroat, nasal drainage.

Type A cause majorepidemics, leads to cyclicepidemics.

Infection of the epithelium inthe upper and middle portion

of the reparatory tract.(Trachea mostly involved) Complications Transferred by direct contact.

Treatment: no specific,aspirin for pain, codeine forcough, fluids and rest.

Can be prevented byinoculation with influenzavaccine.

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