2017/9/29 1 Protected cultivation technology for high tech farming in the changing climate situation in India Dr. Neelam Patel, Principal Scientist and Incharge Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012, INDIA Email: [email protected]Established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar and shifted to New Delhi in 1935 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi Established in the year 1998-99 and commissioned as Indo-Israel project in January 2000 After the completion of the project and the unit was re-designed as Centre for Protected Cultivation technology (CPCT) in 2004 To demonstrate different technologies for intensive and commercially oriented peri-urban cultivation of horticulture crops for improved quality and productivity The centre acts as a nodal centre of R&D work, training and transfer of technology on protected cultivation aspects The centre also focuses on precision and controlled input agriculture using latest techniques of drip irrigation (fertigation) and protected cultivation of horticultural crops Components Total area (m2) Crops Climate Controlled polyhouse 4,200 Cucumber, Capsicum, Tomato & Cherry Tomato, rose and gerbera Semi –climate controlled polyhouse 2,000 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and Gerbera Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings Insect proof Net house 1,000 Vegetables Shade net house 3000 Leafy vegetables and ornamental greens Low tunnels/walk-in-tunnels 2,000 Cucurbits Open fields 20,000 Seasonal Bulbous flowers and vegetables Orchards 20,000 Lemon, Kinnow, Ber and Mango Solar power operated polyhouse 200 Capsicum and cucumber. Protected structures available at CPCT Fresh Water Resources – 4 % Land – 2.3 % Population – 1.2 billion (16 % of world) 1.64 billion 2050 Rainfall – 1170 mm Land available - 0.33 ha per capita in 1952 (now 0.15 ha) Irrigation potential - 22.6 mha (1950-1951) and 100 mha Irrigated area - 160 mha (2025) to ensure food security Food production : 50 m tons (1951) Food requirement : 450 m tons Resources and Liabilities 2000 2025 Past and Projected Water Demand Irrigation is the largest consumer of water and there is a great scope of increasing efficiency of irrigation. Annual Water use by Various Sectors Annual Water demand by Various Sectors
15
Embed
Resources and Liabilities · Email: [email protected] Established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar and shifted to New Delhi in 1935 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi Established
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
2017/9/29
1
Protected cultivation technology for high tech
farming in the changing climate situation in
India
Dr. Neelam Patel, Principal Scientist and Incharge
and “Younger people will join agriculture if it is
technologically driven”.
Average monthly income
per capita from farming
increased from USD 16 in
2003 to USD 58 in 2013
60-70 % population
depends on agriculture
Doubling Farmer’s Income by 2022
Highest
global solar
radiation – energy
5,000 trillion
kWh/year varying
from 4-7 kWh per m2
per day
ACRP
No.
Name of
ACRP
Geog.
Area
(Lha)
Names of the States No. of
district
Rainfall
(mm)
Crop
growing
period
(days)
I Western Himalayan 331.39 H. P; J & K Uttaranchal 39 165-2000 <90 -210
II Eastern Himalayan 274.94 Arunachal Pradesh; Assam; Manipur; Meghalaya;
Mizoram: Nagaland; Sikkim; Tripura & three
districts of West Bengal.
79 1400-
12000
>270
III Lower Gangetic Plains 69.73 15 districts of West Bengal 15 1300-2100 150-270
IV Middle Gangetic plains 164.59 23 districts of Uttar Pradesh & Bihar State 60 1211-1470 150-180
V Upper Gangetic plains 141.08 40 districts of Uttar Pradesh 40 721-979 150-180 VI Trans-gangetic Plains 116.80 Delhi; Haryana; Punjab; Chandigarh UT & two
districts of Rajasthan 48 360-890 <90
VII Eastern Plateau & Hills 371.23 Chhattisgarh; Jharkhand; three districts of Madhya Pradesh; four districts of Maharashtra; 15 districts of Orissa & one district of West Bengal.
57 1270-1430 <120
VIII Central Plateau & Hills 371.64 30 districts of Madhya Pradesh; 20 districts of Rajasthan & 7 districts of Uttar Pradesh
57 490-1300 >120-150
IX Western Plateau & Hills 334.53 15 districts of Madhya Pradesh; 25 districts of Maharashtra and one district of Rajasthan.
41 602-1040 90-150
X Southern Plateau & Hills
400.14 14 districts of Andhra Pradesh; 21 districts of Karnataka and 13 districts of Tamilnadu.
48 576-1051 <90
XI East Coat Plains & Hills 214.49 9 districts of Andhra Pradesh; 15 districts of Orissa; 15 districts of Tamilnadu and 4 districts of Pondicherry.
43 800-1904 115-210
XII West Coast Plains & Ghats
116.04 Goa; Kerala; 6 districts each of Karnataka & Maharashtra and two districts of Tamilnadu.
30 1457-5000 >270
XIII Gujarat Plains & Hills 196.63 Gujarat; D & N Haveli and Daman & Diu 28 340-1793 90-150
XIV Western Dry 175.73 9 districts of Rajasthan 9 256 <80
XV The Islands 8.28 A & N Islands and Lakshdweep. 3 2836- 3159
<270
Total 3287.24 30 States +
5 UTs
597 - -
Agro-climatic regions of India
Physiology - Plant /growth factors
Physical Aspects - Temp, RH, Radiation, CO2
Equipment - Record above parameters
Research on protected cultivation
2017/9/29
3
Protected structures designs & use
• Glass house
• Poly house
• Insect proof house
• Shade net house
• Low tunnels
• Mulching
(1). Glass house
*Glass is used as glazing material
*First and oldest among all types of greenhouse
structures.
*High initial cost, difficulty in construction, and frequent
damage of glass panels by strong winds are other
discouraging factors.
*In hilly regions, only a few of such structures are used
for breeding research.
*UV stabilized polycarbonate sheet used for covering
material in hilly regions
Multi-span
Quonset type Naturally ventilated
Gothic arch
1980-1990
1990 -2000
2. Poly houses in India Depends on cost
Low cost
High cost
Medium cost
Year 2000 onwards
Double-Wall Polyench Sl. No. Items Description/Specifications
1 Product Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse
2 Size 100 m2 - 300 m2
3 Bay size 6 m x 3-4m, Width of greenhouse should be at least 35 %
of the desired length.
4 Ridge height 3.5 m to 4.5 m
5 Vents Ridge vent should have 80-90 cm and side vent depending
upon the requirement and opening
should be fixed with 40 mesh UV stabilized nylon insect screen.
6 Gutter height 2.5 m to 3 m from floor area
7 Gutter slope 2% slope need be provided in civil foundation work/ structure
8 Gutter material 20 gauge or 1 mm thick GI sheet with perimeter of 500 mm or more preferably of single
length without joint
9 Structural design The structural design need to be sound enough to withstand wind speed minimum 150
km/hr and minimum load of 25 kg/m2. There should be provision for opening one
portion at either side for entry of small tractor/power tiller for intercultural practices. The
firm needs to highlight design features and list of greenhouse clients.
10 Structure Complete structure made of galvanized steel tubular pipes or equivalent section
conforming Indian Standards having wall thickness 2mm, structural member should be
joined with fasteners properly.
Columns 48/42 mm OD, 2 mm thick
Trusses Bottom & top cord 42 mm OD, 2 mm thick
Trusses member & Purlin 33 mm OD, 2 mm thick
Purlin member & others 25 mm, 2 mm thick
Foundations Insert GI pipes of minimum 42 mm OD or more to have foundation depth of 48 cm or
more depending upon soil type and prevailing wind condition, grouted with cement
concrete mixture of 1:2:4 using telescopic insertion of column.
Fasteners All nuts & bolts must be of high tensile strength and galvanized.
11 Entrance room & Door One entrance room of size 3 m x 3 m x 3 m (L x W x H) need to be provided and
covered with 200 micron UV stabilized transparent plastic film. Two hinge doors of size
2 m width & 2.5 m height double leaf made in plastic/FRP sheets mounted in suitable
strong frame.
12 Cladding material UV stabilized 200 micron transparent Plastics films conforming Indian
Standards (IS 15827: 2009), multilayered, anti drip, anti fog, anti
sulphur, diffused, clear and having minimum 85% level of light
transmittance.
13 Fixing of cladding
materials
All ends/joints of plastic film need to be fixed with two way aluminum
profiles with suitable locking arrangement along with curtain top.
Wooden batons or PVC grippers need not be used.
14 Spring Insert Zigzag high carbon steel with spring action wire of 2-3 mm diameter
must be inserted to fix shade net into Aluminum Profile.
15 Curtains and insect
screen
Roll up UV stabilized 200 micron transparent plastic film as curtains
need be provided should be equal to height on all sides having
automatic type motor operated crank mechanism. However, provision
for manual opening and closing of curtains need also be provided.40 mesh nylon insect proof nets (UV stabilized) of equivalent size need to
be fixed inside the curtains. Anti flapping strips is suggested to ensure
smooth functioning of the curtain.
16 Shadenet UV stabilized 50% shading net with motor/ manually operated
mechanism for expanding and retracting. Size of net should be equal to
the floor area of greenhouse.
17 Drip Irrigation System
with fogging & misting
facility
Drip irrigation system under greenhouse need to be selected on the basis
of crop spacing (design on spacing 45cm x 45 cm) along with fogging
and misting facilities. The spacing considered for calculation The
suggested bill of materials are Sand Filter 5 m3/hr, Screen Filter 10 m3/hr,
Control Valve 63 mm, Control Valve 50mm, By-pass Assembly - 1.5", Air Release Valve 1", Non Return Valve1.5", Throttle Valve 1.5'’, Flush
Valve 50mm, Venturi 1.5" Assembly with manifold, PVC pipe 63 mm/6 kg/ cm2, PVC pipe 50 mm/6 kg/cm2, PE plane lateral 16 mm, Emitting
pipe lateral 16mm- @ 0.45m spacing, hanging type micro sprinkler
nozzle (four-way take- off assembly) for very fine water particles (foggers & mister) to be fixed in PE pipe of diameter 16mm, Water tank
of capacity 2000 liter and fittings & accessories.
18 Footpath 1m wide and 10 cm thick footpaths should be provided in the centre
(length x width) & made of cement concrete ratio of 1:2:4.
19 Curtain wall/
Apron
22 cm brick wall of 1m height (24 cm below
and 80 cm above ground level on all the four
sides. The wall needs to be plastered and water
proofing cement with 1:6 ratio.
After sales services (The firm have to provide)
20 Warranty Free maintenance for one year from the date of
installation.
21 Training Free training for operation, maintenance &
production for one year.
22 Testing All plastic materials used in the greenhouse
should be tested by the CIPET for quality
assurance (If necessary).
Technical specifications of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse
2017/9/29
4
19
1
2
3
Area 1000 m2
Crop Gerbera
Data
Points
1. At Pad
2. 3m from pad
3. 12m from pad
4. 24m from
pad(fan side)
Measurem
ents
1. Temperature (C)
2. Relative
Humidity (%)
Microclimate evaluation inside greenhouse with
evaporative cooling system
4
Thermal modeling Evaporative cooling system
• Kc and α are determined by fitting the equation with
experimental values
• Then predicted values were determined at different x values
• Area of pad 60sq.m
• Air flow rate : 9m3/s
20
𝑇𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎 + 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑑 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝐴1 exp 𝐴2 + 𝐴1
𝐴1 = 𝜏 1− 𝛼 𝑅𝑔 𝐿
𝑉𝑝𝐶𝑝
𝐴2 = 𝐾𝑐𝐿/(𝑉𝑝𝐶𝑝)
ƞ =𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜 ,𝑤
Temperature and RH Profile in a evaporatively cooled
and B:C ratio 1:2.21 per m2 in the best combination of 2nd week
of Aug. planting with closer spacing 20x50cm and optimum dose
of NPK @25:17:26kg/1000m2
Walk-in tunnel Under north Indian plains there is severe winter during
December and January months.
Walk-in tunnel for early summer vegetables (summer squash,
bottle gourd, cucumber) to fetch high price
Covering material can be reused for 4-5 years
100 square meter walking tunnel with
double door facility (25 meter length,
4 meter width and 1.5 meter high)
costing (USD 750) with low head drip
irrigation system. Pay back period of
one year with estimated life of 10
years for structure
Crop Yield (t/ha) Advancement of
crop season (days)
Benefit-cost ratio
Summer squash 50-60 40-60 3:1
Bottle gourd 25-30 30-40 2.5:1
Bitter gourd 12-15 30-40 2.5:1
Muskmelon 20-25 30-40 2.5:1
Economics of crops under low tunnels Plastic low tunnels – protect the crop from frost and enhance the yield
Low tunnels are ideal for the early production of many vegetable crops The plastic covers protect the crop from frost Plant growth enhancement by the daily increments of solar heating Temperature inside the low tunnels was 2 to 3 0C higher than the open field Plastic covers (1.0 to 1.5 mil thickness of plastic) are supported above the crop by wire hoops.
2017/9/29
9
Summer Squash
Varieties
Crop
duration
days
Average
fruit yield
(t /ha)
Net return
Rs. Lakh
/ha
Australian Green
(Long green) 120 53.60 2.7
Pusa Alankar
(Long green) 120 81.70 4.15
Dhoom-2
(Round)
125
41.50 2.10
D.S.-8 (Round)
Pusa Variety
130
35.50 1.80
Plastic
mulch (25-
30- Micron
thickness)
Varieties Crop
Duration
Plants
Affected
with
Virus (%)
Average
fruit yield
(Kg/Plant)
Average
fruit yield
(q / ha)
Cost :
benefit
ratio
Control
(Without
Mulch)
Pusa Rohini 160 Days 25.50 1.168 280.20 1: 1.80
Avilash 170 Days 18.50 1.776 426.40 1:2.79
Avinash-3 175 Days 20.50 1.760 422.50 1:2.77
Silver/Black
plastic
Mulch
Pusa Rohini 180 Days 13.60 1.776 426.26 1: 2.34
Avilash 190 Days 10.40 2.667 640.30 1: 3.51
Avinash-3 195 Days 11.50 2.639 633.50 1: 3.47
Plastic mulching technology
View of plastics mulching in vegetables
Soil less media used in the study
• Coco peat
• Perlite
• Vermiculite
• Sand
Properties of good soilless media Light Weight Free from pathogen Bulk Density <0.25 g/cc Porosity >30 % Water Holding Capacity >60%
We can either use one media or mixtures to get desirable properties
Soil less technology
S.
No.
Media mixture Bulk Density
(g/cc)
Particle Density
(g/cc)
Porosity
(%)
Water holding
capacity (%)
1. 1:1: 2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.71 56.25 171.07
2. 2:3:1 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 257.71
3. 1:3:2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 300.13
4. 3:2:1 (P:C:V) 0.29 0.71 58.80 232.95
5. 3:1:2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 237.47
6. 1:3:1 (P:C:V) 0.45 1.0 54.54 167.78
Physical properties of different soil less media mixtures Climatic data and reference crop evapo-transpiration (ET0) inside NVPH
Date
Open field Inside NVPH
Solar
radiation
(W/m2)
Avg.
temp.
(°C)
RH (%)
Dew
point
(°C)
ETo
(mm/day)
Solar
radiation
(W/m2)
Avg.
temp.
(°C)
RH (%) Dew
point (°C)
ETo
(mm/day)
25 Feb. to 02 March 2016 150.15 19.87 67.00 11.97 1.66 76.8 42.9 65.7 11.2 0.90