()pltnuzallOll o/ Desqpi & in Reactuie Dlsl!llallon 65 CHAPfER V RESIDUE CURVE MAPPING RESIDUE CURVE MAPPING Application11 of residue curve mapping to RD processes have recently been reported, but n generalized and systematic approach is still missing for the case of reactive feeds outside the conventional composition ranges. This chapter is addressing these design as pects. The reaction invariant space, defined in terms of transformed composition variables, is divided into s ub-regions characterized by separation boundaries. A reasibihty analysis of the RD process i11 performed based on the location of the reacting mixture and initial separation sequences are generated according to the feed transformed-composition. The practical conclusion or this chapter is that by using RCM technique one can virtually generate RD trains over the entire possible feed composition space.
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()pltnuzallOll o/ Desqpi & ~a11c>n in Reactuie Dlsl!llallon 65
CHAPfER V RESIDUE C URVE MAPPING
RESIDUE CURVE MAPPING
Application11 of residue curve mapping to RD processes
have recently been reported, but n generalized and
systematic approach is still missing for the case of reactive
feeds outside the conventional composition ranges. This
chapter is addressing these design aspects. The reaction
invariant space, defined in terms of transformed
composition variables, is divided into sub-regions
characterized by separation boundaries. A reasibihty
analysis of the RD process i11 performed based on the
location of the reacting mixture and init ial separation
sequences are generated according to the feed
transformed-composition. The practical conclusion or this
chapter is that by using RCM technique one can virtually
generate RD trains over the entire possible feed
composition space.
()pclmlZOllOll of Des>gn & 0ptra11on 111 ReaCllue Vi.s!dlallon 66
'5.0. INTRODUCTION
The art of process design involves finding process configurations,
operating conditions and ,.;zc of equipment that will allow an economical, safe
and environmental responsible operation, only by specifying the stale of the
feeds and the targets on the output streams of a system (Almeida-Rivera et
al., 2004a; Doherty and Buzad, 1992; Buzad and Doherty, 1995). This task is
not trivial and requires the development of specialized design tools (e.g.
computational methods, algorithms and procedures). At early stages of the
design activity (e.g. conceptual phase) the chemical process designer faces a
lru-gcly influencing question: is the processing route feasible? The impact of
preliminary design and feasibility analysis on the fate of the final plant is
enormous. Surprisingly, it is a common practice to allocate a relative small
fraction (< 2-3%) of total budget for the conceptual phase. Due to the coarse
level of detail, the design tools in the conceptual phase should be powerful
enough to screen feasible design alternatives within a huge design space
5.1. INPUT-OUTPUT INFORMATION FLOW
ln the case of the feasibility analysis stage , the n:quired input
information involves the process basis of design. In other words, feedstock and
product purities and operational boundaries should be defined. Additionally,
sustainability and safety constraints should be included as inputs. The
output information comprises the determination of distillation boundaries,
(non-) reactive azeotropic mixtures and feasible product compositions. The
domain knowledge at this design space belongs to the field of thermodynamics,
kinetics and overall mass balances. An extended overview of input and output
Information at this design level is given in table 5. 1.
The generation of separation sequences is composed of process
requirements related to the mode of operation, which is in turn determined
using operational skills. The temporal mode of operation mode is chosen based
on operational expertise in RD processing. For the sake of analysis
Optimizauon of Design & Operation m Reactwe Distillation 67
simplification and without restricting the validity of the approach to other
temporal modes, a
Table 5.1 • Input-output information ror the feasibility analysis phase.
Design specifications
PROCESS . - set of components - set of chemical reactions - feed composition - operational pressure PRODUCT - compositions target (s) - SHE constraints
ft tn' n~gular diaarom. Distillation curve maps can be arbitranly plotted on ~ -· .,.,. directed to increasmg or decreasing temperatures. In the former case, they
closely approximate residue curve maps.
S .4 . 1. PRODUCT COMPOSIT ION R EGIONS
Residue-curve maps and distillation-curve maps are used to ml:lkc
preliminary estimales of regions of feasible product compositions for
distillation of non-ideal ternary mixtures. The product regions are determined
by superimposing a column matenat balance line on the curve map diagram.
If a straight line is drawn that connects distillate and bottoms
compositions, that line must pass through the feed composition at some
intermediate point to satisfy overall and component material balances. For
such a material balance line, the distillate and bot toms composition s must
lie on the same distillation {residue) curve. Because of this, the feasible
product region can be established like so:
i. Find the limiling distillate composition point for the region. Draw a line
from this point, through the feed composition, to the opposite side of the
map. This point represents the bottoms composition w1th the lowest amount
of low boiler possible for the limiting distillate composition. Call this material
balance line M 1.
ii. Find the limiting bottoms composition point for the region. Draw a line
from this point, through the feed composition, to the opposite side of the
map. This point represents the distillate composition with the lowest amount
of high boiler possible for the limiting bolloms composition. Call this material
balance line M2.
iii. Locate and draw the distillate curve which contaln11 th e recd composition.
Coll this curve DP
iv. The areas on the convex side of DF, and lying between M 1 ruid DF and
between M2 and DP", are the feasible product regions.
For azeotropic systems, where disWlation boundaries arc present, a feasible
product region can be found for each distillation region.
Optimtzalion of /)eS'!}n & Operation on Reactive V.Slil1Wio11 75
5 .5 . C ONCLUDING REMARKS
Residue curve maps have shown to provide valuable insights and design
assistance for nonideal systems, particularly for reactive distillation.
Transforming the composition variables according to Doherty's approach allows
to define a reaction invariant space of lower dimension, formed by attainable
product compositions and where the conventional concepts for residue curves