Research Title DYNAMIC MODELING OF A WIND-DIESEL …

Research Title

DYNAMIC MODELING OF AWIND-DIESEL-HYDROGENHYBRID POWER SYSTEM

Presenter: Md. Maruf-ul-Karim

Supervisor: Dr. Tariq Iqbal

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science

Memorial University of Newfoundland

12th July, 2010

Outlines

! Prospects of RE sources in Canada.

! Status of electrical generation and consumptionat Ramea (HOMER based analysis).

! Modeling and simulations of WTs, hydrogensystems and diesel gensets.

! Transient analysis of Ramea hybrid powersystem.

! Conclusions.

! Future works.

! It is a small island 10 km from theSouth coast of Newfoundland.

! Population is about 700.

! Traditional fishery community

Location of Ramea

! Canada is blessed with adequate wind resources.

! She has the longest coast-line and the second largest land mass.

! They are in a better position to deploy more number of WECS.

Wind Quality of Canada

300-8006.5-9.0Canada

200-8005.5-9.0China

200-6005.5-8.0India

300-8006.5-9.0USA

200-6005.5-8.0Spain

200-4005.5-7.0Germany

Wind Power

Density (W/m2)

Annual Mean

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Countries

Ramea Electrical System (cont.)

4.16 kV Bus

DG 1

DG 2

DG 3

Electrolyzer Hydrogen

Storage

Hydrogen

Generator

Load

Three 100 kW Wind Turbines

Three 925 kW Diesel Generators

Six 65 kW Wind Turbines

Ramea Electrical System

Load Characteristics

! Peak Load – 1,211 kW

! Average Load – 528 kW

! Minimum Load – 202 kW

! Annual Energy – 4,556 MWh

Distribution System

! 4.16 kV, 2 Feeders

Energy Production

! Nine wind turbines (6X65 kW and 3X100 kW).

! Three diesel generators (3X925 kW).

! Four hydrogen generators (4X62.5 kW)

Ramea Power System simulation in HOMER

n/a70,000100,000Hydrogen Tanks

$600 per yr120,000150,000Electrolyzers

$5 per hr37,50050,000Hydrogen Generators

$5 per hr80,000100,000Diesel Generators

$3,600 peryr

480,000550,000NW100 Wind Turbines

$1,200 peryr

70,00090,000WM15S Wind Turbines

O&M CostsReplace-ment

Costs ($)

CapitalCosts

($)

Hybrid SystemComponents

Load Profile at Ramea

! Day-to-day variability – 8.14%.

! Time step-to-time step variability – 7.86%.

! Load factor – 0.448.

Wind Resource at Ramea

Wind Speed Data

Best-fit Weibull (k=2.02, c=6.86 m/s )

Wind Speed Data

Best-fit Weibull (k=2.02, c=6.86 m/s )

! Weibull shape factor – 2.02.

! Correlation factor – 0.947.

! Diurnal pattern strength – 0.0584.

Cost Summary of Ramea System

Electrical Performance of System Components (cont.)

Table: Electrical Characteristics of WM15S Wind Turbines

Table: Electrical Characteristics of NW100 Wind Turbines

Table: Electrical Characteristics of 925 kW Diesel Generators

Table: Electrical Characteristics of 250 kW Hydrogen Generators


Table: Electrical Characteristics of the Whole System

Figure: Monthly Energy Production by Wind, Diesel and Hydrogen


Electrical Performance of System Components

Figure: Excess Electricity and Unmet Load of Ramea Hybrid Power System

! Excess energy – 259,549 kWh per year.

! Unmet load – 302 kWh per year.

! Capacity shortage – 704 kWh

WECS Components

! Rotor Blades

! Shaft and Bearings

! Brakes

! Electrical Generator

! Transformer

! Capacitor Bank

Mechanical

Drive Unit

Generator

Switching and

Protective

Equipment

Transformer, Power

Lines, Mains

Consumers,

StorageControl and

Supervision

Mechanical EnergyKinetic

Energy

Rotor

Blades

Electrical Energy

Wind Energy

Conversion

Torque and Speed

Conversion

Mechanical to

Electrical Energy

Conversion

Wind

Mechanical

Drive Unit

Generator

Switching and

Protective

Equipment

Transformer, Power

Lines, Mains

Consumers,

StorageControl and

Supervision

Mechanical EnergyKinetic

Energy

Rotor

Blades

Electrical Energy

Wind Energy

Conversion

Torque and Speed

Conversion

Mechanical to

Electrical Energy

Conversion

Wind

Power Extraction from the Wind

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Modeling and Simulation of WM15S WT (cont.)


vw=5 m/sv

w=5 m/s v

w=6 m/sv

w=6 m/s v

w=7 m/sv

w=7 m/s

13 kW Generator in Operation

0.25 kW Output 1.48 kW Output 3.05 kW Output



vw=8 m/sv

w=8 m/s v

w=9 m/sv

w=9 m/s

vw=10 m/sv

w=10 m/s

vw=11 m/sv

w=11 m/s

24 kW Output 32.9 kW Output

41.4 kW Output 48.9 kW Output



vw=12 m/sv

w=12 m/s



vw=13 m/sv

w=13 m/s

vw=14 m/sv

w=14 m/s v

w=15 m/sv

w=15 m/s

Modeling and Simulation of WM15S WT

Generator Rotational Speeds

13 kW Generator13 kW Generator 65 kW Generator65 kW Generator

!1=128 rad/s !2=125 rad/s

Modeling and Simulation of NW100 WT (cont.)

vw=5 m/sv

w=5 m/s v

w=6 m/sv

w=6 m/s v

w=7 m/sv

w=7 m/s


46 kW Output 62.3 kW Output 76.1 kW Output

vw=8 m/sv

w=8 m/s v

w=9 m/sv

w=9 m/s v

w=10 m/sv

w=10 m/s

Modeling and Simulation of NW100 WT (cont.)

vw=11 m/sv

w=11 m/s


vw=12 m/sv

w=12 m/s v

w=13 m/sv

w=13 m/s

vw=14 m/sv

w=14 m/s v

w=15 m/sv

w=15 m/s


Modeling and Simulation of NW100 WT

100 kW Generator100 kW Generator

100 kW Generator Rotational Speed

!=183 rad/s

Comparison of Actual and Simulated Power Curves

Larger Generator Operating Region

Smaller Generator

Operating Region

Larger Generator Operating RegionLarger Generator Operating Region

Smaller Generator

Operating Region

Smaller Generator

Operating Region

Power Curves of WM15S WT Power Curves of NW100 WT

Modeling of Alkaline type Electrolyzer (cont.)

Cathode

(Ni, C -Pt)

2e-

2e-

+-

H2

_ O2

H2O H

2O

2OH - 2OH-

Anode

(Ni, Co, Fe)

Diaphragm

(NiO)

Electrolyte

(30% wt. KOH)

Cathode

(Ni, C -Pt)

2e-

2e-

+-

H2

_ O2

H2O H

2O

2OH - 2OH-

Anode

(Ni, Co, Fe)

Diaphragm

(NiO)

Electrolyte

(30% wt. KOH)

Figure: Internal structure of analkaline electrolyzer.

! 30% KOH is added toincrease the conductivity level ofthe electrolyte.

! Anode made of Ni, Co & Feand Cathode made of Ni & C-Ptprevent corrosion and ensuregood conductivity.

! For the same reasondiaphragm is made up of NiO.


Figure: Simulink Model of 200 kW Electrolyzer.


! H2 flow rate

! Cell voltage

! Faraday efficiency

! Energy efficiency

Figure: Electrochemical Model.

Modeling of Alkaline type Electrolyzer

Figure: Thermal Model.

! Heat generation

! Heat loss

! Cooling demand

! Temperature

Simulations of Alkaline type Electrolyzer (cont.)

Figure: Current & Power. Figure: H2 Generation. Figure: Faraday &Energy Efficiencies.

Figure: Cell Voltage.

Simulations of Alkaline type Electrolyzer

Figure: Heat Generation. Figure: Heat Loss. Figure: Auxiliary Cooling.

Figure: Temperature.

Modeling of H2 Tanks

Figure: SimulinkModel of H2 Tank.

Figure: Three Hydrogen Tanks of 1000 Nm3

combined Capacity .

Simulations of H2 Tanks

Figure: Pressure Change in the H2 Tank.

Modeling of H2 Engines

Figure: Simulink Model of H2 Engines.

! Throttle body dynamics

! Manifold dynamics

! Rotational dynamics

Simulations of H2 Engines

Figure: H2 Flow Input to Engines. Figure: Mech. Power from Engines.

Figure: Synchronous Speed of the Engines.

Modeling of H2 Generators

Figure: SimPower Model of H2 Generator.

Simulations of H2 Generator

25.626.420.550

32.633.630.700

39.640.830.850

46.548.001.000

53.555.251.150

60.562.501.300

68.570.701.472

Electrical PowerHydrogen

Generator (kW)

Mechanical Powerfrom Hydrogen

Engine (kW)

Tank OutputFlow Rate

(mol/s)

Figure: H2 Generator Output Power.

SW1

SW2

Transient Analysis of Ramea Hybrid Power System

Figure: Ramea Hybrid Power System.

Modeling of Diesel Generators

Figure: SimPower Model ofDiesel Generator.

Modeling of Dump Load

Figure: SimPower Model of Dump Load.

CS1: Simulation with Variable Load (1200/1600/1200 kW)

! Wind speed – 15 m/s.

! Dump load increases to minimizethe effect of the main load declination.

! Secondary load current – 0.8 pu.

CS2: Simulation with Variable Wind Speed (15/10/15 m/s)

! Main load – 1200 kW.

! WTs respond to the wind speedchange accordingly.

! In the second stage the additionalload is met by diesel generator.

! SL has to increase as to minimize theeffect of high wind generation.


CS2: Simulation with Variable Wind Speed (7/8 m/s)



! In the second stage the diesel poweris reduced.

! SL has to increase as to minimize theeffect of high wind generation.


CS2: Simulation with Variable Wind Speed (12/13 m/s)



! In the second stage the diesel poweris reduced.

! SL has reached to its rated value.

! Secondary load current – 1 pu.

CS3: Simulation with Electrolyzer in Operation (cont.)

Figure: Current and Power. Figure: H2 Production.

Figure: Faraday Efficiency and Temperature.

! Electrolyzer current – 160A.

! Electrolyzer power – 45 kW.

! H2 production rate – 4.6 Nm3/hr.

! Faraday efficiency – 78%.

CS3: Simulation with Electrolyzer in OperationD

iese

l P

ow

er (

kW

)D

iese

l P

ow

er (

kW

)


! WTs and diesel generator areoperating at rated conditions.

! Secondary load – 400 kW.

CS4: Simulation with HG in Operation

Engin

e P

ow

er (

W)

Engin

e P

ow

er (

W)


! WTs are operating below cut-in wind speed.

! Secondary load – 60 kW.

! Both diesel and H2 gensets are producing130 kW individually.

CS5: Simulation with DG in Operation

! Main load – 500/700/500 kW.

! No wind generation

! No H2 generation

! Diesel generation follows the load.

! SL increases to 200 kW.

! SL current – 0.5 pu.

Hydrogen Storage Dynamics

! 10-20 sec: Electrolyzer in operation.

! 20-25 sec: Both electrolyzer and H2

generators are non-operating.

! 25-27 sec: H2 generators in operation.

Conclusions

! Dynamic model of Wind-Diesel-Hydrogen basedRamea power system has been developed.

! Hydrogen as a storage medium is a novelapproach adopted in this system.

! Introducing of new WECS is aiming at increasingthe penetration level.

! The dump load used in this system played animportant role in maintaining stability.

Future Works

! Introduce precise control mechanisms.

! Flywheel and pumped hydro as alternative storagesystems.

! Design stand-alone energy systems for other remotecommunities.

! Energy consumed by the SL might be used for waterheating, room heating, water pumping etc.

THANKS!

QUESTIONS?

Research Title DYNAMIC MODELING OF A WIND-DIESEL …

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