NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Research Support Facility: Three Years of Net Zero Operations, Occupants and Analytics Shanti Pless Senior Research Engineer National Renewable Energy Laboratory CBE Industry Advisory Board October 8 2015
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Research Support Facility: Three years of net zero operations, occupants, and analytics
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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Research Support Facility:
Three Years of Net Zero
Operations, Occupants
and Analytics
Shanti Pless
Senior Research Engineer
National Renewable Energy
Laboratory
CBE Industry Advisory Board
October 8 2015
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Lets Review
I have a new net zero energy building that meets the
Executive Orders – now what?
– Year 3 in our own net zero operations efforts in the Research
Support Facility at NREL
– Real Performance for Real Buildings
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Our Net Zero Effort
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NREL/DOE Research Support Facility
Location: Golden, CO
Primary Use: Office
Size: 360,000 ft2
Occupants: Approximately 1,325
LEED Rating: Platinum
Construction Cost: $254/ft2
Energy Budget: 35 kBtu/ft2/yr
Site Net Zero Energy Goal:
Offices, datacenter, and parking with on-site PV and campus wood chip boiler
Utilize warranty and incentive program to ensure soft landing
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Zero Energy Building Operations Realities (data)
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First year at Net Zero!
Innovation for Our Energy Future http://www.nrel.gov/news/features/feature_detail.cfm/feature_id=11369
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Zero Energy Building Operations Realities (data)
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Zero Energy Building Operations Realities (data)
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Net Zero Site Energy Building
Net Zero Source Energy Building
Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
Net Zero Energy Cost Building
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Current Zero Energy Building Drivers
Organization Effort Type Definition
Living Building Challenge certification
Site energy
Massachusetts task force Site energy
California pilot program Source TDV energy
University of California campus-wide initiative Emissions
GSA Task force Source energy
Federal Government Executive Order 13693 Source energy
“… ensuring, beginning in fiscal year 2020 and thereafter, that all new construction of Federal buildings greater than 5,000 gross square feet that enters the planning process is designed to achieve energy net-zero and, where feasible, water or waste net-zero by fiscal year 2030; "net-zero energy building" means a building that is designed, constructed, or renovated and operated such that the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy;
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE / NREL: Client
Haselden Construction: General Contractor
RNL: Architecture, Interiors, Landscape, Lighting
Stantec: MEP Engineering, Energy Modeling
KL&A: Structural Engineering
Martin/Martin: Civil Engineering
AEC: LEED, Daylight Modeling, Commissioning
Namaste Solar: Solar Consultant
Innovation for Our Energy Future 15
NREL: 2006
NREL PIX
Innovation for Our Energy Future
220,00 SF
Office Building
Golden, CO Image courtesy of RNL
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138,000 SF
Office Building
Golden, CO Image courtesy of RNL
Innovation for Our Energy Future 18
NREL: Today
Used with Permission from Haselden
Innovation for Our Energy Future
NREL Campus Growth with Design-Build
Procurement process attributes pre-2007: o Design-bid-build project delivery
o LEED-driven sustainability goals
Procurement process attributes post-2007: o Design-build project delivery with firm fixed price for >$400 Million of new
facilities
o Specific energy performance requirements in the Request for Proposal
– RSF, office example: 35 kBtu/ft2/yr
– SEB, guard house example: net zero energy
o Energy modeling required to substantiate goals
o Energy end-use metering requirement
o Voluntary incentive ($) program to ensure measurement and verification outcome has a chance to meet predicted performance
Innovation for Our Energy Future
• Performance based design-build with absolute energy use requirements o These are NOT bridging documents.
– Owner has significant input into the preliminary design
– Some overlap of A/E costs
o These ARE performance specifications.
– What something must do, not what it must be
– Subcontractor must substantiate that the design meets requirements
– Owner must not give the subcontractor technical direction
No drawings/plans in RFP!
Don’t change your mind
20
Energy Performance Based Design-Build Process
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE/NREL Research Support Facility
RFP Design/Build Requirements:
50% energy cost savings over
ASHRAE 90.1
35.1 kBtu/ft2/yr
Net zero energy use
Performance assurance plan with
incentives
Design/Build Results:
Net zero energy use
36.4 kBtu/ft2/yr in 2014
$259/sqft construction costs
22
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE/NREL RSF 3rd Wing
RFP Design/Build Requirements:
27 kBtu/ft2/yr
50% Energy Cost Savings
Performance assurance plan with
incentives
Design/Build Results:
20 kBtu/ft2/yr measured
Demonstration of additional cost
savings, energy efficiency, and
schedule gains over phase 1
• 17% more efficient than the
RSF
• Cost savings of 5%
($14/ft2 cheaper)
23
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE/NREL 1800 Car Staff Parking Garage
Design/Build Requirements:
• 0.5 kBtu/ft2
• 175 kBtu/stall
• Net-zero energy Site
Entrance Building
Design/Build Results:
• 90% Energy savings
• 138 kBtu/parking stall
• $14,172 per parking space
• $15,500 to $24,500 for
typical parking space in
Denver area
Innovation for Our Energy Future
DOE/NREL Cafeteria
RFP Design/Build Requirements:
• 35% energy cost savings over
ASHRAE 90.1
• Best in class commercial
kitchen equipment
• Performance assurance plan
with incentives
• LEED Gold
Design/Build Results:
• 36% energy savings and Platinum
• Demonstration of max efficiency in a commercial kitchen using energy performance based design/build delivery and procurement methods
• Continuous improvement requirements in vendor contract to ensure performance assurance
This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
(EERE), under Award Number DE-EE0007068.
http://www.seventhwave.org/accelerateperformance
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Extended partnerships and stakeholder group forming now
TEAM
Seventhwave
National Renewable Energy
Laboratory
Institute for Sustainable Energy
UTILITY PARTNERS
ComEd
Eversource
United Illuminating
OWNER PARTNERS
University of Chicago
Lend Lease
Photos courtesy of University of Chicago
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Energy Use
Credit: Stantec
Credit: Chad Lobato/NREL
Space Heating 24%
Space Cooling 3%
Pumps 1%
Ventilation Fans 5%
Domestic Hot Water
3%
Exterior Lights 0%
Lights 6%
Office Plug Loads 22%
Task Lights 0%
Data Center 35%
Data Center Cooling
0%
Data Center Fans 1%
NREL RSF Energy Model Breakdown
kBtu/ft2 kWh/m2 kWh/ft2
Cooling 0.46 1.46 0.14
Heating 9.68 30.52 2.84
Mechanical Systems 2.19 6.90 0.64
Lighting 2.83 8.92 0.83
Plug Loads 5.76 18.18 1.69
Data Center 14.43 45.53 4.23
Building Total 35.35 111.51 10.36
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future 33
•100% of the workstations are daylit
•No employee more than 30 feet from a window
Daylighting
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Daylighting: Glare Control
A light redirecting
device reflects
sunlight to the
ceiling, creating an
indirect lighting
effect.
Fixed sunshades
limit excess light and
glare.
Credit: RNL
Innovation for Our Energy Future
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
6 watt task light
50 fc
Ambient daylight
Ambient lighting with
daylight sensors for 25 fc
Innovation for Our Energy Future
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RSF Addition Daylighting Enhancements
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Weekday Lighting Power Density
Credit: Chad Lobato/NREL
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Po
wer
Den
sit
y (
W/f
t2)
Time of Day
Model Average
October 2010
November 2010
December 2010
January 2011
February 2011
March 2011
April 2011
May 2011
June 2011
July 2011
August 2011
September 2011
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Heating 12.5%
Cooling 9.5%
Fans 2.8%
Pumps 1.5%
DHW 1.0%
Lighting 28.0%
Equipment 44.7%
DOE Commercial Reference Building: Large Office, Boulder, CO
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
MANAGER TRAINING NEWSLETTER
MOVE MEETINGS
STAFF OPEN HOUSE
RSF EMAIL BOX
WEB PAGE
Innovation for Our Energy Future
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What is the
occupant’s role?
Innovation for Our Energy Future
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
A Solution: Occupant Engaged
A control philosophy for engaging occupants in high
performance buildings operations as active users
Requires occupant engagement to take a system from off
to occupied state
– Default mode is maximum efficiency mode
• off or setback
– No automatic ON
– Occupant engages control to turn on if service needed
• Intelligence to turn off or go to unoccupied state if occupant “forgets”
to turn off
– MUST have simple local occupant engagement interface
• On/off switches the best
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future
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Occupant Education?
MUST have simple occupant engagement controls!
• You have light switches- you can use them
• If you open a window – close it
• If you are stuffy- open your window
• If you have a local glare issue, turn on your electrochromics
• Turn on your power strip in the morning
Occupants have to and will “figure it out”
Adaptive lighting comfort – Actual office lighting levels measured before occupants engage to
turn on open office ambient lights are 10 FC and below
– 70% savings over occupancy sensor in daylit break rooms
Innovation for Our Energy Future
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• Thermal comfort
reporting
– Air and Radiant temperature
– Air speed
– Humidity
• Window operation
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• Initial survey consisted of 65 questions based on LEED requirements
• The app may be used to disseminate other surveys in the RSF or in other buildings across the NREL campus
Innovation for Our Energy Future
PRODUCTIVITY Please estimate how your productivity is increased or decreased by the environmental conditions in this building (e.g., thermal, lighting, acoustics, cleanliness):
76% of the respondents felt that their productivity
was improved by the IEQ conditions in the building
Credit: CBE (Gail Brager and Margaret Pigman)
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Database
LEED
NREL
Mixed-Mode
Naturally Ventilated
Legend Mean value
-0.13
0.40
0.92
0.32
1.43
RSF
TEMPERATURE
Credit: CBE (Gail Brager and Margaret Pigman)
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
NOISE LEVEL / PRIVACY
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
PINK NOISE
Innovation for Our Energy Future
EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION
Innovation for Our Energy Future
HVAC Systems
•Radiant ceiling space heating and cooling in open offices
•Dedicated outdoor air with underfloor delivery
•Displacement cooling in conference rooms
•Natural ventilation
• Automatic and manual windows
• Security waiver
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Innovation for Our Energy Future 70
Natural Ventilation • During mild weather,
operable windows allow
for natural ventilation
and economizer.
• Automatic windows are
controlled and operated
primarily to support
nighttime precooling.
• Occupants are notified
when conditions allow
for manual windows to
be opened.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
User Friendly Windows
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Construction Innovation
73
5 days per deck allowed
– 2 days per deck
– 85% faster
Offsite pre-fab of zones
Offsite pre-pressurized
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Effective Visualization?
What does this tell us?
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Building Agent Dashboard
Graphic Design: Marjorie Schott, NREL
What about this?
Innovation for Our Energy Future
On Track Today (07:00 MST 10/8/15)
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Creating Expectations
77
Upper Expectation
Measured Performance Lower Expectation
Expectations combine statistical and physical energy models
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Modeling Consumption
Vertical Irradiance (W/m2)
LPD
(W
/m2
)
Statistical Models Lighting
Physical Models PV Generation
Combined Models Plug Loads
Henze, G.P.; Pless, S.; Petersen, A.; Long, N.; Scambos, T. (2015). “Control limits for building energy end use based on frequency analysis and quantile regression." Energy Efficiency, published online. DOI: 10.1007/s12053-015-9342-6
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Fault Detection Example: Daylighting
Lighting higher than expected
Lighting out of range despite full daylighting potential
Root Cause: Daylighting controls overridden during repair of ballast and fixtures; controls weren’t reset
6-Nov-2013 6-Nov-2013
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Fault Detection Example: Lighting
Controls
Lighting load is too high in evening hours (6–10 PM)
Response: Reduce auto-off delays; staff outreach; lessons learned for future lighting system design
Multiple Causes: Cleaning staff, individuals working late
1-Jan-2014 5-Apr-2014
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Fault Detection Example: Air Handler
Solution: Installation of new evaporative cooling unit to meet local demand, enabling the AHU to turn off at night
Problem: Large AHU on all night: manually overridden to provide air and cooling to a few night shift security employees
16-Aug-2013
7-Oct-2013
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Fault Detection Example: PV Inverter
Offline
PV output too low. Why?
Time series suggests inverter outage; offline inverter confirmed via vendor web portal and repair dispatched
20-Mar-2015 20-Mar-2015
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Photovoltaic System
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Photovoltaics
•PV contractor involved with installation
•Installation technique improvements
•Standing Seam Roof
C-Wing PV
RSF Addition PV RSF PV
Innovation for Our Energy Future 86
Production Tracking
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Innovation for Our Energy Future HOT AISLES
Image courtesy Stantec
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Operational Lessons- Datacenter
89
•Fully containing hot aisle difficult
• Custom aisle floor and door seals
• Ensure equipment designed for
cold aisle containment
• And installed to pull cold air
– Not hot air…
•Have run ~1.1-1.35 PUE
•A few hot spots were driving up PUE
•Summer time PUE of 1.35 because
of increased cooling
Control hot aisle based on return
temperature of ~90F
NR
EL/P
IX 1
7897
Cre
dit:
Marj
orie S
chott/N
RE
L
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Data Center load goes down?
90
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Fix PV faults as soon as they are found
– 12% improvements possible
Continued datacenter metric tracking
– 1.15 PUE and total 120 kW goals
Lighting controls commissioning
– Occupancy sensors, daylighting set points
Wood chip boiler controls improvements
– Over 50% natural gas savings planned
Additional PV planned
More thin clients
All while trying to fit in another 100 occupants…
91
Plan to return to net positive
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Uncontrolled Load Profile for
a Zero Office Building
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Ho
url
y El
ectr
icit
y U
se (
+) a
nd
Pro
du
ctio
n (
-) (
kW)
Car Charging
Total cooling
Total Lighting (kW)
Total Plug Loads (kW)
Total Mechanical (kW)
Total Data Center (kW)
PV (kW)
Net Building Utility Draw (kW)
Innovation for Our Energy Future
The Solution:
Grid-Friendly, Islandable Net Zero Vision
1. Net zero with deep energy efficiency moving into
marketplace now
2. Leverage net zero and efficiency for active load
shape management
• Inherent capacitance of building systems
3. Add stationary electric and thermal storage for peak
demand management
• Storage as a service
4. Add islanding capabilities and controls that utilize
net zero and grid friendly hardware
Renewable Building-Scale Microgrid
Innovation for Our Energy Future 94
100% Renewable, Grid Friendly, AND Energy Secure
Innovation for Our Energy Future
High Performance Building Operators
Owners/Operators
Jim Dewey, City of Santa Barbara
John Elliott, UC Merced
Matt Ellis, Army
Jake Gedvilas, NREL
Rodney Martin, NASA
Scott Poll, NASA
Len Pettis, California State University
Kevin Rodgers, University of Chicago
Jason Sielcken, GSA
Darrell Smith, Microsoft
Scott Williams, Target
Designers and Energy Consultants
Porus Antia, Stantec
Matt Ganser, Carbon Lighthouse
Rob Peña, University of Washington and the Integrated Design Laboratory
Zack Rogers, Daylighting Innovations
Phil Saieg, McKinstry
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Resources
General HPB operations process linked by project phase • Present a storyline for all HPB operations
key actions (above and beyond current practice)
Unique sections for topics that create a base recipe that can be used by all HPB owners and building types
Examples of unique lessons given to generate motivation and confidence to take action